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85-826: The pact was intended to isolate the Central Powers : the German Empire , the Austrian-Hungarian Empire , the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria . The Allied Powers envisioned isolating them through trade sanctions after the war. A standing body, the Comité permanent international d'action économique, based in Paris, was established to monitor the implementation of the pact. The pact

170-579: A general mobilization , Germany viewed the act as provocative. The Russian government promised Germany that its general mobilization did not mean preparation for war with Germany but was a reaction to the tensions between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. The German government regarded the Russian promise of no war with Germany to be nonsense in light of its general mobilization, and Germany, in turn, mobilized for war. On 1 August, Germany sent an ultimatum to Russia stating that since both Germany and Russia were in

255-524: A lady-in-waiting to Archduchess Isabella , wife of Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen . Franz began to visit Archduke Friedrich's villa in Pressburg (now Bratislava ), and in turn Sophie wrote to Franz Ferdinand during his convalescence from tuberculosis on the island of Lošinj in the Adriatic . They kept their relationship a secret, until it was discovered by Isabella. To be eligible to marry

340-512: A comfortable, fair and good life" instead of being trampled on (as they were being trampled on by the Hungarians). It must have been this which caused Berchtold, in a character sketch of Francis Ferdinand written ten years after his death, to say that, if he had succeeded to the throne, he would have tried to replace the dual system by a supranational federation. After the tragic assassination of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie in 1914, Marie Valerie,

425-595: A diplomatic cover for an inevitable Austro-Hungarian declaration of war on Serbia. Russia had warned Austria-Hungary that the Russian government would not tolerate Austria-Hungary invading Serbia. However, with Germany supporting Austria-Hungary's actions, the Austro-Hungarian government hoped that Russia would not intervene and that the conflict with Serbia would remain a regional conflict. Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia resulted in Russia declaring war on

510-416: A formal ultimatum to Serbia demanding a full-scale investigation of Serbian government complicity in the assassination and complete compliance by Serbia in agreeing to the terms demanded by Austria-Hungary. Serbia submitted to accept most of the demands. However, Austria-Hungary viewed this as insufficient and used this lack of full compliance to justify military intervention. These demands have been viewed as

595-563: A general mobilization in expectation of war. On 3 August 1914, Germany responded to this action by declaring war on France. Germany, facing a two-front war, enacted what was known as the Schlieffen Plan , which involved German armed forces moving through Belgium and swinging south into France and towards the French capital of Paris . This plan was hoped to quickly gain victory against the French and allow German forces to concentrate on

680-584: A major power in the Horn of Africa . Its ruler, Lij Iyasu , was widely suspected of harbouring pro-Islamic sentiments and being sympathetic to the Ottoman Empire. The German Empire also attempted to reach out to Iyasu, dispatching several unsuccessful expeditions to the region to attempt to encourage it to collaborate in an Arab Revolt -style uprising in East Africa. One of the unsuccessful expeditions

765-450: A member of the imperial House of Habsburg, one had to be a member of one of the reigning or formerly reigning dynasties of Europe. The Choteks were not one of these families. Deeply in love, Franz Ferdinand refused to consider marrying anyone else. Finally, in 1899, Emperor Franz Joseph agreed to permit Franz Ferdinand to marry Sophie, provided that the marriage would be morganatic and that their descendants would not have succession rights to

850-468: A short rest at the Governor's residence, the royal couple insisted on seeing all those who had been injured by the bomb at the local hospital. However, no one told the drivers that the itinerary had been changed. When the error was discovered, the drivers had to turn around. As the cars backed down the street and onto a side street, the line of cars stalled. At this time, Princip was sitting at a cafe across

935-507: A state of military mobilization, an effective state of war existed between the two countries. Later that day, France , an ally of Russia, declared a state of general mobilization. In August 1914, Germany attacked Russia, citing Russian aggression as demonstrated by the mobilization of the Russian army, which had resulted in Germany mobilizing in response. After Germany declared war on Russia, France, with its alliance with Russia, prepared

