159-489: The Paris Peace Forum is a French non-profit organisation created in March 2018. The organisation hosts an annual gathering of world leaders and heads of international organisations, as well as leaders from civil society and private sectors and thousands of individuals from around the globe, on creating forms of collective action . The Paris Peace Forum completes the existing world agenda of multilateral gatherings by creating
318-661: A February 2007 NPR interview devoted mainly to the plight of Iraqi refugees, Guterres said that this was one of the greatest refugee crises in the Middle East since 1948. Among poorly publicized refugee crises, he cited those in the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . During his final years as High Commissioner, he worked chiefly to secure international aid for
477-584: A UN General Assembly meeting in late October 2016, the representative from Haiti called the UN's current and future response to the cholera epidemic "a litmus test of the system's commitment to the promotion of human rights". Though many had hoped Guterres's term would mark a break with the inaction that characterized Ban's response to the epidemic, Guterres has done little to signal a commitment to Haitian cholera victims. As of April 2017, five months into his term as secretary-general, only $ 10 million had been contributed to
636-515: A World of Rivalry". Solving the Gaza humanitarian crisis was a late addition to the agenda. The Paris Peace Forum faced criticism in 2018 for having extended an invitation to Saudi Arabia , in light of the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi and the continuing war in Yemen . Due to similar contradictions, such as France's involvement in weapons sales, and nuclear armament, questions were raised as to
795-670: A competitive, or uncooperative society. The historian Cassius Dio makes an argument in the voice of Augustus 's general Agrippa beseeching Augustus, having defeated his rivals for power in the Roman civil wars, not to overthrow the Roman republic because of its expected effect on society. The literature on relations between civil society and democratic political society has its immediate origins in Scottish Enlightenment philosophy, including Adam Ferguson 's An Essay on
954-558: A crack of the social contract caused by rising inequalities and protests, the loss of solidarity between communities and the rise of hate as a political tool, environmental degradation and the climate crisis , and finally, the risk of unchecked technology. The official opening ceremony took place on 12 November. Opening remarks were made by the French President Emmanuel Macron, the President-elect of
1113-895: A crime at the International Criminal Court and the Global Pact for the Environment that was put forward by France in September 2017. In September 2019, Guterres condemned Israeli plans to annex the eastern portion of the occupied West Bank known as the Jordan Valley . Guterres expressed his "deep concern" at the spiralling violence in Syria a day after Turkey launched an offensive in Kurdish-controlled areas . He said any solution to
1272-423: A democratic government. Putnam argues that the strength of civil societies in the U.S. have historically brought more social trust and more social capital for citizens. Others state that a dependence on civil societies can lead citizens to question the effectiveness of the U.S. government and can create instability by dividing society. In modern America, Yuval Levin writes that civil societies are considered to be
1431-598: A disastrous defeat for the Socialist Party in local elections, Guterres resigned to "prevent the country from falling into a political swamp". President Jorge Sampaio dissolved Parliament and called for elections. Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues , until then minister for social security, assumed the Socialist Party leadership, but the general election was lost to the Social Democratic Party of José Manuel Durão Barroso , who later became president of
1590-648: A gateway between the U.S. government and citizens Some state that civil societies help maintain individual freedoms as a check to the U.S. government's power, while others see its role as upholding the state's efforts by helping it fuel social causes while constraining the un-democratic consolidation of power. Others, such as David Rieff, point out that the U.S. government is more financially equipped to work on social causes than civil societies like NGOs, who prove inadequate due to their lack of relative strength. Research by Harvard professor Theda Skocpol indicates that though civil societies have brought more democracy to America,
1749-501: A global ceasefire by the end of 2020. In September 2020, Guterres stated that he would continue with "a serious dialogue" with UN member states, for a comprehensive Reform of the UN Security Council . On 6 October 2020, Guterres expressed deep concern over the escalation of hostilities in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh and called on Armenia and Azerbaijan to immediately halt fighting and progress towards
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#17327647012281908-474: A great impact on the thinkers in the Enlightenment period. The Enlightenment thinkers argued that human beings are rational and can shape their destiny. Hence, no need of an absolute authority to control them. Both Jean-Jacques Rousseau , a critic of civil society, and Immanuel Kant argued that people are peace lovers and that wars are the creation of absolute regimes (Burchill 2001:33). As far as Kant
2067-542: A more informed citizenry, who make better voting choices, participate in politics, and hold government more accountable as a result. Civil society acts as a forum for people with common goals and interests to further develop democratic ideals, which in turn can lead to a more democratic state. Membership in these kinds of associations serves as a source of information which reduces the barriers to collective action. These groups then affect policy by putting pressure on governments. This implies that civil society serves to balance
2226-430: A natural consequence of Renaissance, Humanism, and the scientific revolution, the Enlightenment thinkers raised fundamental questions such as "What legitimacy does heredity confer?", "Why are governments instituted?", "Why do some human beings have more basic rights than others?", and so on. These questions led them to make certain assumptions about the nature of the human mind, the sources of political and moral authority ,
2385-608: A peaceful resolution. On 8 June 2021, the United Nations Security Council expressed support for his re-election as secretary-general . On 18 June 2021, Guterres was appointed for a second term by a voting season of the United Nations General Assembly . In July 2021 Guterres stated it was "highly desirable" to make ecocide a crime at the International Criminal Court . In April 2022, Guterres went to Ukraine during
2544-485: A professional bureaucracy and fiscal departments, which enabled them to maintain direct control and authority over their subjects. In order to meet administrative expenditures, monarchs exerted greater control over the economy. This gave birth to absolutism . Until the mid-eighteenth century, absolutism was the hallmark of Europe. The absolutist concept of the state was disputed in the Enlightenment period. As
2703-470: A series of actions. The International Fund for Public Interest Media was launched as an initiative to create the step change needed to enable the development, sustainability, and independence of public interest media, especially in resource-poor and fragile settings. The fund is co-chaired by Maria Ressa , 2021 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, and former New York Times President and CEO Mark Thompson . The forum brought together 22 defense ministers to discuss
2862-610: A similar concept to Hobbes about the political condition in England. It was the period of the Glorious Revolution, marked by the struggle between the divine right of the Crown and the political rights of Parliament. This influenced Locke to forge a social contract theory of a limited state and a powerful society. In Locke's view, human beings led also an unpeaceful life in the state of nature. However, it could be maintained at
3021-490: A site for struggle to subvert Communist and authoritarian regimes. Thus, the term civil society occupies an important place in the political discourses of the New Left and neo-liberals. It is commonly believed that the post-modern way of understanding civil society was first developed by political opposition in the former Soviet bloc East European countries in the 1980s. However, research shows that communist propaganda had
3180-431: A situation, life was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short" (Ibid: 25). Upon realizing the danger of anarchy, human beings became aware of the need of a mechanism to protect them. As far as Hobbes was concerned, rationality and self-interests persuaded human beings to combine in agreement, to surrender sovereignty to a common power (Kaviraj 2001:289). Hobbes called this common power, state, Leviathan . John Locke had
