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115-560: Parkash Singh Badal (8 December 1927 – 25 April 2023) was an Indian politician and Sikh rights advocate who served as the 8th Chief Minister of Punjab from 1970 to 1971, from 1977 to 1980, from 1997 to 2002, and from 2007 to 2017, the longest serving Chief Minister of Punjab till date. He was also Leader of the Opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly from 1972 to 1977, 1980 to 1983 and from 2002 to 2007 and

230-423: A " witch hunt ." In June 1978, Raj Narain attacked party president Chandra Shekhar and Bharatiya Jana Sangh . On 16 June 1978, Charan Singh announced his resignation from Janata Party parliamentary board. Janata Party parliamentary board which met on 22 June 1978 issued show-cause notices to Raj Narain , Devi Lal , Ram Dhan , Jabbar Singh and Sibhan Lal Saxena. On 1 July 1978, Charan Singh resigned from

345-742: A brief term, President Rajendra Prasad placed the Punjab Legislative Assembly under suspension for ninth months to help the state government gets its act together. In 1952, the first state elections took place for the Legislative Assembly. The results of the election saw the return of the Congress government with former Chief Minister Bhim Sen Sachar as its leader. After he resigned in 1956, Partap Singh Kairon became chief minister. Serving until 1964, Kairon remains one of Punjab's longest-serving chief ministers. He

460-484: A bus company owned by his son, Sukhbir Singh Badal , which soared to 1.7 million U.S. dollars. In the 2012 election, Shiromani Akali Dal and Bharatiya Janata Party combined won 68 seats out of 117, despite a tradition of anti-incumbency in Punjab. Badal again became the chief minister of Punjab on 14 March 2012 after being sworn in by the governor of Punjab, Shivraj Patil . He is also the oldest chief minister ever and

575-471: A cheque of Rs.390 crore back to Haryana Chief Minister Manohar Lal Khattar received from Haryana nearly four decades back. Badal returned the second-highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan award to support the 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest on 3 December 2020. Parkash Singh Badal along with his wife Surinder Kaur, son Sukhbir Singh and seven others were booked under various provisions of

690-470: A coalition government of Akali Dal - Sant Fateh Singh and Jana Sangh . In June 1970 Jana Sangh withdrew support from the Badal government over their difference about the place of Hindi in Punjab. Later, in early July, seven of Akali Dal (Sant) defected to rival Akali Dal headed by ex-CM Gurnam Singh . An early session of the assembly was called on 24 July to prove the majority of Badal's government. However,

805-603: A platform of democracy and retaining civil liberties. Indira Gandhi would lose her home seat of Rae Bareilly to Raj Narain, with the Congress Party not even receiving one seat in states like Punjab , Haryana , Bihar (including Jharkhand ), Uttar Pradesh (including Uttarakhand ) and Himachal Pradesh . He was a part of the Dharam-Yudh Morcha and was a close associate of Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, even attending his Dastarbandi ceremony. During

920-583: A popular movement to restore civil liberties, evoking the memories and principles of the Indian independence movement. Its success in ending 30 years of uninterrupted Congress rule helped strengthen India's multi-party democracy. The term "Janata" has been used by several major political parties such as the Biju Janata Dal (BJD), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Janata Dal (United) , Janata Dal (Secular) , Rashtriya Janata Dal and others. Participants in

1035-611: A significant share of the Dalit vote to the Janata party and its allies won him considerable influence. In contrast to the rest of the country, the Janata party won only six seats from India's southern states – none from the state of Kerala – where the Emergency had not caused political unrest. The Congress (R) won a total of 153 seats, mainly from India's south. However, Janata candidates resoundingly defeated Congress (R) candidates in

1150-613: A strong start, the Janata government began to wither as significant ideological and political divisions emerged. The party consisted of veteran socialists, trade unionists and pro-business leaders, making major economic reforms difficult to achieve without triggering a public divide. Socialists and secular Janata politicians shared an aversion to the Hindu nationalist agenda of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , whose members included Vajpayee, Advani and other leaders from

1265-481: A turnout of 60% from an electorate of more than 320 million. On 23 March, it was announced that the Janata party had won a sweeping victory, securing 43.2% of the popular vote and 271 seats. With the support of the Akali Dal and the Congress for Democracy, it had amassed a two-thirds, or absolute majority of 345 seats. Although the Congress for Democracy won 28 seats, Ram's standing as a national Dalit leader and moving

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1380-708: A year and a little more than a year under the returning Gurnam Singh and Parkash Singh Badal . After 272 days under President's rule, the Congress party returned to power under the future President Zail Singh . In 1977, Parkash Singh Badal became the chief minister for the second time. Darbara Singh became chief minister in 1980 and remained in office for three years before a long period under President's rule. A brief interlude under Surjit Singh Barnala followed, after which three Congress-led governments took office—led by Beant Singh from 1992 to 1995, Harcharan Singh Brar from 1995 to 1996 and Rajinder Kaur Bhattal from 1996 to 1997. Upon taking office, Rajinder Kaur Bhattal became

1495-509: Is the only person who has been both the youngest and the oldest chief minister of his state. In the 2012–2017 government he held the portfolios of Personnel, General Administration, Power, Cooperation, Science Technology, and Environment, Vigilance and Employment Generation. Badal opposed FDI , and sided with political ally BJP. When he had become the Chief Minister of Punjab, Parkash Singh Badal had constructed "beautiful jails", with

1610-552: The Baroda dynamite case , which included the new Minister of Industry, George Fernandes . The Minister of Railways reinstated the railway employees disciplined after the May 1974 strike. The Desai government proceeded to establish inquiry commissions and tribunals to investigate allegations of corruption and Indira Gandhi's government, political party and the police forces. Specific inquiries were instituted on Sanjay Gandhi 's management of

