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57-431: The style was first formalised in 19th century England. Procedural commentaries by members of parliament like John Hooker or William Hakewill or parliamentary clerks such as Henry Elsynge sr. and Henry Scobell recorded not just the rulebook but the manner of parliamentary debate. This manner was then expanded upon in the later commentaries of John Hatsell , Jeremy Bentham and Thomas Erskine May , which then spread

114-526: A coalition . They must therefore differentiate themselves from the other team on their side of the case in order to succeed in their own right. All speakers are expected to offer Points of Information (POIs) to their opponents. POIs are particularly important in British Parliamentary style, as it allows the first two teams to maintain their relevance during the course of the debate, and the last two teams to introduce their arguments early in

171-547: A championship is the Tournament of Champions, hosted by the NPDL. It was started as a California championship, named "California Cup," but has been renamed the Tournament of Champions to represent the prestige of the high school tournament. The "NPDL Nationals," an annual online tournament held at the end of the year, is also hosted by NPDL. However, the rules for qualification differ between the two tournaments. Although Nationals

228-532: A few weeks, but he kept a journal in which he accurately recorded the proceedings. His experiences in the Irish and English parliaments led him to write a treatise on parliamentary practice, The Order and Usage how to Keepe a Parlement in England , which was published in two editions in 1572. One edition had a preface addressed to William FitzWilliam , Lord Deputy of Ireland and was clearly intended to bring order to

285-402: A model republican commonwealth worthy of emulation. In 1568, possibly because he regarded himself as underpaid for the work he was doing for Exeter, Hooker was persuaded by Sir Peter Carew to accompany him to Ireland as his legal adviser. He organised Carew's papers in support of his claim for the barony of Idrone, a task to which he committed himself so deeply that in 1569 he was returned to

342-596: A more academic and specific-knowledge style borrowed from Policy debate . Resolutions typically focus on current events, though the entrance of the Kritik to NPDA, and, to a lesser extent, to some high school circuits, introduced a philosophical element to parli. This style consists of a two-on-two debate, between the affirmative team, known as the Government or the Proposition, and the negative team, referred to as

399-519: Is a German competitive debating format. It was developed by the debate club Streitkultur Tübingen and was used for the first time in a tournament in 2001. It aims to combine the advantages of parliamentary debates and public audience debates: each of the two teams has three speakers, and in addition, the debate includes three independent "free speakers". Clubs using OPD exist in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Italy. World Schools Style Debating combines

456-418: Is a ban on quoted evidence. Debaters may not bring in any material that was not prepared in the 20 minutes of preparation time and consult it during the round. APDA, Worlds and high school parli debate styles tend to take a more lay-friendly approach to debate, ensuring that debates are easy to understand no matter the audience member's expertise of the resolution. NPDA is more diverse, with some teams engaging in

513-642: Is also beginning to spread to the US, with the US Universities Debating Championship held annually at rotating universities. Chamber Debate is a modified form of Australia-Asia debating that sponsors three national tournaments annually using the 3-on-3 format of parliamentary debate Unlike other formats of parliamentary debate, Chamber Debate allows teams to use electronic devices via a 4th non-speaking member of each team who conducts fact-checking and other research for their team during

570-462: Is it hosted at nationals. The first key feature uniting various formats of parliamentary debate in the US is their spontaneity. The resolutions alternate each round. They are announced, then participants are given 20 minutes of preparation time known as "prep". APDA is somewhat of an exception in the respect, with "loose link" rounds allowing the affirmative to run a case of their choosing, dealing with virtually any topic. The second key feature of parli

627-638: Is no unique model in Brazil because many club debates were created before the creation of "Parli Brazil" and not all modified their rules. This is the case, for example, of the UFC Debate Society in Fortaleza ("Sociedade de Debates da UFC"), which was established in 2010. In 2013, UFRN Debate Society was created and implemented some changes based on the old "Clube de Debates de Natal". The model "Parli Brazil" only started its activities in 2014 with

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684-783: Is open to all, TOC is limited to teams that exceed a certain yearly points threshold. Oregon State Tournament ( OSAA ) added parliamentary debate (known in Oregon as Public debate ) in 2001, California State Tournament (CHSSA) followed suit in 2003, and Pennsylvania State Tournament (PHSSL) in 2010. Yale, ASU, Whitman, as well as a number of invitational tournaments in Oregon and California, the largest of them held at Stanford, James Logan HS, SCU, UOP, Willamette, University of Oregon, Pepperdine and Claremont HS also offer parli. The Kansas City, Missouri area has conducted monthly high school tournaments since 2002. The Kansas City Greater Metropolitan Parliamentary Debate League offers two-round contests during