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1020-638: A successful Allied advance in Macedonia . The Ottoman Empire followed suit on 30 October 1918 in the face of British and Arab gains in Palestine and Syria . Austria and Hungary concluded ceasefires separately during the first week of November following the disintegration of the Habsburg Empire and the Italian offensive at Vittorio Veneto ; Germany signed the armistice ending the war on

1105-560: A true personality amidst the amiable inanity that characterized Austrian society at this time." As his sometime admirer Karl Kraus put it, "he was not one who would greet you ... he felt no compulsion to reach out for the unexplored region which the Viennese call their heart." His relations with Emperor Franz Joseph were tense; the emperor's personal servant recalled in his memoirs that "thunder and lightning always raged when they had their discussions." The commentaries and orders which

1190-512: Is considered the most immediate cause of World War I. After his death, Archduke Karl became the heir presumptive of Austria-Hungary. Franz Ferdinand was buried with his wife Sophie in Artstetten Castle , Austria. The German historian Michael Freund described Franz Ferdinand as "a man of uninspired energy, dark in appearance and emotion, who radiated an aura of strangeness and cast a shadow of violence and recklessness ...

1275-534: Is nothing." said the Archduke in a weak but audible voice. He seemed to be losing consciousness during his last few minutes, but, his voice growing steadily weaker, he repeated the phrase perhaps six or seven times more. A rattle began to issue from his throat, which subsided as the car drew in front of the Konak bersibin (Town Hall). Despite several doctors' efforts, the Archduke died shortly after being carried into

1360-591: The .380 ACP cartridge provided him by Serbian Army Military Intelligence Lieutenant-Colonel and Black Hand leader Dragutin Dimitrijević . Franz Ferdinand's aides attempted to undo his coat but realized they needed scissors to cut it open: the outer lapel had been sewn to the inner front of the jacket for a smoother fit to improve his appearance to the public. Whether or not as a result of this obstacle, his wound could not be attended to in time to save him, and he died within minutes. Sophie also died en route to

1445-629: The Allies in 1915 and divided between French Togoland and British Togoland . The Jiaozhou Bay Leased Territory was a German dependency in East Asia leased from China in 1898. Japanese forces occupied it following the Siege of Tsingtao . German New Guinea was a German protectorate in the Pacific. It was occupied by Australian forces in 1914. German Samoa was a German protectorate following

1530-810: The Balkan Wars of 1912–1913 and the Treaty of Bucharest (1913) . As a condition of entering the war on the side of the Central Powers, Bulgaria was granted the right to reclaim that territory. In opposition to offensive operations by Union of South Africa , which had joined the war, Boer army officers of what is now known as the Maritz Rebellion "refounded" the South African Republic in September 1914. Germany assisted

1615-792: The British , Ethiopian , Italian , and French Empires between 1896 and 1925. During World War I, the Dervish State received many supplies from the German and Ottoman Empires to carry on fighting the Allies. However, looting from other Somali tribes in the Korahe raid eventually led to its collapse in 1925. Both the Ottomans and Germans had client states , they are listed below. States listed in this section were not officially members of

1700-713: The Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad on a private Pullman car named Mascotte, and staying at the Lexington Hotel , before continuing through to New York and returning to Europe. Franz Ferdinand had a fondness for trophy hunting that was excessive even by the standards of European nobility in his day. In his diaries he kept track of 272,511 game kills, 5,000 of which were deer . About 100,000 trophies were on exhibit at his Bohemian castle at Konopiště which he also stuffed with various antiquities, his other great passion. Franz Ferdinand, like most males in

1785-620: The Duke of Portland at Welbeck Abbey , Nottinghamshire , where they arrived on 22 November. He attended a service at the local Catholic church in Worksop . Franz Ferdinand and the Duke of Portland went game shooting on the Welbeck estate when, according to Portland's memoirs, Men, Women and Things : One of the loaders fell down. This caused both barrels of the gun he was carrying to be discharged,