1725-481: The Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) joined, dissolving their separate identities (the merger of all party organisations was to be completed after the election). Although the political ideologies of Janata constituents were diverse and conflicting, the party was able to unite under the over-reaching appeal of Jayaprakash Narayan, who had been seen as the ideological leader of the anti-Emergency movement and now

1840-499: The Congress (R) and along with his supporters formed the Congress for Democracy on 2 February 1977. Other co-founders included the former Chief Minister of Orissa Nandini Satpathy , former Union Minister of State for Finance K. R. Ganesh , former MP D. N. Tiwari and Bihar politician Raj Mangal Pandey. Although committing to contest the election with the Janata party, Ram resisted merging his party organisation with Janata. It

1955-490: The Congress (R) . Significant numbers of Congress (R) MPs and activists condemned Indira's leadership and left the party. As a result, MPs still loyal to Indira Gandhi renamed their party to Congress (I) – "I" standing for Indira. Although no longer an MP, Indira Gandhi continued as the president of Congress (I) , which remained the largest opposition party. The first actions taken by the Desai government were to formally end

2070-601: The Delhi High Court quashed the charges of bribery against Rajiv Gandhi and others. But some leaders of Janata Party refused to accept its merger into Janata Dal and continued in Janata Party. These included Indubhai Patel, Subramanian Swamy , Syed Shahabuddin , H. D. Deve Gowda , Sarojini Mahishi . On 4 January 1989, Indubhai Patel was declared as acting president of Janata Party. Janata Dal filed an application to Election Commission of India to seek

2185-550: The Indian National Congress bifurcated in 1969 over the issue of the leadership of Indira Gandhi , the daughter of India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru . Supporters of Indira Gandhi claimed to be the real Congress party, adopting the name Indian National Congress (R) – where "R" stood for "Requisition." Congress politicians who opposed Indira identified themselves as the Indian National Congress (O) – where "O" stood for "Organisation" or "Old." For

2300-668: The Prevention of Corruption Act in 2003. After a seven-year-long case all accused were acquitted by a local court in Mohali in 2010 due to a lack of incriminating evidence. In May 2016, the Aam Aadmi Party had surrounded Parkash Singh Badal's house on the issue of farmer suicides and an alleged Rs 12,000-crore wheat scam, Badal, who was the chief minister then, emerged from his home with folded hands. To everyone's surprise, Badal invited them to discuss things over lunch, although

2415-638: The Punjab Provincial Assembly elections, 1937 and Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan became the Premier of Punjab and hold the position up to his death in 1942. Khan was succeeded by Sir Khizar Tiwana . In 1946 elections were held the Unionist Party stood fourth place but with the support of Indian National Congress and Shiromani Akali Dal formed the government under Sir Khizar Tiwana . Tiwana later resigned on 2 March 1947 against

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2530-811: The Rae Bareli constituency . She was barred from contesting any election for the next six years. Economic problems, corruption and the conviction of Gandhi led to widespread protests against the Congress (R) government, which responded by imposing a State of Emergency. The rationale was that of preserving national security. However, the government introduced press censorship, postponed elections and banned strikes and rallies. Opposition leaders such as Jivatram Kripalani , Jayaprakash Narayan , Anantram Jaiswal , Chandra Shekhar , Biju Patnaik , Atal Bihari Vajpayee , L. K. Advani , Raj Narain , Satyendra Narayan Sinha , Ramnandan Mishra and Morarji Desai were imprisoned, along with thousands of other political activists. When

2645-710: The Soviet Union . The Janata government announced its desire to achieve "genuine" non-alignment in the Cold War , which had been the long-standing national policy. In 1978, Jimmy Carter became the third U.S. president to make an official visit to India. Both nations sought to improve trade and expand cooperation in science and technology. Vajpayee represented India at the U.N. conference on nuclear disarmament, defending India's nuclear programme and its refusal to sign non-proliferation treaties. The Janata government had lesser success in achieving economic reforms. It launched

2760-457: The partition of India . Since 1947, Punjab has had fifteen chief ministers. The first was Gopi Chand Bhargava of the Indian National Congress party, who was sworn in on 15 August 1947, when India gained independence from the British . He was succeeded by fellow Congressman Bhim Sen Sachar , who was then subsequently replaced after 188 days by former Chief Minister Gopi Chand Bhargava. After

2875-667: The president of India , Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed , accepted prime minister Indira Gandhi 's recommendation to declare a state of national emergency. Indira argued that the political and civil disorder constituted a threat to national security. A state of emergency enabled the central government to issue executive decrees without requiring the consent of Parliament . Elections were postponed and public gatherings, rallies and strikes were banned. Curfews were imposed and police forces were empowered to make warrantless searches, seizures and arrests. Indira's government imposed "President's rule" in

2990-642: The 11th Union Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare in the Morarji Desai ministry from 1977 to 1977. He was the patron of Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD), a Sikh-centered regional political party, and the president of the party from 1995 to 2008, when he was replaced by his son Sukhbir Singh Badal . As the patron of SAD he exercised a strong influence on the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee and Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee . Parkash Singh Badal

3105-656: The 1950s till the late 1960s he provided the Punjabi Suba Movement's protestors with food and resources to continue their movement against the Indian Government. He also joined the protests. He protested and was joined when protesting against the Indian Emergency against Indira Gandhi. When he was the chief minister in 2015, demanded the premature release of 13 Sikhs, including assassins of former Punjab chief minister Beant Singh although