3339-506: A society's social interactions". With higher social capital comes a greater amount of social interdependence, which increases productivity and economic growth. For example, one study found that high school drop out rates in areas within the United States with better social networks were lower than in areas with weaker social networks. Some, like Thomas Carothers, somewhat dispute this narrative. He argues that although civil society
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#17327647012283498-650: A specific event for global governance issues, as economic and financial issues are dealt at the World Economic Forum in Davos , and security issues at the Munich Security Conference . The forum's DNA is to be inclusive and solution-oriented. With this in mind, the forum showcases projects each year, coming from all around the world, which display concrete and efficient solutions to governance challenges. Focused on concrete initiatives,
3657-402: A variety of formats, including debates , panels , round tables, masterclasses , workshops , project pitches , as well as a hackathon during which developers worked on financial data transparency programs. BrainDates from C2 Montreal was also present at the forum to provide peer-to-peer learning sessions and small discussion groups for the attendees and the project leaders. At the center of
3816-430: A voice in the international scene despite multilateral decisions concerning Africa occupying a significant space in the agendas of international institutions. Among the other themes that were tackled were social inequality , with speakers such as Guy Rider , Lise Kingo and Jeffrey Sachs ; the role of cities in the fight against climate change , with experts like Laurence Tubiana and Ariel Toh Shu Xian, who mentioned
3975-576: Is a Portuguese politician and diplomat who is serving as the ninth and current secretary-general of the United Nations since 2017. A member of the Portuguese Socialist Party , Guterres served as prime minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002. Guterres served as secretary-general of the Socialist Party from 1992 to 2002. He was elected prime minister in 1995 and announced his resignation in 2002, after his party
4134-419: Is a field of economics and constitutionalism which describes and analyzes the specific interrelationships between constitutional issues and functioning of the economy including budget process . The term "constitutional economics" was used by American economist James M. Buchanan as a name for a new budget planning and the latter's transparency to the civil society, are of the primary guiding importance to
4293-729: Is beneficial toward economic growth, it is not necessary , which he illustrates through how South Korea's great economic success was built without a strong civil society, which only appeared after economic growth had more than took off, as well as how Bangladesh, with an incredibly rich civil society, has largely failed to grow its economy, remaining one of the poorest countries in the world. Going even further, Carothers also points out how too much civil society, at least in certain sectors, can lead to harmful economic impacts, citing how some economists believe labor unions in Latin America have restricted economic growth. Constitutional economics
4452-548: Is financed by non-governmental partners, each of which cannot cover more than 10% of the costs. The Paris Peace Forum is made up of three distinct governance bodies: In June 2022, it was announced that José Ángel Gurría , former Secretary-General of the OECD , will succeed Pascal Lamy as President of the Paris Peace Forum, starting March 2023. The activities of the forum are also carried out by: The first edition of
4611-555: Is through a new compact with all key parties—true contributors, financial contributors—and to make sure that there is an adjustment in the relation between countries, the UN, and the support those that are contributing with troops receive, in order to be able to do it much better." On 1 January 2017, on his first day as secretary-general of the United Nations, Guterres pledged to make 2017 a year for peace. "Let us resolve to put peace first," he said. On 12 April 2017, Guterres appointed an eight-member independent panel to assess and enhance
4770-495: The 1996 presidential election ) and the Socialist Party won the 1995 parliamentary election . President Soares appointed Guterres as prime minister and his cabinet took the oath of office on 28 October that year. Guterres ran on a platform of keeping a tight hold on budget spending and inflation in a bid to ensure that Portugal met the Euro convergence criteria by the end of the decade, as well as increasing rates of participation in
4929-593: The European Commission , Ursula von der Leyen , President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Félix Tshisekedi , and the vice-president of the People's Republic of China , Wang Qishan . The second edition of the Paris Peace Forum saw a number of new activities and formats, such as the Peace Game, organized by Foreign Policy and Körber Stiftung . A Peace Game brings together participants with
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5088-528: The New York Times , "Most of the world's democracies are rallying around the need to protect all democracies from cyberattacks." The United States was one of the few Western nations that refused to sign the declaration. 120 projects advancing concrete solutions were presented during the three-day event in one of the following categories: environment, peace and security, development, new technologies and inclusive economy. Out of them, ten were selected by
5247-689: The Russian invasion . He was surprised to see that the Russian army shelled parts of Kyiv even when he was there. In response to evacuation efforts initiated by the UN on 30 April following Guterres's visit to Ukraine and Russia, dozens of civilians were photographed by Reuters as being allowed by Russian troops to be evacuated from their entrenched positions in the Azovstal Iron and Steel Works in Mariupol. Guterres stated that "instead of hitting
5406-436: The Russian invasion of Ukraine . In January 2023, Guterres called for a global effort to transform education and added that it was time to "translate their Summit Commitments into concreate actions", create an inclusive learning environment that supports all students and "to end all the discriminatory laws and practices that hinder access to education". In April 2023, the 2023 Pentagon document leaks revealed that Guterres
5565-657: The Russian invasion of Ukraine . Attendants included President of Argentina Alberto Fernández , President of Colombia Gustavo Petro , OECD Secretary-General Mathias Cormann and President of the International Committee of the Red Cross Mirjana Spoljaric Egger . The sixth edition of the Paris Peace Forum was held 10–11 November 2023 at the Palais Brongniart. The aim of the 2023 Forum was to "Seek Common Ground in
5724-845: The Syrian crisis and the Ukrainian crisis as examples. In light of such developments, he called for the need to take concrete steps to strengthen multilateralism and preserve peace. Macron then announced the creation of the Paris Peace Forum on 4 January 2018. The purpose of the forum is to commemorate Armistice Day , as well as to "reflect together, propose concrete initiatives, reinvent multilateralism and all forms of contemporary cooperation". President Macron and then-president Justin Vaïsse aimed at bringing together global governance actors, in an international and open space, in order to interact, discuss and generate concrete solutions. An important aspect of
5883-705: The United Nations General Assembly in its 71st session . Guterres took office on 1 January 2017. Guterres is the first national leader to become the U.N. Secretary-General. The UN's role in the Haiti cholera outbreak was widely discussed and criticized after the Ban Ki-moon administration denied the issue for several months. According to the Boston-based Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti as well as numerous conclusive scientific studies,
6042-598: The United Nations Security Council (2015). In early 2015, the General Assembly voted to extend Guterres's mandate by 6 1 ⁄ 2 months to 31 December, on recommendation of United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon . In light of the European migrant crisis , the UNHCR's 98-member executive committee (EXCOM) later requested that Ban recommend extending Guterres's term by another year, but Ban disregarded
6201-453: The public sphere encourages rational will-formation; it is a sphere of rational and democratic social interaction. Habermas analyzes civil society as a sphere of "commodity exchange and social labor" and public sphere as a part of political realm. Habermas argues that even though society was representative of capitalist society, there are some institutions that were part of political society. Transformations in economy brought transformations to
6360-586: The refugees of the Syrian civil war , calling the refugee crisis an "existential" one for host countries (such as Lebanon and Jordan ), and calling additional aid a "matter of survival" for the refugees. He was an outspoken advocate for a more coordinated and humane approach by European countries to the Mediterranean refugee crisis. In June 2013, he launched a US$ 5 billion aid effort, its biggest ever, to help up to 10.25 million Syrians that year. In what