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1870-785: The German Empire , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire , and Bulgaria ; this was also known as the Quadruple Alliance. The Central Powers' origin was the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1879 . Despite having nominally joined the Triple Alliance before, Italy did not take part in World War I on the side of the Central Powers and later joined on the side of the Allied Powers . The Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria did not join until after World War I had begun. The Central Powers faced, and were defeated by,

1955-456: The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . Hungary ( Transleithania ) comprised the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . In Bosnia and Herzegovina , sovereign authority was shared by both Austria and Hungary. The Ottoman Empire joined the war on the side of the Central Powers in November 1914. The Ottoman Empire had gained strong economic connections with Germany through

2040-753: The Russian Empire in the east and France and the United Kingdom in the west. Some examples of the Central Powers collaborating are listed below. In the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive , German forces launched an assault on Russian positions to lessen pressure on the Austro-Hungarians to the south, diverting Russian troops from the Austro-Hungarian lines. At the Battle of Caporetto , Austro-Hungarian forces broke through

2125-600: The Tripartite Convention . It was occupied by the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in 1914. Austria-Hungary regarded the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand as having been orchestrated with the assistance of Serbia . The country viewed the assassination as setting a dangerous precedent of encouraging the country's South Slav population to rebel and threaten to tear apart the multinational country. Austria-Hungary sent

2210-859: The US Code , in Title 19, Section 1332(c), which gives the United States International Trade Commission the "power to investigate the Paris Economy Pact and similar organizations and arrangements in Europe." Central Powers The Central Powers , also known as the Central Empires , were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War ;I (1914–1918). It consisted of

2295-787: The United States in April 1917, and Greece in July 1917. After successfully beating France in the Franco-Prussian War , the German Empire incorporated the province of Alsace-Lorraine upon its founding in 1871. However, the province was still claimed by French revanchists , leading to its recession to France at the Treaty of Versailles. The German Empire was late to colonization, only beginning overseas expansion in

2380-513: The 1870s and 1880s. Colonization was opposed by much of the government, including chancellor Otto von Bismarck , but it became a colonial power after participating in the Berlin Conference . Then, private companies were founded and began settling parts of Africa, the Pacific, and China. Later these groups became German protectorates and colonies. Cameroon was a German colony existing from 1884 until its complete occupation in 1915. It

2465-500: The 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip , a member of Young Bosnia . Franz Ferdinand's assassination led to the July Crisis and precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia , which in turn triggered a series of events that eventually led – four weeks after his death – to Austria-Hungary's allies and Serbia's allies declaring war on each other, starting World War I. Franz Ferdinand

2550-705: The Allied Powers, which themselves had formed around the Triple Entente . The Central Powers started with the Dual Alliance between the German Empire and Austria-Hungary. Then the Ottoman Empire joined with the German–Ottoman alliance , then Bulgaria with the Bulgaria–Germany treaty . The name "Central Powers" is derived from the location of these countries; all four were located between

2635-466: The Allies in 1919 and split between the Belgian Congo , Portuguese Mozambique , and the newly founded colony of Tanganyika . South West Africa , modern-day Namibia , came under German rule in 1885 and was absorbed into South Africa following its invasion in 1915. Togoland , now part of Ghana , was made a German protectorate in 1884. However, after a swift campaign , it was occupied by

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2720-531: The Austro-Hungarian throne. His courtship of Sophie Chotek , a lady-in-waiting , caused conflict within the imperial household, and their morganatic marriage in 1900 was only allowed after he renounced his descendants' rights to the throne. Franz Ferdinand held significant influence over the military, and in 1913 he was appointed inspector general of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces. On 28 June 1914, Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo by