3220-652: The 1971 election, the Congress (O) , Samyukta Socialist Party and the Bharatiya Jana Sangh had formed a coalition called the "Grand Alliance" to oppose Indira Gandhi and the Congress (R) , but failed to have an impact; Indira's Congress (R) won a large majority in the 1971 elections and her popularity increased significantly after India's victory in the war of 1971 against Pakistan. However Indira's subsequent inability to address serious issues such as unemployment, poverty, inflation and shortages eroded her popularity. The frequent invoking of " President's rule " to dismiss state governments led by opposition political parties

3335-414: The 1977 March Lok Sabha election results of India, using alliances under Morarji Government from 1977 to 1979 Sources: Keesing's – World News Archive On the morning of 24 March, Jayaprakash Narayan and Jivatram Kripalani led the newly elected Janata MPs to Raj Ghat , where the ashes of Mahatma Gandhi were laid, and administered a pledge to continue Gandhi's work and preserve honesty in serving

3450-696: The Akalis. In 1997 elections he won from Lambi Assembly constituency and had been a consecutive winner in four terms. He was a union minister in Prime Minister Morarji Desai 's government in 1977, serving as Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation. Badal served as Punjab Chief Minister for five terms, the first time in 1970 when he became the youngest chief minister of an Indian state. He completed his last term in March 2017. Badal first became Chief Minister of Punjab in March 1970 and headed

3565-536: The Allahabad High Court found Indira guilty and barred her from holding public office for six years. Opposition politicians immediately demanded her resignation and stepped up mass protests against the government. On 25 June, Narayan and Desai held a massive rally in Delhi , calling for a " Satyagraha " – a campaign of non-violent civil disobedience to force the government to resign. On 25 June 1975,

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3680-564: The BJP and the Communist Party of India (Marxist). However, Singh's government soon fell victim to intra-party rivalries and power struggles, and his successor Chandra Sekhar's Janata Dal (Socialist) government lasted barely into 1991. Although its tenure in office was tumultuous and unsuccessful, the Janata party played a definitive role in Indian politics and history and its legacy remains strong in contemporary India. The Janata party led

3795-598: The Communist Party of India (Marxist) had distanced themselves from the Janata party. Desperately seeking enough support for a majority, Charan Singh even sought to negotiate with Congress (I), which refused. After only three weeks in office, Charan Singh resigned. With no other political party in position to establish a majority government, President Reddy dissolved the Parliament and called fresh elections for January 1980. In 1980 general elections , Janata Party declared Jagjivan Ram as its Prime Ministerial candidate, but

3910-509: The Congress (I) returned to power with a strong majority. Sanjay Gandhi was also elected to the Parliament. President Reddy was succeeded at the end of his term in 1982 by Congress (I) leader Zail Singh . (RUPPS). Between 1980 and 1989, the Janata party maintained a small presence in the Indian Parliament under the leadership of socialist politician Chandra Sekhar . In 1988, Lok Dal (A) was merged into Janata Party and Ajit Singh

4025-801: The Congress (R) amongst India's Dalits. BLD leader Charan Singh 's peasant roots helped him raise considerable support in the rural parts of Uttar Pradesh , the most populous state of India. The Shiromani Akali Dal , the party of the Sikhs of Punjab and regional political parties such as the Tamil Nadu -based Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam became important allies. The leaders of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Jana Sangh rallied India's middle-class merchants, traders and conservative Hindus . The Hindu nationalist RSS and trade unions aligned with Janata helped rally considerable voting blocs. The 1977 election drew

4140-642: The Dharam-Yudh Morcha he went undercover and reached the Indian Parliament and had burnt copies of Article 25B of the Indian Constitution over the demand for a separate identity for Sikhs. He was a part of the United Akali Dal, which supported Khalistan. He was contesting alongside politicians like Simranjit Singh Mann, Baba Joginder Singh Rode (father of Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale) and Captain Amarinder Singh. Badal had said that

4255-568: The Emergency that was imposed between 1975 and 1977 by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of the Indian National Congress . In the 1977 general election , the party defeated the Congress and Janata leader Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress prime minister in independent modern India's history . Raj Narain , a socialist leader, had filed a legal writ alleging electoral malpractice against Indira Gandhi in 1971. On 12 June 1975, Allahabad High Court found her guilty of using corrupt electoral practices in her 1971 election victory over Narain in

4370-492: The Emergency from 1975-1977. Badal became CM for the term 12 February 1997 to 26 February 2002. He had put a complete end to all human rights violations in Punjab by the Punjab Police- along with the dreaded Black Cats and bounty system. In the 2007 Punjab state election Shiromani Akali Dal - Bharatiya Janata Party coalition government won 67 out of 117 seats and Parkash Singh Badal was sworn in as chief minister for

4485-552: The Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Jana Sangh . On 19 July 1979 Desai resigned from the government and eventually retired to his home in Mumbai (then Bombay). The failing health of Jayaprakash Narayan made it hard for him to remain politically active and act as a unifying influence, and his death in 1979 deprived the party of its most popular leader. Dissidents projected Charan Singh as the new prime minister in place of Desai. President Neelam Sanjiva Reddy appointed Charan Singh as

4600-546: The Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) were banned and their leaders arrested. Only the Communist Party of India supported the state of emergency. Due to the advancing age and failing health, Narayan was released from prison, but remained prohibited from political activity. During the Emergency, Indira Gandhi implemented a 20-point program of economic reforms that resulted in greater economic growth, aided by

4715-578: The House specify the duties of the head of the house. One important parliamentary official who has direct authority over the way the Legislative assembly operates is the Leader of the House. All of the government's policies are centered around him, particularly as they relate to the House's internal operations and measures pertaining to the conduct of its business. The Chief Whip resolves the specifics with

