The Paraíba Valley ( Portuguese : Vale do Paraíba ) is a landform that encompasses the regions: Paraíba Valley Metropolitan Region and Northern Coast, in the state of São Paulo and Sul-Fluminense Region, in the state of Rio de Janeiro , which stands out for concentrating a considerable portion of the Brazilian economy .
30-659: The name is due to the fact that the region is part of the Paraíba do Sul river basin , since this river extends from the São Paulo and along almost the entire length of the state of Rio de Janeiro and a small southern part of the Minas Gerais state. In the strict sense, the name " Vale do Paraíba ", "Paraíba Valley" in English, should only be used to refer to a region with a certain geographical feature . Therefore, this
60-525: A general fall in abundance and species richness has been observed. Some, such as the endemic Hypostomus auroguttatus , have successfully adapted to the changes. The catfish Potamarius grandoculis is only known from the vicinity of the mouth of the Paraíba do Sul and Doce Rivers , but it may already be extinct . Other threatened species in the Paraíba do Sul basin are the bivalves Diplodon dunkerianus , D. expansus and D. fontaineanus , and
90-409: A prospectively observable element of an economy. It has been used as an input for testing theories explaining the distribution of income, for example human capital theory and the theory of economic discrimination (Becker, 1993, 1971). In welfare economics , a level of feasible output possibilities is commonly distinguished from the distribution of income for those output possibilities. But in
120-461: A survey of the river in Lorena, São Paulo , the water varied from 26.6 °C (79.9 °F) in the summer to 15.2 °C (59.4 °F) in the winter. The pH is neutral and generally fluctuates between 6 and 8. The Paraíba do Sul basin is home to just above 100 native fish species with most in the families Loricariidae , Characidae and Trichomycteridae . About 40% of the fish species in
150-494: Is in decline, but still sustains a large part of the rural population of small municipalities. Rice is one of the most important agricultural products of the region reaching in the 2002/2003 harvest , the mark of 850 thousand bags of 60 kg. Other diversified crops are being tried by some producers in these floodplains . The current land structure of the Paraíba Valley is the result of significant changes in
180-544: Is not an official IBGE Region, Mesoregion or Microregion . It is located on the banks of the Presidente Dutra highway (BR-116), exactly between the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo , within the metropolitan complex formed by the two capitals and with its main urban axis following the Via Dutra route. Although highly urbanized and industrialized, the region also has important nature reserves, such as
210-585: Is the Technical College of Lorena "Professor Nelson Pesciotta" (COTEL), which is linked to USP and offers full-time chemistry course. In Guaratinguetá, the Guaratinguetá Industrial Technical College "Prof. Carlos Augusto Patrício Amorim" (CTIG), linked to UNESP , offers 4 courses, Electronics , Electro-electronics , Mechanics and Informatics , all full-time. In both colleges, for the student to receive
240-459: The Hoge's side-necked turtle ( Mesoclemmys hogei ). A national conservation plan with recommendations for the river basin was published in 2010. Land distribution In economics , distribution is the way total output , income, or wealth is distributed among individuals or among the factors of production (such as labour , land , and capital ). In general theory and in for example
270-589: The Serra da Mantiqueira , on the border with Minas Gerais, one of the highest points in Brazil, and that of Bocaina , an Atlantic Forest stronghold that also includes small towns and farms of historical and architectural interest. The total population of all municipalities in the region is almost 3.3 million, equivalent to the population of the Uruguay . The most important cities in the region are: Other cities in
300-769: The United States , which envisaged an ambitious project: the construction of a steel mill that would supply the demand for steel from the Allied Countries during the Second World War and aid in the development of Brazil. In 1946, one of the largest steel complexes in the world and the largest in Latin America was inaugurated, Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional - CSN , located in Volta Redonda . The start of steel production at CSN served as
330-1285: The degree of technician , there is the condition that the student must complete a supervised internship. Guaratinguetá also opened E.E.A.R - School of Aeronautics Specialists, technical education unit of the Brazilian Air Force responsible for the training of Sergeants Specialists. The Paraíba Valley is a region with a large concentration of higher education institutions. Among the public ones are: FATEC (Cruzeiro, Guaratinguetá, Pindamonhangaba, Taubate, Jacareí and Sao Jose dos Campos), ITA (in Sao Jose dos Campos), UERJ (campus in Resende), UFF (campus in Volta Redonda), Unesp ( campus in São José dos Campos - Environmental Dentistry and Engineering and campus in Guaratinguetá), Unifesp (campus in São José dos Campos), USP (campus in Lorena) and UNITAU (campus in Taubaté). In