741-618: Is supported by a number of organizations in the United States at the tertiary and secondary levels. The most popular intercollegiate parliamentary debate style is supported by the National Parliamentary Debate Association (NPDA), which was born in western US in 1991. NPDA circuit consists of a loose confederation of local leagues and a number of invitational tournaments. The NPDA season culminates with two national tournaments – NPDA Nationals and

798-692: Is the first and last minute of a speech. Only speakers from the opposing bench may offer POIs to the current speaker. Speakers on the same side of the motion cannot do so even if they are from different teams (e.g. Opening and Closing Government may offer POIs to Opening Opposition, but Closing Opposition cannot). The debating season closely follows the academic year in Northern Hemisphere countries. The first competitions are in Britain and Ireland in October and November, traditionally commenced by

855-649: Is the most used competitive debating style used in Brazil; it is used at the official competitions of the Instituto Brasileiro de Debates (Brazilian Institute of Debates). At Parli Brasil, every speaker speaks for 7 minutes, with 15 seconds of tolerance after that. After the first minute and before the last minute, debaters from the opposite team may ask for Points of Information, which the speaker may accept or reject as they wish (although they are supposed to accept at least one). Another major difference between

912-626: Is very widespread. It has also been adopted as the official style of the World Universities Debating Championship and the European Universities Debating Championship (at which the speakers are given only fifteen minutes' notice of the motion). Speeches are usually between five and seven minutes in duration. The debate consists of four teams of two speakers, sometimes called factions , with two teams on either side of

969-926: The Edinburgh Cup in the first week of October, followed by the Cambridge and Oxford Inter-varsities (IVs), all the way up to the World Championships held over the Christmas holidays. After the "Worlds", the Trinity IV in Dublin, the premier tournament in Ireland, recommences the season in the new year. The season continues with a large number of Islands of the North Atlantic (IONA) and European competitions from March to June, including

1026-549: The Irish parliament as member for Athenry . Hooker later wrote a biography of Carew, The dyscourse and dyscoverye of the lyffe of Sir Peter Carew , in which he almost certainly understated the deceit and aggression behind Carew's Irish venture. Until Carew's death in 1575, Hooker spent much time in Ireland, but he had also been returned to the English parliament in 1571 as one of the burgesses of Exeter. The session lasted only

1083-624: The National Parliamentary Tournament of Excellence (NPTE). NPDA Nationals (founded in 1994) is open to all and attracts about 200 teams each year. NPTE (founded in 2001) is qualification-only and invites the top 64 teams of the approximately 1000 teams that compete in NPDA/NPTE-sanctioned invitationals throughout the season. Phi Rho Pi Nationals for junior and community colleges have an NPDA-style division, as do Novice Nationals. The chief online forum for

1140-552: The Bishops of Exeter . In 1570/71 he was MP for Exeter. At a time when it was deemed essential for cities and nations to have ancient lineage, Hooker described the supposed foundation of Exeter by Corinaeus, nephew of Brutus of Britain , son of Aeneas . He advocated emulating the governmental institutions of the Roman Republic, which in his opinion brought Rome to greatness, and held up the municipal government of Exeter as

1197-513: The Brazilian scene and the Worlds is that Brazilian tournaments use to present themes weeks before the tournament, with the motion only being presented 15 minutes before the debate, as usual BP. Some tournaments, such as GV Debate and Open de Natal are changing this, too. The presence of themes makes some differences in the strategy in comparison to the general parliamentary debate. However, there

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1254-672: The British Parliamentary and Australian formats, which results in a debate comprising eight speeches delivered by two three-member teams (the Proposition and the Opposition). Each speaker delivers an eight-minute speech – the first two are substantive matter and the third a rebuttal speech; then both teams deliver a "reply speech" lasting four minutes, with the last word being reserved for the Proposition. In junior debates, these limits are changed to about 5 minutes, and in some local competitions, speeches are 7 minutes. Between

1311-476: The British Parliamentary debate, the Brazilian debate uses the term "proposition", instead of "government", since [Brazil] has a congressional government rather than a [parliament]. Thus, teams can either support or oppose the topic in session on the Congress. Therefore, the speakers at the debate are called "First Member of Proposition", "First Member of Opposition", "Second Member of Proposition", and so on. It

1368-585: The Irish assembly; the other was addressed to the Exeter city authorities, presumably to aid his successor burgesses. In writing his treatise Hooker took much inspiration from the Modus Tenendi Parliamentum , a treatise from the early 14th century. In 1586 Hooker again represented Exeter in parliament. At this time he was one of the editors of the second edition of Raphael Holinshed 's Chronicles , published in 1587. Hooker's Order and Usage