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4830-515: The House". In both Houses, the leader of the house is a crucial official who directly affects how business is done. A House deputy leader may also be appointed by him. Government meeting scheduling and House business are under the purview of the Leader of the House. In addition, the Leader of the House serves as the legislative chair of the majority party. Rather than the Constitution, the Rules of

4945-589: The Janata Dal, these two(the 1977 one and present one) are considered as distinct from one another by many. Under V. P. Singh, the Janata Dal and the National Front sought to replicate the Janata-style alliance of anti-Congress political parties. Although it failed to win a majority, it managed to form a fragile coalition government with V.P. Singh as the prime minister with the outside support of

5060-441: The Janata government unable to effectively address national problems. By mid-1979, Prime Minister Morarji Desai was forced to resign and his successor Chaudhary Charan Singh became Prime Minister of India. He remained in office for 23 days until Congress(I) withdrew support. Popular disenchantment with the political in-fighting and ineffective government led to the resurgence of Gandhi and her new Congress (I) party, which won

5175-537: The Janata organisation. To avoid a potentially divisive contest, Janata leaders asked Jayaprakash Narayan and Jivatram Kripalani to select the party's leader, pledging to abide by their choice. After a period of deliberation, Narayan and Kripalani selected Morarji Desai to become the chairman of the Janata Parliamentary Party on 24 May. Although some leaders such as George Fernandes and Jagjivan Ram hesitated to support Desai and criticised

5290-496: The Janata party formed a coalition government with the Akali Dal. In Bihar, Karpuri Thakur won the closely contested Janata legislature party leadership from the then Bihar Janata Party chief Satyendra Narayan Sinha to become the Bihar Chief Minister . The number of Janata members of the legislative assemblies (MLAs) of all the states increased from 386 to 1,246 seats. The government also called fresh elections in

5405-429: The Janata party. Chandra Shekhar became first president of Janata Party. Ramakrishna Hegde became the party general secretary, and Bharatiya Jana Sangh politician Lal Krishna Advani became the party spokesperson. The Janata manifesto was released on 10 February, which declared that the coming election presented voters with: a choice between freedom and slavery; between democracy and dictatorship; between abdicating

5520-528: The Leader of the House's agreement, although the Leader of the House is ultimately in charge of how government activity is organized. The Leader of the House suggests dates for the House's summons and prorogation with the Chair's approval. He is in charge of organizing the formal proceedings of the Parliamentary Session, including the introduction of legislation and motions. Since the formation of

5635-508: The Musaffir. In all other cases, the chief minister of Punjab also serves as the Leader of the House. (Birth–Death) (Constituency) (Birth–Death) (Constituency) Janata Party The Janata Party ( JP , lit.   ' People's Party ' ) is an unrecognised political party in India . It was founded as an amalgam of Indian political parties opposed to

5750-563: The Prime Minister of a minority government on the strength of 64 MPs, calling upon him to form a new government and prove his majority. The departure of Desai and the BJS had considerably diminished Janata's majority, and numerous Janata MPs refused to support Charan Singh. MPs loyal to Jagjivan Ram withdrew themselves from the Janata party. Former allies such as the DMK, Shiromani Akali Dal and

5865-540: The Punjab Legislative assembly, the leader of the house of assembly is served by the Chief minister of Punjab. However there were two certain occasions when the Chief minister was the not the member of the house of legislative assembly and thus during that period of time, the role of the leader of house is served by person other than the chief minister. When Gopi Chand Bhargava became the acting chief minister of

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5980-471: The Punjab in the year of 1964 after the resignation of the then chief minister Partap Singh Kairon , the role of the leader of the house was fulfilled by the Kairon even after his resignation. Second time, when Gurmukh Singh Musafir become the chief minister after the reorganization of Punjab in 1966, the predecessor chief minister Ram Kishan served as the leader of the house during the chief minister-ship of

6095-739: The Shiromani Akali Dal and the Indian National Congress. His nephew Manpreet Singh Badal served as Finance Minister of Punjab. Badal graduated from the Panjab University and FC College , Lahore and became a member of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee at a young age. During the Partition of India he was not able to board any train and was left to fend for himself in Lahore , Pakistan . He

6210-648: The Sikh holy shrines. Neither God nor Sikhs shall pardon him. The Delhi Darbar is out to finish the Sikhs. We must fight back. I shall go to each Sikh youth's house killed by the security forces, visit Sikhs detained in jails. We shall do everything possible to stop the massacre of Sikh youth." He had protection from the Khalistan Commando Force in 1992 as various militants saw him as an ally; he used to go to various Bhog ceremonies of militants as well. On

6325-543: The Sixth Five-Year Plan, aiming to boost agricultural production and rural industries. Seeking to promote economic self-reliance and indigenous industries, the government required multi-national corporations to go into partnership with Indian corporations. The policy proved controversial, diminishing foreign investment and led to the high-profile exit of corporations such as Coca-Cola and IBM from India. ( 1978 election ) ( 1978 election ) Despite

6440-755: The State of Emergency was lifted and new elections called in 1977, opposition political parties such as the Congress (O) , Bharatiya Jana Sangh , Bharatiya Lok Dal as well as defectors from the Indian National Congress joined to form the Janata party, which won a sweeping majority in the Indian Parliament . Narain defeated Gandhi at Rae Bareli in those elections. The new Janata-led government reversed many Emergency-era decrees and opened official investigations into Emergency-era abuses. Although several major foreign policy and economic reforms were attempted, continuous in-fighting and ideological differences made