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#1732772382843360-411: The marginal-productivity relationship of that factor in the output market. Analysis applies to not only capital and land but the distribution of income in labor markets. The neoclassical growth model provides an account of how the distribution of income between capital and labor is determined in competitive markets at the macroeconomic level over time with technological change and changes in
390-808: The Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the State of Rio de Janeiro, better known as the Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro - IFRJ , being the second largest federal technical education network in the country, present in Pinheiral , as well as the Technical School Support Foundation - FAETEC, which has two teaching centers, located in Barra Mansa and Volta Redonda . All cities in
420-709: The Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ ) located in Barra Mansa, UNIFOA, Geraldo Di Biase University Center (UGB) and the FASF (Faculty Sul Fluminense) in Volta Redonda. Para%C3%ADba do Sul The Paraíba do Sul ( Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʁi.u paɾaˈibɐ du ˈsuw] ), or simply Paraíba , is a river in southeast Brazil . It flows 1,137 km (706 mi) west to northeast from its farthest source at
450-964: The National Rolled Steel Industry (INAL), the Brazilian Stannifer Company (CESBRA), S / A Tubonal, Saint-Gobain Channeling , among others. The Paraíba Valley is a region that has several ETECs , a vocational school, present in the following cities ETEC Machado de Assis ( Caçapava ), ETEC Marcos Uchôas dos Santos Penchel ( Cachoeira Paulista ), ETEC Professor José Santana de Castro ( Cruzeiro ), ETEC Professor Alfredo de Barros Santos ( Guaratinguetá ), ETEC Canon José Bento ( Jacareí ), ETEC Father Carlos Leôncio da Silva ( Lorena ), ETEC João Gomes de Araújo ( Pindamonhangaba ), ETEC Sao Jose dos Campos ( Sao Jose dos Campos ), and ETEC Doctor Geraldo Jose Rodrigues Alckmin ( Taubaté ). In Rio de Janeiro jurisdiction, are
480-734: The Paraíba Valley have at least one school from the SENAR, SENAC, SESC , SESCOOP, SENAI , SESI , SEST, SENAT, SEBRAE Education System, among others that focus in vocational and trade studies. São José dos Campos has the Embraer Juarez Wanderley High School, which despite being considered a private school is totally free, it serves 600 students in the three high school grades, full-time (10 hours / day - 6,000 class hours). in 3 years). The cities of Lorena and Guaratingueta also have technical colleges, also offering high school, linked to universities . In Lorena,
510-521: The Paraíba do Sul ranges from the latitudes 20°26' and 23°39'S and the longitudes of 41° and 46°30'W and covers an area of about 57,000 km (22,000 sq mi) distributed over three states. The main economic activities are industry and cattle raising. Presently only two parts of the river can be navigated: Elsewhere navigation is hampered by various obstacles; waterfalls , rapids , sections with great declivity and various hydroelectric works with no locks . Other factors impeding navigation are
540-465: The Paraíba do Sul river floodplains , as well as new planting and irrigation techniques. Milk production was introduced with the decay of coffee, which occurred after the world economic crisis of 1929. The industrialization of the Paraíba Valley began in the 1940s during the Estado Novo , a set of new politics implemented at the time, following a diplomatic agreement made between Brazil and
570-430: The U.S. National Income and Product Accounts , each unit of output corresponds to a unit of income. One use of national accounts is for classifying factor incomes and measuring their respective shares, as in national Income . But, where focus is on income of persons or households , adjustments to the national accounts or other data sources are frequently used. Here, interest is often on the fraction of income going to
600-431: The basis for the industrialization of the country and, especially, of Paraíba Valley, with the arrival of steel companies in the region, as well as the automotive and aerospace industry. Farming is still vital to several municipalities in this region, being the main source of revenue and taxes in some cities. Vale do Paraíba is the second largest milk producer in the country. For cyclical reasons, milk production