1425-682: The NPDA circuit is Net-Benefits.net , started in 2002 by Jed Link. American Parliamentary Debate Association (APDA), the oldest intercollegiate parliamentary debate league in the US, was founded in 1982. APDA currently has around 40 member universities, primarily on the east coast. A number of smaller intercollegiate debate leagues, such as the Lincoln Parliamentary League (LPL) and International Public Debate Association (IPDA) also exist. The British Parliamentary Style (a.k.a. Worlds Debate, distinct from World Schools Style)

1482-822: The Opposition. Debater role names are borrowed from the British Parliament, with the judge being referred to as the Speaker. The round consists of six speeches, as follows: Specific rules and speech times vary slightly between organizations. NPDA, APDA and OSAA use the 7-8-8-8-4-5 format, CHSSA and the ASU Invitational use the Claremont 7-7-7-7-5-5 format, the SCU Invitational uses the 6-7-7-7-4-5 format, and Yale high school tournaments use

1539-471: The Osterweis 4-5-5-5-2-3 format. PHSSL borrows its 8 speeches 6-6-6-6-6-6-3-3 format from World Schools Style debate . Most variations of the style do not include a specialized cross-examination period, but allow debaters to make parliamentary points. The Brazilian Parliamentary Debate involves a "proposition team", that will support the motion, and an "opposition team", who will oppose the motion. Unlike

1596-459: The POI. If they accept, the individual who offered the POI may state an argument, a rebuttal, or ask a question to the speaker for up to 15 seconds or until interrupted by the speaker. Speakers may reject POIs with a physical cue (e.g. waving one's hand) or a verbal indication of rejection. Speakers are granted "protected time", during which no points of information may be offered. Most commonly, this

1653-537: The age of 76 and was buried at St Mary Major, Exeter. British Parliamentary Style British Parliamentary style is a major form of academic debate that originated in Liverpool in the mid 1800s. It has gained wide support globally and is the official format of the World Universities Debating Championship (WUDC). British Parliamentary debates consist of four teams, containing two speakers each, which are divided into two sides that speak for and against

1710-532: The arguments made by previous speakers in their own bench (still considered as extension ), however, Whip speakers cannot make new arguments which are irrelevant to arguments made in previous speeches. Speakers in the BP format can offer Points of Information (POIs) to opposing teams. To offer a POI during another speaker's speech, a debater may stand, say something such as "Point" or "Point of Information", and wait to be called on. The speaker may accept, reject, or ignore

1767-651: The case. Because of the style's origins in British parliamentary procedure , the two sides are called the Government and the Opposition , while the speakers take their titles from those of their parliamentary equivalents (such as the opening Government speaker, called the Prime Minister ). Furthermore, since this style is based on parliamentary debate, each faction is considered to be one of two parties in

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1824-831: The county, including Thomas Westcote 's Survey of Devon (1630) and Tristram Risdon 's Chorographical Description or Survey of the County of Devon (c. 1632). He wrote an account of the Black Assize of Exeter in 1586 from which a virulent and deadly disease spread from prisoners in Exeter Prison to the courtroom in Exeter Castle and thence to the whole county. He married twice: In later life his health failed. He wrote: "...my sight waxeth Dymme my hyringe [hearing] very thycke my speache imperfecte and my memory very feeble". He died in Exeter on 8 November 1601 at

1881-496: The debate as a whole, but this is not their primary goal. The final speaker from each bench is known as the Whip . The primary duty of whip speakers is to note the major disagreement ( point of clash ) in the debate, and summarise, frame , and weigh the arguments presented in the debate and show that their team ( Closing Government or Closing Opposition ) wins the debate. Whip speakers can still provide new materials which are based on

1938-748: The debate begins. There is not much room for re-definition, and squirreling is strictly prohibited. The World Schools Debating Championships is attended by many countries, and uses this format. A similar format, with 7-minute speeches and Points-of-Information, is known as the Asian Parliamentary Format and is used by the United Asian Debating Championships John Hooker (English constitutionalist) John Hooker (or "Hoker") alias John Vowell (c. 1527–1601) of Exeter in Devon,

1995-522: The debate. The first and last minute of each speech is considered "protected time", during which no POI may be offered. Depending on the country, there are variations in speaking time, speaking order, and the number of speakers. For example, in New Zealand, both the leader of the Opposition and the Prime Minister offer a short summary as the last two speakers. American parliamentary debate