6555-652: The Sutlej Yamuna link canal which would have made the Punjab land barren of water resources. He was jailed for sedition against the Indian Government in June 1984 when he had asked for Sikh soldiers to mutiny against the Indian Government after Operation Blue Star. In August 1992, he was again lodged in Tajpur Road Jail from August 28, 1992, to September 1, 1992 for protesting against the false encounters perpetrated by Kanwar Pal Singh Gill. In December 1992,

6670-536: The absence of strikes and trade union conflicts. Encouraged by these positive signs and distorted and biased information from her party supporters, Indira called elections for May 1977. However, the emergency era had been widely unpopular. The most controversial issue was the 42nd amendment to the Constitution of India , which deprived citizens of direct access to the Supreme Court, except when violation of

6785-556: The assembly (one time from Malout, five times from Godderbaha, and fives times from Lambi) and one time in the Lok Sabha elections. Chief Minister of Punjab (India) The province of Punjab was then headquartered in Lahore .Under the Government of India Act 1935 , a bicameral legislature was set up with a legislative assembly and a legislative council with a government headed by the Prime Minister. The Unionist Party won

6900-437: The aversion of the Indian public to another fragile and dysfunctional government by campaigning on the slogan "Elect A Government That Works!" Indira Gandhi apologised for mistakes made during the Emergency and won the endorsement of respected national leaders such as Vinoba Bhave . At the polls, the candidates running under the Janata ticket were resoundingly defeated – the party lost 172 seats, winning only 31. Indira Gandhi and

7015-440: The award is given posthumously. In response, Akal Takht Jathedar Giani Gurbachan Singh cited the example of Master Tara Singh , who was given the award during his lifetime. He was given the Padma Vibhushan due to his contributions toward politics, agriculture, infrastructure and service to India by the Indian Government headed by Narendra Modi in March 2015. He lost the 1967 and 2022 assembly elections and won election 11 times to

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7130-445: The cabinet of Morarji Desai because of growing differences between them over trial of Indira Gandhi . On 24 January 1979, Charan Singh returned into cabinet and held portfolios of Minister of Finance and becoming Deputy Prime Minister . Hirubhai M. Patel was shifted from Finance ministry to Home Ministry . Through 1979, support for Morarji Desai had declined considerably due to worsening economic conditions as well as

7245-546: The decision of Partition of India . Patiala and East Punjab States Union or PEPSU was an Indian state formed by the union of the post-partition province of Punjab on the Indian side of the border with eight princely states , which were allowed to maintain their native monarchs. The state was inaugurated on 15 July 1948 and formally became a state in 1950. Among these princely states, six were salute states :- Patiala , Jind , Kapurthala , Nabha , Faridkot and Malerkotla . The other two states were Nalagarh and Kalsia. PEPSU

7360-497: The demolition of slums in the Jama Masjid area of New Delhi , the national capital, which left thousands of people, mostly Muslims, homeless. Indian laborers, urban workers, teachers and government employees were also disenchanted by wage freezes and the curtailing of trade union activities and rights. Calling elections on 18 January 1977 the government released political prisoners and weakened restrictions and censorship on

7475-433: The emergence of allegations of nepotism and corruption involving members of his family. Desai's confrontational attitude eroded his support. His main rival Charan Singh had developed an acrimonious relationship with Desai. Protesting Desai's leadership, Singh resigned and withdrew the support of his Bharatiya Lok Dal . Desai also lost the support of the secular and socialist politicians in the party, who saw him as favoring

7590-446: The first Dalit chief minister of Punjab just 6 months before the expiry of the 15th assembly. The office of the chief minister of Punjab is located at Punjab Civil Secretariat, Sector – 1, Chandigarh. A Minister designated by the Government to supervise the management of government business in the Legislative Assembly is known as the Leader of the House. The Rules of Procedure of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha define "Leader of

7705-500: The first female chief minister of Punjab and overall the 8th female chief minister in India. Parkash Singh Badal assumed office for the third time in 1997 and became the first chief minister, since Kairon's resignation in 1964, to serve a full term. Badal was succeeded by Congressman Amarinder Singh , who also successfully served a full term. In 2017 he became CM for the second time but failed to complete his tenure due to internal political factionalism and Charanjit Singh Channi became

7820-437: The form of a "siropa" (robe of honour), a sword and a silver plaque with inscription of the citation of Panth Rattan Fakhr-e-Qaum . Badal was awarded this title for his service towards the Sikh Panth by creating many memorials pertaining to Sikhism such as Virasat-e-Khalsa , besides being imprisoned for long time and having faced atrocities during various movements. Former SGPC secretary general Manjit Singh Calcutta argued that

7935-437: The former Bharatiya Jana Sangh . Violence between Hindus and Muslims led to further confrontations within the Janata party, with most Janata leaders demanding that Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani choose between staying in government and being members of the RSS . Both Vajpayee and Advani as well as other members of the former BJS opted to remain members of the RSS and consequently resigned from their posts and from

8050-519: The fourth time. He held 10 portfolios, which included the ministries for Home, Housing & Urban Development, Excise & Taxation, Power, Personnel, General Administration, Vigilance, Employment, Legal & Legislative Affairs and NRIs Affairs. Badal launched many schemes such as free ambulance service, Talwandi Sabo thermal plant, etc. Through a new transportation policy, he reduced taxes on air-conditioned buses, making it less expensive for companies to operate luxury buses. This also increased profits of