2805-501: The Berlin-to-Baghdad railway project that was still incomplete at the time. The Ottoman Empire made a formal alliance with Germany signed on 2 August 1914. The alliance treaty expected that the Ottoman Empire would become involved in the conflict in a short amount of time. However, for the first several months of the war, the Ottoman Empire maintained neutrality though it allowed a German naval squadron to enter and stay near

2890-461: The Central Powers. Still, during the war, they cooperated with one or more Central Powers members on a level that makes their neutrality disputable. The Ethiopian Empire was officially neutral throughout World War I but widely suspected of sympathy for the Central Powers between 1915 and 1916. At the time, Ethiopia was one of only two fully independent states in Africa (the other being Liberia ) and

2975-638: The Eastern Front. Belgium was a neutral country and would not accept German forces crossing its territory. Germany disregarded Belgian neutrality and invaded the country to launch an offensive towards Paris. This caused Great Britain to declare war against the German Empire, as the action violated the Treaty of London that both nations signed in 1839 guaranteeing Belgian neutrality. Subsequently, several states declared war on Germany in late August 1914, with Italy declaring war on Germany in August 1916,

3060-537: The General Staff. Beck's successor, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf , was personally selected by Franz Ferdinand. Franz in 1913, as heir-presumptive to the elderly emperor, had been appointed inspector general of all the armed forces of Austria-Hungary ( Generalinspektor der gesamten bewaffneten Macht ), a position superior to that previously held by Archduke Albrecht and including presumed command in wartime. In 1894, Franz Ferdinand met Countess Sophie Chotek ,

3145-722: The Habsburg dynasty and reportedly became angry when officers of the 9th Hussars Regiment (which he commanded) spoke Hungarian in his presence – despite the fact that it was the official regimental language. He further regarded the Hungarian branch of the Dual Monarchy's army, the Honvédség , as an unreliable and potentially threatening force within the empire, complaining at the Hungarians' failure to provide funds for

3230-400: The Hungarians were less generous, often described as antipathy. For example, in 1904 he wrote that "The Hungarians are all rabble, regardless of whether they are minister or duke, cardinal or burgher, peasant, hussar, domestic servant, or revolutionary", and he regarded even István Tisza as a revolutionary and "patented traitor". He regarded Hungarian nationalism as a revolutionary threat to

3315-516: The Irish political landscape was changing. In 1914, Józef Piłsudski was permitted by Germany and Austria-Hungary to form independent Polish legions . Piłsudski wanted his legions to help the Central Powers defeat Russia and then side with France and the UK and win the war with them. Below is a list of these non-state combatants. Bulgaria signed an armistice with the Allies on 29 September 1918, following

3400-763: The Italian lines, in part due to the German use of mustard gas on the Italian Second Army . Germany had plans to create a Mitteleuropa economic association. Members would include Austria-Hungary, Germany, and others. At the start of the war, the Central Powers consisted of the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire . The Ottoman Empire joined later in 1914, followed by the Tsardom of Bulgaria in 1915. In early July 1914, in

3485-498: The Ottoman Empire and Germany, and Grand Senussi Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi declared jihad and attacked the Italians in Libya and the British in Egypt in the Senussi Campaign . In 1915, the Sultanate of Darfur renounced allegiance to the Sudanese government and aligned with the Ottomans. They were able to contact them via the Senussi . Prior to this they were a British ally. The Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition preemptively invaded to prevent an attack on Sudan. A small force

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3570-424: The Ottoman and German Empires during their rebellion against the Allied forces in 1915. Other movements supported the efforts of the Central Powers for their own reasons, such as the radical Irish Nationalists who launched the Easter Rising in Dublin in April 1916; they referred to their "gallant allies in Europe". However, most Irish Nationalists supported the British and allied war effort up until 1916, when

3655-436: The Ottoman government entered the war with the recently acquired cruisers from Germany, along with their own navy, launching a naval raid on the Russian ports of Odessa , Sevastopol , Novorossiysk , Feodosia , and Yalta , thus engaging in military action in accordance with its alliance obligations with Germany. Shorty after, the Triple Entente declared war on the Ottoman Empire. After Bulgaria's defeat in July 1913 at