6519-582: The Élysée Palace , while over 50 world leaders and heads of international organizations contributed video messages during the event, including New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern , Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte and Chinese President Xi Jinping . In 2020 on a specially developed digital event platform, the virtual edition of the Paris Peace Forum counted 12,000 online participants representing 151 countries, over 50 heads of state and government, 117 hours of live broadcasting, 178 debate sessions and project pitches, and 100 concrete projects from around
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6678-466: The "Climate Change and the Armed Forces" initiative. This roadmap, the foundation for a growing coalition, aims to reduce emissions from armed forces, mitigate damage, and strengthen cooperation between states in the process of adapting armed forces to the impact of climate change. The fifth edition of the Paris Peace Forum was held through 11–12 November 2022, with its agenda mainly overshadowed by
6837-528: The "Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace", a non-binding declaration initiated by President Macron, calling for protection from cyberattacks . It aims to protect civilians, to keep external actors from interfering with elections, and to preserve intellectual property , and has been likened to a digital version of the Geneva Convention . Brad Smith , president of Microsoft noted for
6996-404: The "third sector" of society , distinct from government and business , and including the family and the private sphere . By other authors, civil society is used in the sense of 1) the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that advance the interests and will of citizens or 2) individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government. Sometimes
7155-598: The $ 400 million fund to fight cholera and provide material assistance to victims the UN announced in 2016. In 2016, Anders Kompass exposed the sexual assault of children by peacekeepers in the Central African Republic and, as a consequence, was dismissed by Ban's administration before being rehabilitated in court. During the United Nations Secretary-General Candidate informal dialogues, Guterres indicated it
7314-525: The 1990s, which involved conditioned loans by the World Bank and IMF to debt-laden developing states, also created pressures for states in poorer countries to shrink. This in turn led to practical changes for civil society that went on to influence the theoretical debate. Initially the new conditionality led to an even greater emphasis on "civil society" as a panacea, replacing the state's service provision and social care, Hulme and Edwards suggested that it
7473-513: The 500th anniversary of the voyage of Vasco da Gama . Also in 1998, two nationwide referendums were held. The first one was held in June and asked voters whether abortion rules should be liberalized. The Socialist Party split over the issue of liberalization, and Guterres led the anti-abortion side, which eventually won the referendum. A second referendum was held in November, this time over
7632-565: The 73rd United Nations General Assembly , Guterres became the first secretary to say that advancing technology will disrupt labor markets like never before and to advocate stronger safety nets like Universal Basic Income . In 2019, human rights groups criticized Guterres for being "silent" as China sent ethnic Uyghurs and other predominantly Muslim ethnic minorities to the Xinjiang internment camps . Human Rights Watch chief Kenneth Roth said that Guterres "has been notably silent on one of
7791-752: The European Commission . Guterres was elected president of Socialist International in November 1999, overlapping with his second term as prime minister of Portugal until his resignation from the latter post in December 2001. He remained president of the Socialist International until June 2005. In 2005, following Guterres's proposal, George Papandreou was elected vice president of the Socialist International ; in 2006, Papandreou succeeded him as president of
7950-554: The French Revolution, the second during the fall of communism in Europe. The concept of civil society in its pre-modern classical republican understanding is usually connected to the early-modern thought of Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century. However, it has much older history in the realm of political thought. Generally, civil society has been referred to as a political association governing social conflict through
8109-606: The Grande Halle de la Villette was the Peace Library, a tree-shaped shelf structure on which heads of state and government each placed a book from their country that for them symbolized peace and international cooperation. The overarching theme of the event was multilateralism: its importance as well as its shortcomings. The President of Niger , Mahamadou Issoufou , denounced the double standards of multilateralism, pointing out that African leaders do not have as strong
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#17327647012288268-721: The Group of Light, a club for young Catholics, where he met Father Vítor Melícias , a prominent Franciscan priest and church administrator who remains a close friend and confidant. Guterres's political career began in 1974, when he became a member of the Socialist Party . Shortly thereafter, he quit academic life and became a full-time politician. In the period following the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974 that put an end to Caetano's dictatorship , Guterres became involved in Socialist Party leadership and held
8427-511: The History of Civil Society , and in the work of G. W. F. Hegel , from whom the concepts were adapted by Alexis de Tocqueville , Karl Marx , and Ferdinand Tönnies . They were developed in significant ways by 20th century researchers Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba , who identified the role of political culture in a democratic order as vital. They argued that the political element of political organizations facilitates better awareness and
8586-582: The National Lyceums Award ( Prémio Nacional dos Liceus ) as the best student in the country. He studied physics and electrical engineering at Instituto Superior Técnico – Technical University of Lisbon in Lisbon. He graduated in 1971 and started an academic career as an assistant professor teaching systems theory and telecommunications signals , before leaving academic life to start a political career. During his university years, he joined
8745-555: The Netherlands. With a style markedly different from that of his predecessor, and based on dialogue and discussion with all sections of society, Guterres was a popular prime minister in his first years in office. Portugal was enjoying an economic expansion that allowed the Socialists to reduce budget deficits while increasing welfare spending and creating new conditional cash transfer programs. His government also accelerated
8904-616: The Paris Call (80 states, more than 700 companies, 350 civil society organizations) commit to working together to adopt responsible behavior and implement within cyberspace the fundamental principles which apply in the physical world. As part of their participation in the 2021 edition, Vice President Kamala Harris and President Ursula von der Leyen announced the United States and the European Union 's decision to support
9063-557: The Paris Call. The forum hosted the launch of an international call to stand up for children's rights in the digital environment. French President Emmanuel Macron and UNICEF , along with seven other states, a dozen non-governmental organizations, and most of the major digital platforms (including Amazon , Google , YouTube , Meta , Microsoft , Dailymotion , Qwant , Snap, and Twitter ) signed this call and committed to enabling children to use digital tools safely and benefit from their full potential without being exposed to abuse through
9222-499: The Paris Peace Forum took place from 11 to 13 November 2018 as part of the Armistice Day centenary commemorations. It showcased 120 global governance projects and welcomed around 6,000 individuals over the 3-day period. German Chancellor Angela Merkel , United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres and President Emmanuel Macron gave speeches at the opening of the forum. UN Secretary-General Guterres drew parallels between
9381-567: The Paris Peace Forum took place on 11–13 November at la Grande Halle de La Villette , under the presidency of Pascal Lamy , who was previously President of the Steering Committee, and with Justin Vaïsse as the forum's Director General. The Paris Peace Forum 2019 was attended by 7,000 participants, representing 164 nationalities. 33 heads of state and government were present, with official delegations from 140 countries. 318 project leaders representing 114 governance solutions from around