8165-533: The fundamental rights resulted from Union law. The Parliament was given unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution. The Supreme Court was given exclusive jurisdiction as regards determination of the constitutional validity of laws passed by the Union government. It restricted the power of the courts to issue stay orders or injunctions. Almost all parts of the Constitution saw changes through this amendment. The clampdown on civil liberties and allegations of widespread abuse of human rights by police had angered

8280-564: The general election called in 1980. After Jaiprakash Bandhu now Navneet Chaturvedi is the president of Janata Party since November 2021. Thakur Ji Pathak (January 1982–20 January 1985) Before Thakur Ji Pathak was in Janata party . Having led the Indian independence movement , the Indian National Congress became the most popular political party in independent India and won every election following national independence in 1947. However,

8395-466: The guerrillas loyal to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , the founding leader of Bangladesh, who had been assassinated in 1975 by military officers and replaced by a military regime that sought to distance itself from India. India also sought to improve relations with the United States, which had been strained due to the latter's support for Pakistan during the 1971 war and India's subsequent proximity with

8510-402: The leading campaigners for the Janata party, drawing great masses of people in rallies across the country. Actions taken during Emergency significantly diminished support for the Congress (R) amongst its most loyal constituencies. The bulldozing of slums near the Jama Masjid was widely unpopular amongst India's Muslims, and the defection of Jagjivan Ram significantly diminished support for

8625-471: The massive victory of the AIADMK , led by M. G. Ramachandran . Home Minister Charan Singh argued that the ruling party had been resoundingly rejected by voters and would need to win a new mandate from the people of the states. The Congress (R) was defeated in all the states, and the Janata party took power in seven – Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh. In Punjab,

8740-601: The memorandum submitted to the United Nations, demanding Khalistan, which also carried Tohra’s signature. The memorandum stated, "Like all free people of the world, the Sikh nation, in accordance with the UN declaration on granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples, seeks an independent and sovereign state to break the shackles of apartheid, slavery, colonialism and a retrograde political system and structure.” He publicly shed his separatist ideologue in 1998. In

8855-698: The militants of the Damdami Taksal and other terrorist outfits were "engaged in a struggle of the Panth". During the Khalistan Movement he had shifted to political protests and armed insurrection; he stated, "Barnala is a traitor. He is a tyrant worse than the Moghuls. Even Mrs Gandhi's despotic regime pales before his misdeeds. At the behest of the Centre, he is finishing the Sikh youth and attacking

8970-425: The militants' orders he had boycotted the 1992 Punjab elections, no one from his party had contested and the only ones participating were the Indian National Congress , Shiromani Akali Dal (Kabul) and Bhartiya Janata Party , and even those only in Hindu rural or Urban areas, as the candidates feared the militant's gun. Only 25 percent of the population voted due to the boycott and insurgency. In 1993 Badal had signed

9085-417: The motion of no confidence was not admitted due to lack of requisite support of one-fifth of MLAs. Congress decided to stay neutral and did not support the no-confidence motion. Badal became CM for the term 20 June 1977 to 17 February 1980 with the support and alliance of Janata Party . He led major developments in infrastructure and kept harmony in the state despite the fiery tensions that were running during

9200-440: The nation. Immediately afterwards, the Janata party faced a serious challenge in choosing a leader to become India's new prime minister, where the rival bids of party leaders could divide the party and weaken its majority before it took power. Janata party chairman Morarji Desai , Charan Singh and Jagjivan Ram enjoyed the support of a significant number of Janata MPs and the activists brought from their own political parties into

9315-611: The newly re-configured state was Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir who led a Congress government from the Vidhan Parishad, one of only two to have done so. In the 1967 elections, he was voted out of power in favour of the Akali Das Sant Fateh Singh Group whose leader Gurnam Singh became the first non-Congress chief minister. Gurnam Singh's government was succeeded by three short-lived Akali Dal governments— Lachhman Singh Gill 's government for less than

9430-554: The northern " Hindi belt ", especially in Uttar Pradesh . One of the most shocking outcomes of the election was the defeat of Indira Gandhi in her bid to seek re-election from her constituency of Rae Bareilly , which she lost to her 1971 opponent Raj Narain by a margin of 55,200 votes. The Congress (R) did not win any seats in Uttar Pradesh and was wiped out in 10 states and territories by Janata candidates. Summary of

9545-422: The opposition vote by not running candidates against the Janata party. During the election campaign, the leaders of the Congress (R) and the Janata party traveled across the country to rally supporters. Indira and her Congress (R) promoted the record of achieving economic development and orderly government. Although she offered apologies for abuses committed during the Emergency, Indira and the Congress (R) defended

9660-536: The other political prisoners about forming an opposition group to Indira Gandhi’s Congress and the idea of the Janata Party was made, a party that works for the people. On 6 February 1976 Badal hosted a lunch for about 409 political detenus which marked the beginning of a dialogue. In the 1977 elections, the Janata Party came to power with an alliance with the Shiromani Akali Dal , running under

9775-665: The ouster of Indira Gandhi, who had preserved a hardline stance against India's rival neighbors. In 1979, Atal Bihari Vajpayee became the highest-ranking Indian official to visit Beijing, meeting China's leaders. The Desai government re-established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, which had been severed due to the Sino-Indian War of 1962 . Both nations established regular dialogue to resolve long-standing territorial disputes, expand trade and enhance border security. The Desai government ended India's support for

9890-487: The party won only 31 seats out of 542. Veerendra Patil (1977–78) H. D. Deve Gowda (1978) D. Manjunath (1983) M. P. Prakash (1987) Jeevaraj Alva (1988–1990) Nellai R. Jebamani In the run-up to the 1980 elections, the remaining Janata party leaders tried unsuccessfully to rebuild the party and make fresh alliances. Desai campaigned for the party but did not himself stand for election, preferring retirement from politics. The Congress (I) capitalised on