3740-429: The aftermath of the assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and faced with the prospect of war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia , Kaiser Wilhelm II and the German government informed the Austro-Hungarian government that Germany would uphold its alliance with Austria-Hungary and defend it from possible Russian intervention if a war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia took place. When Russia enacted

3825-415: The armed forces even when he did not hold a specific command through a military chancery that produced and received documents and papers on military affairs. This was headed by Alexander Brosch von Aarenau  [ de ] and eventually employed a staff of sixteen. His authority was reinforced in 1907 when he secured the retirement of the Emperor's confidant Friedrich von Beck-Rzikowsky as Chief of

3910-459: The building while his beloved wife was almost certainly dead from internal bleeding before the motorcade reached the Konak. The assassinations, along with the arms race , nationalism , imperialism , militarism of Imperial Germany and the alliance system all contributed to the origins of World War I , which began a month after Franz Ferdinand's death, with Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand

3995-530: The bullet in his neck, Franz Ferdinand pleaded: " Sopherl! Sopherl! Sterbe nicht! Bleibe am Leben für unsere Kinder!  – Sophie dear! Don't die! Stay alive for our children!" Having said this, he seemed to sag down himself. His plumed hat ... fell off; many of its green feathers were found all over the car floor. Count Harrach seized the Archduke by the uniform collar to hold him up. He asked " Leiden Eure Kaiserliche Hoheit sehr?  – Is Your Imperial Highness suffering very badly?" " Es ist nichts.  – It

4080-416: The country, and Germany, in turn, declared war on Russia, setting off the beginning of the clash of alliances that resulted in the World War. Austria-Hungary was internally divided into two states with their own governments, joined through the Habsburg throne. Austria, also known as Cisleithania , contained various duchies and principalities but also the Kingdom of Bohemia , the Kingdom of Dalmatia , and

4165-424: The daughter of Emperor Franz Joseph, observed that her father had placed more trust in the newly designated heir, his grandnephew Archduke Charles. The emperor confessed to his daughter about the assassination, stating: "For me, it is a relief from a great worry." "The three cornerstones of Ferdinand’s political conviction were clericalism, anti-democratic views, and anti-Hungarianism,” and the basis of his worldview

4250-542: The dual system in 1867 had been disastrous and that, when he ascended the throne, he intended to re-establish strong central government: this objective, he believed, could be attained only by the simultaneous granting of far-reaching administrative autonomy to all the nationalities of the monarchy. In a letter of February 1, 1913, to Berchtold , the Foreign Minister, in which he gave his reasons for not wanting war with Serbia, Franz Ferdinand said that "irredentism in our country ... will cease immediately if our Slavs are given

4335-440: The empire's nationalities while others have emphasized his dynastic centralism, Catholic conservatism, and tendency to clash with other leaders. He advocated granting greater autonomy to ethnic groups within the Empire and addressing their grievances, especially the Czechs in Bohemia and the south Slavic peoples in Croatia and Bosnia , who had been left out of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 . Yet his feelings towards

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4420-408: The far more burdensome sway of the Magyars over the Slav and Romanian nationalities which in 1848–49 had saved the dynasty in armed combat with the Hungarian revolution. Baron Margutti ( de ) , Francis Joseph's aide-de-camp, was told by Francis Ferdinand in 1895 and – with a remarkable consistency in view of the changes that took place in the intervening years – again in 1913, that the introduction of

4505-506: The general population and government was supportive of the Central Powers, particularly Austria-Hungary , of which the two countries had been in a customs union since 1852. However, from September 1914 food deliveries from Austria-Hungary began to decrease, which quickly soured the initial war support. By 1916 all food deliveries from Austria-Hungary had ceased, which forced Liechtenstein to seek closer ties with Switzerland in order to ensure food deliveries continued. From 1916, Liechtenstein