9540-552: The Paris Peace Forum was held on 10–11 November 2023 at the Palais Brongniart . The Paris Peace Forum was born out of the principle that "a badly governed world would quickly become a world at war", as explained by Justin Vaïsse, then president of the forum. At the Meeting of Ambassadors on 29 August 2017, French President Emmanuel Macron spoke of the fact that peace is not something to be taken for granted, mentioning
9699-400: The Paris Peace Forum, is a call to come together to face the new threats endangering citizens and infrastructure. It is based on nine common principles to secure cyberspace, which provide areas for discussion and action. The Paris Call invites all cyberspace actors to work together and encourage states to cooperate with private sector partners, academia, and civil society. The 1,200 supporters of
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#17327647012289858-571: The Socialist International. In May 2005, Guterres was elected High Commissioner for Refugees for a five-year term by the UN General Assembly , replacing Ruud Lubbers . As High Commissioner, Guterres headed one of the world's largest humanitarian organizations, which at the end of his term had more than 10,000 staff working in 126 countries providing protection and assistance to over 60 million refugees, returnees, internally displaced people and stateless persons. His time in office
10017-497: The UN General Assembly on 13 October 2016. On 29 February 2016, Guterres submitted his nomination as Portugal's candidate for the 2016 UN secretary-general selection. This was the first time candidates for secretary-general had to present their platform in public hearings in the UN General Assembly, a process during which Guterres emerged as a much stronger candidate than had been initially expected, given that he fit
10176-498: The UN is the proximate cause for bringing cholera to Haiti . Peacekeepers sent to Haiti from Nepal in 2010 were carrying asymptomatic cholera and failed to treat their waste properly before dumping it into one of Haiti's main water streams. During his UNSG informal dialogue, Jamaica , on behalf of the Caribbean Community , asked if the UN should assume liability for any deaths within local populations that result from
10335-910: The United Nations for a very, very long time." Guterres praised the Israel–United Arab Emirates peace agreement , stating that he welcomes "any initiative that can promote peace and security in the Middle East region." Guterres expressed the hope that the agreement between Israel and Sudan to normalize relations would create opportunities for peace and prosperity. On 10 August 2020, responding to an explosion in Beirut , Guterres expressed his support for all people in need in Lebanon , especially women and girls who are most vulnerable in times of crisis. On 22 September, he appealed for global solidarity to overcome COVID-19 , and again called for
10494-421: The United Nations under the leadership of Guterres brokered a deal between Russia and Ukraine clearing the way for the export of grain from Ukrainian ports. In November 2022, Guterres met with Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed . He praised the ceasefire between the Ethiopian government and Tigray rebels that ended the two-year Tigray War , saying the war in Ethiopia had resulted in "more casualties" than
10653-535: The annual event has been used as a platform for the launch of important, multi-actor initiatives, such as the B4IG coalition or the Paris Call for Trust and Security in the Cyberspace. In a world requiring more collective action, the Paris Peace Forum is a platform open to all seeking to develop coordination, rules, and capacities that answer global problems. Its three primary pillars of activity include year-round policy initiatives and project support activities coupled by an annual event in November: The Paris Peace Forum
10812-407: The backbone and foundation for the party and its propaganda. As a result, the Nazi party transformed itself from a place of political irrelevancy to the largest party in the German Reichstag after the 1932 elections . Contrary to Putnam's argument, in this instance, a dense civil society network had damaged democracy. The Nazi Party exploited the societal organization of Germany ultimately leading to
10971-421: The beginning of the following year and becoming the first European to hold this office since Kurt Waldheim in 1981. Guterres was born in parish of Santos-o-Velho , in the municipality of Lisbon , Portugal , the son of Virgílio Dias Guterres (1913–2009) and Ilda Cândida dos Reis Oliveira Guterres (1923–2021). He attended the Camões Lyceum (now Camões Secondary School ), where he graduated in 1965, winning
11130-404: The bill on neither the gender nor the geographic scores. On 5 October, the 15-member United Nations Security Council announced that it had agreed to nominate Guterres, after an informal secret ballot in which he gained 13 "encourage" votes and two "no opinion" votes. The Security Council officially nominated Guterres in a formal resolution on 6 October. A week later, he was formally elected by
11289-444: The brakes on the decarbonization of the global economy, now is the time to put the pedal to the metal towards a renewable energy future." In May 2022, Guterres went on a tour through West Africa. There, he met families who had been affected by the Islamist insurgency , and pushed for robust African peace initiatives and other counter-terrorism operations under the wing of the African Union. On 22 July 2022, together with Turkey ,
11448-425: The classical period did not make any distinction between the state and society. Rather they held that the state represented the civil form of society and ‘civility’ represented the requirement of good citizenship. Moreover, they held that human beings are inherently rational so that they can collectively shape the nature of the society they belong to. In addition, human beings have the capacity to voluntarily gather for
11607-433: The common cause and maintain peace in society. By holding this view, we can say that classical political thinkers endorsed the genesis of civil society in its original sense. The Middle Ages saw major changes in the topics discussed by political philosophers. Due to the unique political arrangements of feudalism , the concept of classical civil society practically disappeared from mainstream discussion. Instead conversation
11766-675: The conflict needed to respect the sovereignty of the territory and the unity of Syria. In 2020, the World Jewish Congress awarded him the Theodor Herzl Prize . In the laudatory speech, its president Ronald Lauder called Guterres a "true and devoted friend of the Jewish people and the state of Israel." More than that: "the voice of fairness and justice that the State of Israel and the Jewish people had hoped for at
11925-650: The constitutional framework. Guterres criticized the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen and the naval, land and air blockade of Yemen . The blockade has further aggravated Yemen's severe humanitarian crisis . Guterres said that the intervention in Yemen "is a stupid war. I think this war is against the interests of Saudi Arabia and the Emirates... [and] of the people of Yemen." Guterres opposed US President Donald Trump's decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital . In March 2018, Guterres said
12084-578: The critical role of science education, and Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim who spoke of its effects in the Sahel and more. The forum also hosted the Declaration on Information and Democracy by Reporters Without Borders , with the presence of the representatives of Burkina Faso, Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, France, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Norway, Senegal, Switzerland and Tunisia. 51 countries, 130 companies and 90 universities and non-governmental groups signed
12243-412: The death of Chinese Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo , who died of organ failure while in government custody, Guterres said he was deeply saddened. After the violence during the 2017 Catalan independence referendum , Guterres trusted Spanish institutions to find a solution. He gave the same message when Catalonia declared independence on 27 October 2017 but said the solution should be made under
12402-658: The effectiveness of UN-Habitat after the adoption of the New Urban Agenda . The panel's recommendation to establish an independent coordinating mechanism, 'UN-Urban', met with criticism from urban experts and the African Urban Institute . On 20 June 2017, "Secretary-General António Guterres warned the Trump administration, that if the United States disengages from many issues confronting the international community it will be replaced". In response to
12561-433: The emergence of the modern state created a realm of civil society that reduced society to private interests competing against each other. Political society was autonomized into the state, which was in turn ruled by the bourgeois class (consider also that suffrage only belonged, then, to propertied men). Marx, in his early writings, anticipated the abolition of the separation between state and civil society, and looked forward to