10005-413: The party. The decline in the popularity of the Janata government was aided by the stalled prosecution of Emergency-era abuses. The government had failed to prove most of the allegations and obtained few convictions. Cases against Indira Gandhi had also stalled for lack of evidence, and her continued prosecution began to evoke sympathy for her from the Indian public and anger of her supporters, who saw it as

10120-536: The power of the people and asserting it; between the Gandhian path and the way that has led many nations down the precipice of dictatorship, instability, military adventure and national ruin. As it became clear that Indira's Emergency rule had been widely unpopular, defections from the Congress (R) government increased. The most significant was that of Jagjivan Ram , who commanded great support amongst India's Dalit communities. A former Minister of Defence, Ram left

10235-576: The press, although the state of emergency was not officially ended. When opposition leaders sought the support of Jayaprakash Narayan for the forthcoming election, Narayan insisted that all opposition parties form a united front. The Janata Party was officially launched on 23 January 1977 when the Janata Morcha , Charan Singh 's Bharatiya Lok Dal , Swatantra Party , the Socialist Party of India of Raj Narain and George Fernandes , and

10350-419: The process of denotifying (and dismantling) the 121-km long Sutlej Yamuna Link Canal that was constructed in Punjab to carry water to Haryana has begun. Parkash Singh Badal has expressed candidly many times that Punjab does not have a single drop of spare water for anybody and Akali Dal is opposed to the agreement which it believed would rob the water of the state. Chief Minister Badal, in his latest move, has sent

10465-551: The public. Indira Gandhi was believed, by the public at large to be under the influence of a clique of politicians led by her youngest son, Sanjay Gandhi , who had become notorious for using his influence in the government and the Congress party for alleged corrupt activities. Sanjay Gandhi had masterminded the Union government's unpopular campaign of family planning, which had allegedly involved forcible sterilisation of young men by government officials. Sanjay Gandhi had also instigated

10580-548: The rationale of imposing the state of emergency as being essential for national security. On the other hand, Janata leaders assailed Indira for ruling as a dictator and endangering human rights and democracy in India. Janata's campaign evoked memories of India's freedom struggle against British rule , during which Jayaprakash Narayan , Jivatram Kripalani and Morarji Desai had first emerged as political leaders. Although Narayan and Kripalani did not seek office themselves, they became

10695-599: The reasoning that he and his followers visit jails so often that he must make them pleasant to the eye. Badal was first detained in the Karnal jail in connection with Civil Liberties Agitation later under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act during the Indian Emergency . As the Emergency progressed, conditions in jail became relaxed between prisoners. He was then imprisoned in 1982 over protesting against

10810-512: The rights of Punjab's farmers. He believed that successive Congress governments at the Centre have been doing "grave injustice" to the state forcing Punjab to share the water in the name of SYL Canal. Under his leadership, Punjab government took a path-breaking decision of adopting the Punjab Sutlej Yamuna Link Canal (Transfer of Proprietary Rights) Bill, 2016 in the assembly. With this decision taken on 14 March 2016,

10925-546: The rivalry continued they stopped protests at his residence. Badal died on 25 April 2023, aged 95, after a brief illness at Fortis hospital in Mohali , Punjab . On 11 December 2011, Badal was bestowed upon the title of Panth Rattan Fakhr-e-Qaum (literally "Jewel of the religion, pride of the community") by the Akal Takht . He was awarded this title at Golden Temple complex in the presence of Jathedars of all five Takhts in

11040-528: The state of Gujarat on 11 June 1975. Raj Narain , a leader of the Socialist Party (India) , who had unsuccessfully contested election against Indira from the constituency of Rae Bareilly in 1971, lodged a case at the Allahabad High Court , alleging electoral malpractices and the use of government resources for her election campaign. On 12 June 1975 in State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain ,

11155-499: The state of Jammu and Kashmir , where the Janata party won 13 seats to the Congress's 11, and the veteran Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah returned to power after having been dismissed in 1953. Prime Minister Morarji Desai and the Minister of External Affairs Atal Bihari Vajpayee began significant changes in India's foreign policy, moving away from the course adopted by Indira's government. Both Pakistan and China had celebrated

11270-402: The state of emergency and media censorship and repeal the controversial executive decrees issued during the Emergency. The Constitution was amended to make it more difficult for any future government to declare a state of emergency; fundamental freedoms and the independence of India's judiciary was reaffirmed. The new government also proceeded to withdraw all charges against the 25 accused in

11385-443: The state-owned Maruti Udyog Ltd. , the activities of the former Minister of Defence Bansi Lal and the 1971 Nagarwala scandal . Both Indira and her son Sanjay were charged with allegations of corruption and briefly arrested. Immediately upon taking office, the Janata government pressured the ten state governments where the Congress was in power to dissolve the state assemblies and hold fresh elections in June. Tamil Nadu witnessed

11500-586: The states of Tamil Nadu and Gujarat , dismissing the governments controlled by opposition political parties. The central government also imposed censorship on radio, television and newspapers. Across the country, police forces arrested thousands of opposition political activists, as well as leaders such as Raj Narain , Jayaprakash Narayan , Jivatram Kripalani , Anantram Jaiswal , Kamaraj , Morarji Desai , Satyendra Narayan Sinha , Vijaya Raje Scindia , Charan Singh , Atal Bihari Vajpayee , Lal Krishna Advani and others. Opposition political organisations such as