4590-415: The hands of Serbia, Greece and Romania . It signed a treaty of defensive alliance with the Ottoman Empire on 19 August 1914. Bulgaria was the last country to join the Central Powers, which it did in October 1915 by declaring war on Serbia. It invaded Serbia in conjunction with German and Austro-Hungarian forces . Bulgaria held claims on the region of Vardar Macedonia then held by Serbia following

4675-536: The heir to the throne wrote as margin notes to the documents of the Imperial central commission for architectural conservation (where he was Protector) reveal what can be described as "choleric conservatism." The Italian historian Leo Valiani provided the following description. Francis Ferdinand was a prince of absolutist inclinations, but he had certain intellectual gifts and undoubted moral earnestness. One of his projects – though because of his impatient, suspicious, almost hysterical temperament, his commitment to it, and

4760-411: The hospital. A detailed account of the shooting can be found in Sarajevo by Joachim Remak: One bullet pierced Franz Ferdinand's neck while the other pierced Sophie's abdomen. ... As the car was reversing (to go back to the Governor's residence because the entourage thought the Imperial couple were unhurt) a thin streak of blood shot from the Archduke's mouth onto Count Harrach's right cheek (he

4845-477: The imperial family present were Franz Ferdinand's stepmother, Princess Maria Theresa of Braganza , and her two daughters. Upon the marriage, Sophie was given the title "Princess of Hohenberg" ( Fürstin von Hohenberg ) with the style "Her Serene Highness" ( Ihre Durchlaucht ). In 1909, she was given the more senior title "Duchess of Hohenberg" ( Herzogin von Hohenberg ) with the style "Her Highness" ( Ihre Hoheit ). This raised her status considerably, but she

4930-418: The joint army and opposing the formation of artillery units within the Hungarian forces. He also advocated a cautious approach towards Serbia  – repeatedly locking horns with Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf , Vienna's hard-line Chief of the Austro-Hungarian General Staff , warning that harsh treatment of Serbia would bring Austria-Hungary into open conflict with Russia , to the ruin of both empires. He

5015-405: The methods by which he proposed to bring it about, often changed – was to consolidate the structure of the state and the authority and popularity of the Crown, on which he saw clearly that the fate of the dynasty depended, by abolishing, if not the dominance of the German Austrians, which he wished to maintain for military reasons, though he wanted to diminish it in the civil administration, certainly

5100-544: The morning of 11 November 1918 after the Hundred Days Offensive , and a succession of advances by New Zealand , Australian , Canadian , Belgian , British , French and US forces in north-eastern France and Belgium . There was no unified treaty ending the war; the Central Powers were dealt with in separate treaties. Below is a table of the leaders of the Central Powers. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Archduke Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914)

5185-400: The rebels, with some operating in and out of the German colony of German South-West Africa . The rebels were all defeated or captured by South African government forces by 4 February 1915. The Senussi Order was a Muslim political-religious tariqa ( Sufi order ) and clan in Libya , previously under Ottoman control , which had been lost to Italy in 1912 . In 1915, they were courted by

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5270-428: The ruling Habsburg line, entered the Austro-Hungarian Army at a young age. He was frequently and rapidly promoted, given the rank of lieutenant at age fourteen, captain at twenty-two, colonel at twenty-seven, and major general at thirty-one. While never receiving formal staff training, he was considered eligible for command and at one point briefly led the primarily Hungarian 9th Hussar Regiment. In 1898 he

5355-433: The shot passing within a few feet of the archduke and myself. I have often wondered whether the Great War might not have been averted, or at least postponed, had the archduke met his death there and not in Sarajevo the following year. On Sunday, 28 June 1914, at about 10:45 am, Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo , the capital of the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The perpetrator

5440-434: The strait of Bosphorus . Ottoman officials informed the German government that the country needed time to prepare for conflict. Germany provided financial aid and weapons shipments to the Ottoman Empire. After pressure escalated from the German government demanding that the Ottoman Empire fulfill its treaty obligations, or else Germany would expel the country from the alliance and terminate economic and military assistance,