12720-495: The emergence of the nongovernmental organizations and the new social movements (NSMs) on a global scale, civil society as a third sector became treated as a key terrain of strategic action to construct ‘an alternative social and world order.’ Post-modern civil society theory has now largely returned to a more neutral stance, but with marked differences between the study of the phenomena in richer societies and writing on civil society in developing states. Jürgen Habermas said that
12879-440: The environmental policy making process. These groups impact environmental policies by setting an agenda on fixing the harm done to the environment. They also get the public informed about environmental issues, which increases the public demand for environmental change. From a historical perspective, the actual meaning of the concept of civil society has changed twice from its original, classical form. The first change occurred after
13038-482: The extent to which the peace summit was truly substantial or just an instrument of communication. Criticism was also drawn to the event's funding, with contributions made, among others, by tech giants such as Google and Microsoft. Some also argued that the forum was homogeneous in its discussion, reserved for the elites who agreed with each other rather than including those who disagreed with multilateralism. Civil society Civil society can be understood as
13197-476: The fall of the communist system was a part of neo-liberal strategies linked to the Washington Consensus . Some studies have also been published, which deal with unresolved issues regarding the use of the term in connection with the impact and conceptual power of the international aid system (see for example Tvedt 1998). On the other hand, others see globalization as a social phenomenon expanding
13356-465: The fall of the nation's first ever republic. Even in well-established democracies, the proliferation of special interest groups—which signal a strong civil society—can potentially impede the functioning of representative institutions and distort policy outcomes in favor of the wealthy, well-connected, or well-organized. Moreover, based on survey data collected by Kenneth Newton, there is little evidence that social and political trust overlap, which renders
13515-403: The first treaty, people submit themselves to the common public authority. This authority has the power to enact and maintain laws. The second treaty contains the limitations of authority, i. e., the state has no power to threaten the basic rights of human beings. As far as Locke was concerned, the basic rights of human beings are the preservation of life, liberty and property. Moreover, he held that
13674-585: The following offices: Guterres was a member of the team that negotiated the terms of Portugal's entry into the European Union in the late 1970s. He was a founding member of the Portuguese Refugee Council in 1991. In 1992, after the Socialists' third consecutive defeat in Parliamentary elections , Guterres became secretary-general of the Socialist Party and leader of the opposition during Aníbal Cavaco Silva 's government. At
13833-540: The formal estate (trade and industry), and the universal estate (civil society). A man is able to choose his estate, though his choice is limited by the aforementioned inequalities. However, Hegel argues that these inequalities enable all estates in Civil Society to be filled, which leads to a more efficient system on the whole. Karl Marx followed the Hegelian way of using the concept of civil society. For Marx,
13992-454: The forum is the showcasing of projects from around the world. Each of these projects proposes an innovative solution to a specific issue. During the forum, ten projects are selected as Scale-up projects to receive mentorship and support from the Paris Peace Forum for a one-year period. Although initiated by the French president, the forum remains independent in its scope and funding. The event
14151-684: The globe. The third edition included three major achievements: The fourth edition of the Paris Peace Forum was dedicated to bridging global governance gaps. The second consecutive edition devoted to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was hosted in a hybrid format from 11 to 13 November 2021, promoting global coordination in times of COVID-19. The official ceremony on 11 November convened heads of state and government as well as NGO leaders and CEOs of global companies, headed by French President Emmanuel Macron, and including Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari, and Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. The United States
14310-533: The goal of dismantling North Korea 's nuclear weapons program. In August 2018, Guterres called for an independent investigation into a Saudi Arabian-led coalition air strike in Yemen that killed 51 civilians, including 40 children. Guterres condemned the persecution of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar and called for a stronger response to the crisis. In September 2018, during his address to
14469-475: The implementation of the rule of law . Also, the availability of an effective court system, to be used by the civil society in situations of unfair government spending and executive impoundment of any previously authorized appropriations, becomes a key element for the success of any influential civil society. Critics and activists currently often apply the term civil society to the domain of social life which needs to be protected against globalization , and to
14628-431: The imposition of rules that restrain citizens from harming one another. In the classical period, the concept was used as a synonym for the good society, and seen as indistinguishable from the state. For instance, Socrates taught that conflicts within society should be resolved through public argument using ‘ dialectic ’, a form of rational dialogue to uncover truth. According to Socrates, public argument through ‘dialectic’
14787-452: The introduction of infectious disease by its peacekeepers. Jamaica also asked if Guterres believed compensation should be provided. Guterres responded by calling the situation a "particularly complex question", saying it was difficult to preserve diplomatic immunity while also ensuring there is no impunity, but that he would "pay a lot of attention in trying to find the right equilibrium between these two aspects that are absolutely crucial". In
14946-404: The intrusive holistic state-dominated regimes of Communist Eastern Europe. The first post-modern usage of civil society as denoting political opposition stems from writings of Aleksander Smolar in 1978–79. However, the term was not in use by Solidarity labor union in 1980–1981. The ancient Romans were aware of the connections between democracy and a cooperative society, versus a monarchy and
15105-765: The jury to receive support for a one-year period. 117 foreign guests attended the forum, including 54 heads of state and government, 16 diplomats accredited to France, and 15 representatives of international and supranational organisations. What was also noted was US President Donald Trump 's absence at the forum, despite having attended a commemoration ceremony at the Arc de Triomphe on the morning of 11 November. Other attendants included French Minister of Foreign Affairs Jean-Yves Le Drian , Nobel Peace Prize laureates Nadia Murad and Shirin Ebadi , and Reporters Without Borders secretary-general Christophe Deloire . The second edition of
15264-672: The labor market, especially among women, improving tax collection and cracking down on tax evasion, increased involvement of the mutual and nonprofit sectors in providing welfare services, a means-tested guaranteed minimum income (known as the Rendimento Mínimo Garantido ), and increased investment in education. He was then one of seven Social Democratic prime ministers in the European Union, joining political allies in Spain, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Greece and
15423-476: The mid-1900s, and observed that those who were engaged with civil society organizations demonstrated greater “political sophistication, social trust, political participation, and ‘subjective civic competence’” than those not involved in these organizations. Similarly, Dr. Sheri Berman found that the NSDAP (Nazi Party) civil society organization leveraged strong civil society networks among the middle class together for
15582-541: The modern industrial capitalist society, for it had emerged at the particular period of capitalism and served its interests: individual rights and private property. Hence, he used the German term "bürgerliche Gesellschaft" to denote civil society as "civilian society" – a sphere regulated by the civil code . This new way of thinking about civil society was followed by Alexis de Tocqueville and Karl Marx as well. For Hegel, civil society manifested contradictory forces. Being
15741-406: The most important influence on the development and popularization of the idea instead, in an effort to legitimize neoliberal transformation in 1989. According to theory of restructurization of welfare systems, a new way of using the concept of civil society became a neoliberal ideology legitimizing development of the third sector as a substitute for the welfare state . The recent development of