11615-533: The struggle against the Indian Emergency (1975–77) and of the Janata party went on to comprise a new generation of Indian political leaders. Chandra Shekhar , Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Deve Gowda went on to serve as Prime Ministers; Vajpayee led the first non-Congress government to complete a full five-year term from 1999 to 2004. Lal Krishna Advani served as deputy prime minister. Younger politicians such as Subramanian Swamy , Arun Jaitley , Pramod Mahajan , Sushma Swaraj and others were grass-roots activists in

11730-570: The then Jathedar of Akal Takht, Gurdev Singh Kaunke, of Jagraon's Kaunke Kalan area, had disappeared after he was arrested by the Punjab Police. Badal staged a protest against police over the disappearance of Jathedar and was arrested and lodged again in Ludhiana jail from January 1 to 13, 1993. He was under house arrest multiple times from 1984-1995, over 50 times in total as noted by Bhai Ajmer Singh. Whilst in jail, Badal began to speak to

11845-573: The title of deputy prime minister. Charan Singh became the Minister of Home Affairs, the second-most important position in the Council of Ministers, while Jagjivan Ram took charge of the Ministry of Defence. BJS leaders Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani were respectively given charge of the Ministry of External Affairs and the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting . Raj Narain

11960-504: The transfer of Janata Party symbol to its own. But the Election Commission froze the symbol chakra–haldhar for 1989 general election and as a result, Janata Dal had to use wheel as their election symbol. Janata Party continue to retain its status as unrecognised registered party with Election Commission of India and retains its symbol of chakra-haldhar. Since the original Janata Party disappeared when it merged into

12075-412: The undemocratic method of selection, Desai's position was soon confirmed and consolidated. Taking office as prime minister, Desai also took charge of the Ministry of Finance. He sought to carefully distribute important posts to satisfy Janata's different constituents and the most powerful party leaders who were rivals for his own position of leadership. Both Charan Singh and Jagjivan Ram were accorded

12190-470: Was appointed Minister of Health , Madhu Dandavate was to head the Ministry of Railways and trade unionist George Fernandes was made the Ministry of Communications . Jurist Shanti Bhushan was appointed Minister of Law and Justice . Congress (O) veteran and Janata candidate Neelam Sanjiva Reddy won the presidential election to become the 6th President of India on 25 July 1977. The results of its election defeat considerably weakened and diminished

12305-561: Was born on 8 December 1927 in Abul Khurana, near Malout . He belonged to a Jatt Sikh family, who were generally apolitical and worked in their fields. His father was a landlord named Raghuraj Singh Badal. In 1959, he married Surinder Kaur. The couple had two children, Sukhbir Singh Badal and Parneet Kaur, who is married to Adesh Pratap Singh Kairon . Surinder Kaur died in 2011 after a long illness due to cancer. His younger brother Gurdas Singh Badal had also been in politics in both,

12420-608: Was earlier headed by the Premier, from 1952 the chief minister become the head of the government. On 1 November 1956, PEPSU was merged mostly into East Punjab (Punjab from 1950) following the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 . The state of East Punjab was formed in 1947 later it was renamed Punjab in 1950. It consisted of the parts of the Punjab Province of British India that went to India following

12535-507: Was followed by the returning Chief Minister Gopi Chand Bhargava, who briefly held office as acting chief minister for only 15 days. In July 1964, Ram Kishan assumed the office and served for two years. His tenure was followed by the President's rule which lasted for 119 days. On 1 November 1966, the state of Haryana was partitioned from Punjab and some other districts were given to the state of Himachal Pradesh. The first chief minister of

12650-523: Was hardly thirty years of age. He was re-elected in 1969, serving as Minister for Community Development, Panchayati Raj, Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries. He was Leader of Opposition in 1972, 1980 and 2002. He had been elected in Vidhan Sabha for a total of 10 times, in 1957 and in each election since 1969, except for the February 1992 election, in which he led a boycott of state elections by

12765-471: Was later escorted by a party of Indian soldiers as his father requested Brigadier Mohinder Singh Chopra to help him. Badal started his political career in 1947. He was Sarpanch of the Village Badal and later chairman of Block Samiti, Lambi before rising into Punjab politics. He was elected to Punjab Vidhan Sabha in 1957 for the first time from the Shiromani Akali Dal political party, when he

12880-606: Was made its president. After some months, it merged into the Janata Dal , which had emerged as the chief opposition party under the leadership of Vishwanath Pratap Singh and the main constituent of the National Front coalition. Singh had become widely popular for exposing the role of the government of prime minister Rajiv Gandhi , the eldest son and successor of Indira, in the Bofors scandal , though on 5 February 2004,

12995-554: Was not able to. Throughout his career he tried his best to make a widespread issue over the Dharmi Faujis not receiving their pensions, although the Sikh population did not take notice and overlooked or dismissed the issue completely. Ever since the Sutlej-Yamuna Link (SYL) issue came up in 1982, Punjab Chief Minister Parkash Singh Badal has been vocal in disapproving it and leading from the front in safeguarding

13110-477: Was seen as authoritarian and opportunist. Political leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan , Acharya Kripalani and Congress (O) chief Morarji Desai condemned Indira's government as dictatorial and corrupt. Narayan and Desai founded the Janata Morcha ( People's Front ), the predecessor of what would become the Janata party . The Janata Morcha won the elections for the Vidhan Sabha (State Legislature) of

13225-460: Was ultimately decided that the Congress for Democracy would contest the election with the same manifesto as the Janata party and would join the Janata party in Parliament, but would otherwise retain a separate identity (the CFD would merge with the Janata party after the elections on 5 May). On 30 January 1977 the Communist Party of India (Marxist) announced that it would seek to avoid a splintering in

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