5525-428: The street. He instantly seized his opportunity and walked across the street and shot the royal couple. He first shot Sophie in the abdomen and then shot Franz Ferdinand in the neck. Franz leaned over his crying wife. He was still alive when witnesses arrived to render aid. His dying words to Sophie were, "Don't die darling, live for our children." Princip's weapon was the pocket-sized FN Model 1910 pistol chambered for

5610-441: The throne. Sophie would not share her husband's rank, title, precedence , or privileges, nor would she normally appear in public beside him. She would not be allowed to ride in the royal carriage or sit in the royal box in theaters. The wedding took place on 1 July 1900, at Reichstadt (now Zákupy ) in Bohemia ; Franz Joseph did not attend the ceremony, nor did Franz Ferdinand's brothers or any other archduke. The only members of

5695-486: The wealthiest men in Austria. In 1889, Franz Ferdinand's life changed dramatically. His cousin Crown Prince Rudolf committed suicide at his hunting lodge in Mayerling . This left Franz Ferdinand's father, Karl Ludwig, first in line to the throne. When Karl Ludwig died of typhoid fever in 1896, Franz Ferdinand became the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Despite this burden, he found time for travel and personal pursuits, such as his circumnavigation of

5780-419: The world between 1892 and 1893. After visiting India he spent time hunting kangaroos and emus in Australia in 1893, then travelled on to Nouméa , New Hebrides , Solomon Islands , New Guinea , Sarawak , Hong Kong and Japan. After sailing across the Pacific on the RMS Empress of China from Yokohama to Vancouver he crossed the United States, arriving at the World's Columbian Exposition 1893 on

5865-473: Was 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip , a member of Young Bosnia and one of a group of assassins organized and armed by the Black Hand . Earlier in the day, the couple had been attacked by Nedeljko Čabrinović , also a Young Bosnia conspirator, who had thrown a grenade at their car. However, the bomb detonated behind them, injuring the occupants in the following car. On arriving at the Governor's residence, Franz asked "So you welcome your guests with bombs!" After

5950-422: Was a prominent and influential supporter of the Austro-Hungarian Navy in a time when sea power was not a priority in Austrian foreign policy and the Navy was relatively little known or supported by the public. After his assassination in 1914, the Navy honoured Franz Ferdinand and his wife with a lying in state aboard SMS Viribus Unitis . Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his Castle of Artstetten were selected as

6035-449: Was a threat to both the Allies and Ethiopia. Fearing the rising influence of Iyasu and the Ottoman Empire, the Christian nobles of Ethiopia conspired against Iyasu. Iyasu was first excommunicated by the Ethiopian Orthodox Patriarch and eventually deposed in a coup d'état on 27 September 1916. A less pro-Ottoman regent, Ras Tafari Makonnen , was installed on the throne. Liechtenstein was officially neutral throughout World War I, though

6120-535: Was born in Graz , Austria , the eldest son of Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria (the younger brother of Franz Joseph and Maximilian ) and of his second wife, Princess Maria Annunziata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies . In 1875, when he was eleven years old, his cousin Francis V, Duke of Modena , died, naming Franz Ferdinand his heir on condition that he add the name "Este" to his own. This inheritance made Franz Ferdinand one of

6205-413: Was ceded to France as a League of Nations Mandate at the war's end. German East Africa was founded in 1885 and expanded to include modern-day Tanzania (except Zanzibar ), Rwanda , Burundi , and parts of Mozambique . It was the only German colony to not be fully conquered during the war, with resistance by commander Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck lasting until November 1918. Later it was surrendered to

6290-684: Was disappointed when Austria-Hungary failed to act as a great power, such as during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900. Other nations, including, in his description, "dwarf states like Belgium and Portugal", had soldiers stationed in China, but Austria-Hungary did not. However, Austria-Hungary did participate in the Eight-Nation Alliance to suppress the Boxers, and sent soldiers as part of the "international relief force". Franz Ferdinand