15900-457: The most important, ... the most brazen human rights abuses, ... because he is worried about upsetting the Chinese." In June 2019, Guterres stated that the "U.N. has the obligation to assume global leadership" in tackling climate change in the context of a visit to the pacific island of Tuvalu . He had previously supported other multilateral environmental initiatives, such as ecocide becoming
16059-456: The multifaceted broad issues facing society, such as the challenges of globalization, and instead the focus of elections becomes centered on a few specific hot-button topics, such as abortion. There is a considerable amount of data supporting the notion that civil society organizations significantly increase political participation. Dr. Robert Putnam conducted a study of civil society in Italy in
16218-428: The nature of human beings should be encompassed by the contours of state and established positive laws . Thomas Hobbes underlined the need of a powerful state to maintain civility in society. For Hobbes, human beings are motivated by self-interests (Graham 1997:23). Moreover, these self-interests are often contradictory in nature. Therefore, in state of nature , there was a condition of a war of all against all. In such
16377-841: The obligations and rights of citizens with regard to government processes, different types of political issues and policy agendas, ways in which citizens can collaborate to address societal issues, and approaches to creating meaningful change in communities. Professors Carew E. Boulding and Jami Nelson-Núñez assert that civil society organizations are beneficial in that citizens are more inclined to participate politically when they can act collectively and develop associative solidarities with others around shared policy preferences. Other scholars, however, note that there are some drawbacks of civil society organizations as it pertains to political participation and policy processes. Professor Thomas Carothers have explained that, because civil society organizations have such an influential role in political participation,
16536-455: The occasion of the 2021 forum, actors from all over the world concerned by the long-term sustainability of outer space launched the "Net Zero Space" initiative. This new initiative calls for achieving sustainable use of outer space for the benefit of all humankind by 2030 by taking concrete actions to tackle the pressing challenge of reducing debris orbiting Earth. The Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace, launched on 12 November 2018 at
16695-706: The participation of a specific type of civil society organization—non-political organizations rooted in quotidian relationships—in the democratic transition process is what drives successful democratic transitions. Gianfranco Poggi argues this as well, saying that interpersonal trust is needed if republican society is to be maintained. Others, however, have questioned the link between civil society and robust democracy. As Thomas Carothers points out, civil societies do not necessarily form for worthy reasons nor do they necessarily promote democratic values. For example, Sheri Berman argued that civil society organizations can actually be used to mobilize people against democracy. This
16854-429: The polis was an ‘association of associations’ that enables citizens to share in the virtuous task of ruling and being ruled. His koinonia politike described a political community . The concept of societas civilis is Roman and was introduced by Cicero . The political discourse in the classical period, places importance on the idea of a ‘good society’ in ensuring peace and order among the people. The philosophers in
17013-433: The political atmosphere then and the pre- World War I period and the ‘30s Interwar period . Merkel made similar remarks, noting that nationalism and populism were threatening European peace. The commemoration of the 1918 Armistice was a recurring theme throughout the forum. President Macron aimed for the forum to bring about concrete proposals for multilateralism so that an outcome akin to WWI would not reoccur again. It
17172-459: The population of Syria's Eastern Ghouta was living in "hell on earth". In one district, 93% of buildings had been damaged or destroyed by December, according to UN satellite imagery analysis. A recent wave of bombings has caused further destruction. Guterres called the 2018 North Korea–United States summit a "crucial milestone" for nuclear disarmament . He urged both sides to "seize this momentous opportunity" and offered UN assistance to achieve
17331-431: The power of the state. The statutes of these political organizations have been considered micro-constitutions because they accustom participants to the formalities of democratic decision making. More recently, Robert D. Putnam has argued that even non-political organizations in civil society are vital for democracy because they build social capital, trust, and shared values within a society. Social capital, as defined as
17490-682: The program of privatizations that Cavaco Silva 's government had begun: 29 companies were privatized between 1996 and 1999, with proceeds from privatizations in 1996–97 greater than those of the previous six years, and the public sector's share of GDP halved from 11% in 1994 to 5.5% five years later. Share ownership was also widened, with 800,000 people investing in Portugal Telecom upon its privatization in 1996 and 750,000 applying for shares in Electricidade de Portugal . In 1998, Guterres presided over Expo 98 in Lisbon, commemorating
17649-446: The proliferation of these organizations has made it increasingly difficult for governments to meet both the widening range of policy preferences and rapidly changing social needs. The scholar David Rieff discusses another issue tied to civil society and political participation: single-issue activism. Since most civil society organizations focus on one sector or societal issue, this sometimes causes voters to shift their attention away from
17808-545: The public sphere when individuals and groups begin to challenge boundaries of permissible behaviour – for example, by speaking out against the regime or demanding a government response to social needs – civil society begins to take shape. Civil society organizations, also known as civic organizations, include among others: Ant%C3%B3nio Guterres António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres GCC GCL ( / ɡ ʊ ˈ t ɛr ə s / , European Portuguese: [ɐ̃ˈtɔnju ɣuˈtɛʁɨʃ] ; born 30 April 1949)
17967-410: The public sphere. Though these transformations happen, a civil society develops into political society when it emerges as non-economic and has a populous aspect, and when the state is not represented by just one political party. There needs to be a locus of authority, and this is where society can begin to challenge authority. Jillian Schwedler points out that civil society emerges with the resurrection of
18126-622: The purpose of mobilizing for political participation in Germany. The powerful influence of these efforts is evidenced by the NSDAP becoming the most potent political force in the nation in the mid-1900s. These case studies provide evidence of the crucial role of social networks in facilitating political participation and civic engagement. A strong civil society is often considered to be important for economic growth, with reasoning being that it can give important input on economic decisions, facilitate private enterprise and entrepreneurship, and prevent
18285-545: The purpose of working out a crisis scenario through concrete solutions. Among the other formats participants were invited to attend, the '20 Questions to the World', and Braindates by e180, were particularly successful. For this second edition, last year's Peace Library, which gathered books gifted by high-level participants, took the form of a Peace Globe, where world leaders were given the opportunity to leave objects symbolizing peace. Nine initiatives were launched and developed at
18444-404: The realm of capitalist interests, there is a possibility of conflicts and inequalities within it (ex: mental and physical aptitude, talents and financial circumstances). He argued that these inequalities influence the choices that members are able to make in relation to the type of work they will do. The diverse positions in Civil Society fall into three estates: the substantial estate (agriculture),
18603-490: The reasons behind absolutism, and how to move beyond absolutism. The Enlightenment thinkers believed in the power of the human mind to reason. They opposed the alliance between the state and the Church as the enemy of human progress and well-being because the coercive apparatus of the state curbed individual liberty and the Church legitimated monarchs by positing the theory of divine origin. Therefore, both were deemed to be against
18762-643: The regionalization of the mainland . Both Guterres and his party supported such an administrative reform, but the voters rejected it. Contrary to his party's stance and following the removal of homosexuality from the list of mental illnesses by the World Health Organization in 1990, Guterres said, in 1995, that "he did not like homosexuality" and that it was "something that bothered him". On foreign policy, Guterres campaigned for United Nations intervention in East Timor in 1999, after it