630-620: The consequent installation of the aeronautical industry with Embraer , the largest aerospace complex in Latin America, as well as the automakers Volkswagen , Ford , GM , Chery , LG and Ericsson , as well as Alstom and Usiminas , among others. In Rio de Janeiro , CSN attracted other mining and steel companies. Other industrial complexes include Coca-Cola , Nissan , Jaguar Land Rover , PSA Peugeot Citroën , MAN Trucks and Buses and Hyundai Heavy Industries , as well as Guardian do Brasil, ArcelorMittal Siderurgica Barra Mansa, Brazil's Nuclear Industries (INB), Michelin , White Martins,
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#1732772382843660-523: The existence of highway and railway bridges, the proximity of roads and railways following the riverbank and the location of several cities on its banks. The Paraíba Valley is very fertile and has always been a region of relatively dense population. Cities located on or near the river are Unlike rivers in northern Brazil where seasonal variations in water temperature generally are relatively limited, those in southern Brazil, such as Paraíba do Sul, exhibit distinct differences between winter and summer. During
690-581: The form of land distribution that occurred after coffee decay, when large farms began to be shredded in family shares and inheritances. This process multiplied as the generations went on, resulting in a region punctuated by small properties and markedly familiar agricultural production. In the 1950s, the region rapidly industrialized . At this time, in São Paulo , the creation of the Aeronautical Technological Institute ,
720-406: The formal theory of social welfare , rules for selection from feasible distributions of income and output are a way of representing normative economics at a high level of generality. In neoclassical economics , the supply and demand of each factor of production interact in factor markets to determine equilibrium output, income, and the income distribution. Factor demand in turn incorporates
750-541: The native cichlid Geophagus brasiliensis have found that levels of some heavy metals exceed the limits set by the Brazilian Food Legislation. Other threats are dams and the approximately 70 introduced species , including 46 species of non-native fish and the parasitic copepod Lernaea cyprinacea . Several native species (e.g., Brycon insignis , Pogonopoma parahybae and Steindachneridion parahybae ) are seriously threatened, and
780-1347: The region are also located the UFF School of Engineering (in Volta Redonda), the INPG College undergraduate and with MBA courses , a UNIP campus, the University of Vale do Paraíba ( Univap , in São José dos Campos), Anhanguera Educacional (Taubaté, Pindamonhangaba, São José dos Campos and Jacareí, in Roseira), a Unisal campus (in Lorena), Fatea also in Lorraine, FCN (Canção Nova College, in Cachoeira Paulista), FARO (Roseira College), FAPI (Pindamonhangaba College), UNESA and Dom Bosco Colleges in Resende, CEDERJ centers, ETEP Faculties (São José dos Campos and Taubaté), Bilac College, FACIC (Faculty of Humanities of Cruise), ESC (Higher School of Cruise) with graduation courses in Nursing , Physical Therapy and Bachelor of Physical Education , Bachelor and Degree, UBM (University of Barra Mansa), FAETERJ (Faculty of Technology of Rio de Janeiro, linked to
810-578: The region are: The history of the Paraíba Valley is closely linked to the coffee cycle , a period of opulence that gave the region prestige and political power. Despite the city of Lorena that began its development with the gold cycle in the 1700s due to the passage through the Paraíba do Sul River. At the beginning of the twentieth century, a group of Trappist religious settled in the Maristela farm in Tremembé , and introduced rice cultivation in
840-422: The river basin are endemic (the genus Oligobrycon is entirely restricted to the basin) and new species have been discovered in recent years, including the small catfish Pareiorhina hyptiorhachis that only was scientifically described in 2013. As a consequence of flowing through one of the most densely populated and industrialised parts of Brazil, the Paraíba do Sul suffers from pollution. Studies of
870-482: The source of the river Paraitinga to the sea near Campos dos Goytacazes . The river receives its name when it meets the river Paraibuna at the Paraibuna dam. Its main tributaries are the rivers Jaguari , Buquira , Paraibuna , Preto , Pomba and Muriaé . These last two are the longest and join the main river 140 km (87 mi) and 50 km (31 mi) from the mouth respectively . The valley of
900-438: The top (or bottom) x percent of households, the next x percent, and so forth (defined by equally spaced cut points, say quintiles ), and on the factors that might affect them (globalization, tax policy, technology, etc.). Distribution has been central in the study of political economy since the 19th century, as shown in scholarship by Adam Smith , David Ricardo , and John Stuart Mill . Income distribution can describe
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