6375-516: Was embargoed by the Entente countries due to their connections to the Central Powers, which caused mass unemployment in the country. The government remained sympathetic to the Central Powers until 7 November 1918, when the November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch took place and a new government took power. Upper Asir revolted away from Asir in 1916 and fought against them. The Kingdom of Greece

6460-477: Was given a commission "at the special disposition of His Majesty" to make inquiries into all aspects of the military services and military agencies were commanded to share their papers with him. He also held honorary ranks in the Austro-Hungarian Navy , and received the rank of admiral at the close of the Austro-Hungarian naval maneuvers in September 1902. Franz Ferdinand exerted influence on

6545-601: Was in a political dispute with Venizelists . The Central Powers supported the nation until King Constantine's abdication in 1917. Following their armistice with the Central Powers, Romania was involved in the Russian Civil War against both the Whites and the Reds. Romania fought alongside the Central Powers until the country rejoined the war against them on November 10, 1918. Kelantanese rebels were supported by

6630-542: Was led by Leo Frobenius , a celebrated ethnographer and personal friend of Kaiser Wilhelm II. Under Iyasu's directions, Ethiopia probably supplied weapons to the Muslim Dervish rebels during the Somaliland Campaign of 1915 to 1916, indirectly helping the Central Powers' cause. The Allies jointly pressured the aristocracy for the designated emperor's removal on the 10th of September, 1916 stating he

6715-626: Was of great concern to the American government, led by President Woodrow Wilson , which saw the continued fragmentation of Europe to be a risk for continued conflict. US Secretary of State Robert Lansing asked the staff of the US embassy in Paris to monitor the proceedings (the United States had not yet entered the war and was not one of the Allies). The issue of central concern to the United States

6800-691: Was sent after the sultan and he was killed in action in November 1916. The invasion ended with an Anglo-Egyptian victory in November 1916. The Zaian Confederation began to fight against France in the Zaian War to prevent French expansion into Morocco . The fighting lasted from 1914 and continued after the First World War ended, to 1921. The Central Powers (mainly the Germans) began to attempt to incite unrest to hopefully divert French resources from Europe. The Dervish State fought against

6885-409: Was standing on the car's running board). Harrach drew out a handkerchief to still the gushing blood. The Duchess, seeing this, called: "For Heaven's sake! What happened to you?" and sank from her seat, her face falling between her husband's knees. Harrach and Potoriek ... thought she had fainted ... only her husband seemed to have an instinct for what was happening. Turning to his wife despite

6970-455: Was still required to yield precedence at court to all the archduchesses. Whenever a function required the couple to assemble with the other members of the imperial family, Sophie had to stand far down the line, separated from her husband. Franz Ferdinand's children were: Franz Ferdinand and Sophie visited England in the autumn of 1913, spending a week with George V and Queen Mary at Windsor Castle before going to stay for another week with

7055-475: Was that the pact included schemes for the subsidization and the government ownership of manufacturing enterprises and the division of European markets for the pact participants. The outcome of the Economic Conference foreshadowed the conflict between the United States and the Allies during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The past concern of the US government with the pact remains fossilized in

7140-624: Was that “politics is a matter only for the ruler, while the people, the masses have to obey.” Franz Ferdinand often complained that in Hungary, the glorification of revolutionary hero Lajos Kossuth , the decline of the monarchical principle, and the dominance of the Freemasons and the Jewish people was prevalent. Historians have disagreed on how to characterize the political philosophies of Franz Ferdinand, some attributing generally liberal views on

7225-417: Was the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary . His assassination in Sarajevo was the most immediate cause of World War I . Franz Ferdinand was the eldest son of Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria , the younger brother of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria . Following the death of Crown Prince Rudolf in 1889 and the death of Karl Ludwig in 1896, Franz Ferdinand became the heir presumptive to

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