18921-452: The relationship between the strength of civil society and democracy obsolete. Indeed, as Larry Diamond asserts, in order to understand the multitude of ways civil society can serve democracy, it is also necessary to understand the tensions and contradictions civil society generates for democracy. In the United States, Tocqueville states that the tendency to form associations that would manifest into civil societies has propelled its success as
19080-593: The request. Guterres left office on 31 December 2015, having served the second-longest term as High Commissioner in the organization's history, after Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan . In 2015, President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa appointed Guterres to serve as a Member of the Council of State of Portugal ; he resigned after being appointed as the UN's 9th secretary-general. Guterres became United Nations Secretary-General on 1 January 2017, following his formal election by
19239-477: The reunification of private and public/political realms (Colletti, 1975). Hence, Marx rejected the positive role of state put forth by Hegel. Marx argued that the state cannot be a neutral problem solver. Rather, he depicted the state as the defender of the interests of the bourgeoisie. He considered the state to be the executive arm of the bourgeoisie, which would wither away once the working class took democratic control of society. The above view about civil society
19398-571: The second edition of the Paris Peace Forum. These included B4IG, which started out at the G7 Leaders' Summit in Biarritz , and which is driven by Emmanuel Macron , the OECD and Danone in order to unite companies for inclusive growth. The "Alliance for Multilateralism", launched in April 2019 by the French and German foreign ministers, held a session on the governance of the digital sphere, which
19557-431: The shift from large unions and organizations to smaller movements targeting specific political issues is less likely to spur large-scale participation in democracy. Galston and Levine state these new civil societies have proved to be less likely to engage in the political process and more likely to bring social activism. Civil society organizations provide citizens with knowledge crucial to political participation, such as
19716-770: The six-month rotating presidency of the European Council . His second term in government was not as successful, however. Internal party conflicts, an economic slowdown, and the Hintze Ribeiro Bridge disaster damaged his authority and popularity. Nevertheless, some long-lasting measures were taken during his second term: in October 2000, the Parliament approved the decriminalization of drug use (effective 1 July 2001) and in March 2001, same-sex civil unions were legalized. In December 2001, following
19875-433: The social networks and norms of reciprocity associated with them, can help societies resolve dilemmas of collective action; individuals with dense social networks are more likely to credibly commit to other members of society and leverage their social capital to build public goods. In turn, countries with strong civil societies are more likely to succeed as democracies. Some scholars have built on Putnam's claim and argued that
20034-418: The sources of resistance thereto, because it is seen as acting beyond boundaries and across different territories. However, as civil society can, under many definitions, include and be funded and directed by those businesses and institutions (especially donors linked to European and Northern states) who support globalization , this is a contested use. Rapid development of civil society on the global scale after
20193-462: The sphere of classical liberal values, which inevitably led to a larger role for civil society at the expense of politically derived state institutions. The integrated Civil Society Organizations (iCSO) System, developed by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), facilitates interactions between civil society organizations and DESA. Civil societies also have become involved in
20352-420: The state from stifling the economy. For example, labor leaders can ensure that economic growth benefits working people, faith leaders can advocate for greater inclusion in economic affairs, NGOs can flag and document harmful business practices, etc. Essentially, civil society creates social capital, which the World Bank defines as "the institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of
20511-408: The state must operate within the bounds of civil and natural laws. Both Hobbes and Locke had set forth a system, in which peaceful coexistence among human beings could be ensured through social pacts or contracts. They considered civil society as a community that maintained civil life, the realm where civic virtues and rights were derived from natural laws. However, they did not hold that civil society
20670-440: The sub-optimal level in the absence of a sufficient system (Brown 2001:73). From that major concern, people gathered together to sign a contract and constituted a common public authority. Nevertheless, Locke held that the consolidation of political power can be turned into autocracy, if it is not brought under reliable restrictions (Kaviraj 2001:291). Therefore, Locke set forth two treaties on government with reciprocal obligations. In
20829-487: The survival of the hegemony of capitalism. Rather than posing it as a problem, as in earlier Marxist conceptions, Gramsci viewed civil society as the site for problem-solving. Misunderstanding Gramsci, the New Left assigned civil society a key role in defending people against the state and the market and in asserting the democratic will to influence the state. At the same time, neo-liberal thinkers consider civil society as
20988-463: The term civil society in the phrase koinōnía politikḗ ( κοινωνία πολιτική ), which refers to a political community , like the city-state ( polis ), established for collective survival. The telos or end of civil society, thus defined, was eudaimonia ( τὸ εὖ ζῆν , tò eu zēn ) (often translated as human flourishing or common well-being), in as man was defined as a ‘political (social) animal’ ( ζῷον πολιτικόν zōon politikón ). The concept
21147-462: The term civil society is used in the more general sense of "the elements such as freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, etc, that make up a democratic society" ( Collins English Dictionary ). Especially in the discussions among thinkers of Eastern and Central Europe, civil society is seen also as a normative concept of civic values. In the Politics , the philosopher Aristotle presents
21306-472: The term then gained currency to denote the corporate estates ( Ständestaat ) of a feudal elite of land-holders as opposed to the powers exercised by the prince. It had a long history in state theory, and was revived with particular force in recent times, in Eastern Europe, where dissidents such as Václav Havel as late as in the 1990s employed it to denote the sphere of civic associations threatened by
21465-418: The third sector is a result of this welfare systems restructuring, rather than of democratization. From that time stems a political practice of using the idea of civil society instead of political society . Henceforth, postmodern usage of the idea of civil society became divided into two main ones: as political society and as the third sector – apart from plethora of definitions. The Washington Consensus of
21624-487: The time, he was the party's third leader in six years. He was also selected as one of the 25 vice presidents of the Socialist International in September 1992. His election represented a break with tradition for the Socialists: not only was Guterres not associated with either the faction around then-president and former prime minister Mário Soares or the party's left wing led by Guterres's predecessor Sampaio, but he
21783-496: The will of the people. Strongly influenced by the atrocities of Thirty Years' War, the political philosophers of the time held that social relations should be ordered in a different way from natural law conditions. Some of their attempts led to the emergence of social contract theory that contested social relations existing in accordance with human nature. They held that human nature can be understood by analyzing objective realities and natural law conditions. Thus they endorsed that
21942-512: The world gathered in the forum's Space for Solutions. The United Nations Secretary-General, António Guterres , the Mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo , and the President of the Paris Peace Forum, Pascal Lamy, spoke during the event's soft opening on 11 November. Guterres referred to the main global challenges of our times, by distinguishing five global risks: an economic and geostrategic polarization,
22101-515: Was a separate realm from the state. Rather, they underlined the co-existence of the state and civil society. The systematic approaches of Hobbes and Locke (in their analysis of social relations) were largely influenced by the experiences in their period. Their attempts to explain human nature, natural laws, the social contract and the formation of government had challenged the divine right theory. In contrast to divine right, Hobbes and Locke claimed that humans can design their political order. This idea had
22260-408: Was also a devout Catholic, running counter to the party's historical secularism. He consulted with Portugal's civil society in formulating policy, meeting a range of intellectuals, scientists and entrepreneurs from across the country and the political spectrum in the run-up to the next general election. Aníbal Cavaco Silva did not seek a fourth term as prime minister of Portugal (in order to run for
22419-505: Was also represented at the forum for the first time, via Vice President Kamala Harris . In 2021, the fourth edition counted 15,000 online participants and a thousand present in Paris, whereas 45 heads of state and government and leaders of international organizations were among experts taking part in 74 debate sessions, and the Space for Solutions counted 80 projects from around the world. On
22578-480: Was chiefly devoted to the multi-actor response to the COVID-19 pandemic , with the conviction that all relevant actors can collectively overcome the enormous challenges faced by the international community and use the crisis as an opportunity to rebuild a more sustainable world. Macron hosted Senegalese President Macky Sall, IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva , and European Council President Charles Michel at
22737-468: Was completely unacceptable that there be UN forces committing human rights violations such as rape and sexual violence. "All of us together—states and UN—must do our utmost to ensure that any kind of action of this type is severely punished," he said. The United States raised the question of international tribunals to try peacekeepers for their crimes. Guterres responded by saying an independent jurisdiction would be excellent but that "the only way to get there
22896-517: Was concerned, this system was effective to guard against the domination of a single interest and check the tyranny of the majority (Alagappa 2004:30). G. W. F. Hegel completely changed the meaning of civil society, giving rise to a modern liberal understanding of it as a form of non -political society as opposed to institutions of modern nation state . While in classical republicanism civil society where synonymous with political society , Hegel distinguished political state and civil society, what
23055-414: Was criticised by Antonio Gramsci (Edwards 2004:10). Departing somewhat from Marx, Gramsci did not consider civil society as a realm of private and alienated relationships. Rather, Gramsci viewed civil society as the vehicle for bourgeois hegemony, when it just represents a particular class. He underlined the crucial role of civil society as the contributor of the cultural and ideological capital required for
23214-527: Was defeated in the 2001 Portuguese local elections . After six years governing without an absolute majority and with a poor economy, the Socialist Party did worse than expected because of losses in Lisbon and Porto , where polls indicated they had a solid lead. Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues assumed the Socialist Party leadership in January 2002, but Guterres would remain as prime minister until the general election
23373-502: Was dominated by problems of just war , a preoccupation that would last until the end of Renaissance . The Thirty Years' War and the subsequent Treaty of Westphalia heralded the birth of the sovereign states system . The Treaty endorsed states as territorially-based political units having sovereignty. As a result, the monarchs were able to exert domestic control by circumventing the feudal lords by raising their own armed troops. Henceforth, monarchs could form national armies and deploy
23532-603: Was evident in fall of the Weimar Republic in Germany. The Weimar Republic's failure to address the ravages of economic depression, and domestic struggles, led to the creation of a multitude of German civil societies. A defining and arguable fatal flaw of these groups was they reinforced societal conflicts and differences among Germans. This separation of German society into individual social groups meant they were incredibly vulnerable to nationalist ideals. Nazis infiltrated these discontent groups where they eventually became
23691-427: Was followed by Tocqueville's distinction between civil and political societies and associations, repeated by Marx and Tönnies. Unlike his predecessors, Hegel considered civil society ( German : bürgerliche Gesellschaft ) as a separate realm, a "system of needs", that is the, "[stage of] difference which intervenes between the family and the state". Civil society is the realm of economic relationships as it exists in
23850-584: Was founded in 2018 by Justin Vaïsse , as he was director for Policy Planning at the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs , to tackle global problems and strengthen multilateral cooperation. Soon after the first edition, Pascal Lamy was appointed President of the Paris Peace Forum, and Justin Vaïsse became its director general. The first edition was hosted in November 2018 at the Grande halle de la Villette . The sixth and most recent edition of
24009-415: Was imperative to ensure ‘civility’ in the polis and ‘good life’ of the people. For Plato , the ideal state was a just society in which people dedicate themselves to the common good, practice civic virtues of wisdom, courage, moderation and justice, and perform the occupational role to which they were best suited. It was the duty of the ‘ philosopher king ’ to look after people in civility. Aristotle thought
24168-605: Was lost to the Social Democratic Party , led by José Manuel Barroso . Despite this defeat, polling of the Portuguese public in both 2012 and 2014 ranked Guterres the best prime minister of the previous 30 years. He served as president of the Socialist International from 1999 to 2005, and was the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 2005 to 2015. Guterres was elected secretary-general in October 2016 , succeeding Ban Ki-moon at
24327-475: Was marked by a fundamental organizational reform, cutting staff and administrative costs in the UNHCR's Geneva head office and expanding UNHCR's emergency response capacity during the worst displacement crisis since the Second World War. From 19 to 23 March 2006, Guterres visited Beijing , China, and expressed his objection to repatriation of North Korean refugees by the Chinese government. In
24486-620: Was moderated by the French Minister of Europe & Foreign Affairs, Jean-Yves Le Drian . Other initiatives included the inauguration of the Reporters Without Borders Forum on Information and Democracy, and the launch of the Indian Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure , driven by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi . The third edition, hosted virtually from 11 to 13 November 2020,
24645-502: Was noted multiple times that the importance of remembering the Armistice stood in the comparisons that could be drawn between the 1930s and today. Similarly to statements made by UN Secretary General Guterres, Justin Vaïsse also highlighted the similarities, including: an economic crisis , closing of borders, commercial wars, migration and refugees , and a resurgence of populist and nationalist movements. The three day event presented
24804-413: Was now seen as "the magic bullet". By the end of the 1990s civil society was seen less as a panacea amid the growth of the anti-globalization movement and the transition of many countries to democracy; instead, civil society was increasingly called on to justify its legitimacy and democratic credentials. This led to the creation by the UN of a high level panel on civil society. However, in the 1990s with
24963-416: Was used by Roman writers, such as Cicero , where it referred to the ancient notion of a republic ( res publica ). It re-entered into Western political discourse following one of the late medieval translations of Aristotle's Politics into Latin by Leonardo Bruni who as a first translated koinōnía politikḗ into societas civilis . With the rise of a distinction between monarchical autonomy and public law,
25122-439: Was virtually destroyed by Indonesian-backed militias when it voted for independence . He also finalized the 12-year negotiations on the transfer of sovereignty over Macau , which had been a Portuguese colony , to Chinese control in 1999. In the 1999 parliamentary election the Socialist Party and the opposition won exactly the same number of seats (115). Guterres was reappointed to office and from January to July 2000 occupied
25281-740: Was widely considered a very effective PR move, Guterres appointed American actress Angelina Jolie as his special envoy to represent UNHCR and himself at the diplomatic level in 2012. Together they visited the Kilis Oncupinar Accommodation Facility in Turkey (2012); the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan (2013); and the Maritime Squadron of the Armed Forces of Malta (2015). They also appeared jointly before
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