2052-467: The end of the first and the beginning of the last minute of an eight-minute speech, the opposing party may offer "points of information". Depending on the tournament rules, the speaker may refuse these, or may be mandated to take one (mandatory POI rule), but it is encouraged to take at least one or two points during his or her speech. No points of order or Privilege are used. Topics can be supplied long in advance, or may be given 45 minutes or an hour before

2109-540: The first chamberlain of Exeter, a post he held until his death. As chamberlain he was responsible for the city's finances, he dealt with disputes between guilds and merchants, oversaw the rebuilding of the high school, planted many trees in the city, and collected and put in order the city's archives. He used these archives to compile his "Annals" of the City in which he details the characteristics of every Tudor mayor of Exeter, and in 1578 he wrote and published The Lives of

2166-464: The motion under which the debate will take place, along with forwarding arguments and their importance for their own teams ( Opening Government or Opening Opposition ). The second speaker from each bench is known as the Deputy . Deputies may add new arguments to their team's substantive argument, but their primary responsibilities are to consolidate and rebuild the existing case, to launch challenges to

2223-425: The motion. Due to the style's origins in British parliamentary procedure , the two sides are called the Government and the Opposition . Similarly, sides are known as benches, consisting of two teams - an opening team and a closing team. Teams compete against all three other teams in the round, including against its own opening or closing team, which it is not expected to help. The order of speeches alternates between

2280-405: The motion. The primary duty of Members is to differentiate their side from their opening, by running either a clear vertical extension, flagging what parts of it are exclusively new, and be analytical for the actualisation of the arguments' benefits, or a horizontal extension and weighing it directly against other arguments in the round. They can also provide some brief response to the opening half of

2337-471: The opposing bench, and to add additional weighing to their arguments to preemptively frame them against any extensions/new arguments from closing. The third speaker from each bench (i.e., the first speaker for the closing sides), is known as the Member . Member speeches cannot contradict what has been said by their opening sides (i.e., knifing), unless the opening teams have conceded the debate or misinterpreted

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2394-650: The pope "the sonne of sathan, and the manne of sinne, and the enimie unto the crosse of Christ, whose bloodthirstiness will never be quenched". a verye ancient towne ... and maye be equall with some cities for it is the cheffe emporium of that countrie and most inhabited with merchantes whose cheffest trade in tyme of peace was with Spayne ... it is a clene and sweete towne, very well paved... —Hooker, on Barnstaple, in Synopsis Corographical, 261–262 Hooker continued to serve Exeter in his later years, becoming coroner in 1583 and recorder in 1590. He

2451-551: The realization of the I Brazilian Championship of Debates in the city of Belo Horizonte , making the second edition in the city of Fortaleza , and the third is scheduled to take place in the city of Florianópolis . Since then, they were also created UFSC Debate Society ("Sociedade de Debates da UFSC ") in 2014 and the UFRJ Debate Society ("Sociedade de Debates da UFRJ") on June 25, 2015, and others. The offene parlamentarische Debatte (Open Parliamentary Debate, OPD)

2508-605: The round. Parliamentary debate is offered through the High School Public Debate League ( http://highschooldebate.org ) and the National Parliamentary Debate League (NPDL) ( https://www.parliamentarydebate.org/ ). The other public school high school debate league, National Forensic League (NFL), does not offer parliamentary debate at its national tournament. It does, however, recognize parli competitions offered at

2565-534: The siege of Exeter, in The description of the citie of Excester , 1.67 During the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549 Hooker experienced at first hand the siege of Exeter, and left a vivid manuscript account of its events in which he made no effort to conceal his anti-Catholic sympathies. From 1551 to 1553 he was employed by Myles Coverdale during his short incumbency as Bishop of Exeter . In 1555 he became

2622-444: The state level, albeit at a reduced points value. In 2010 NFL Nationals added Supplemental Debate, which bears some similarity to parliamentary debate. A number of attempts to organize a high school parli championship tournament have been made – National Parliamentary Caucus (2003–2005), NPDL Parli Grand Nationals (2006–2007) and IDEA Tournament of Champions (2005–2009, switched to world format in 2010). The current incarnation of such

2679-457: The style of parliamentary debate throughout Europe and the world. Today, many organisations at the secondary and tertiary levels of education, such as schools, colleges or debate-clubs sponsor parliamentary debate teams. In the 1980s, global debating championships such as the World Universities Debating Championship and related formats were established, which all use variants of the parliamentary style of debate. British Parliamentary debate

2736-459: The two benches, starting with the first government speaker, until all eight participants have spoken. Speeches are usually either five (secondary school level) or seven (university level) minutes in duration. The first speaker from each bench is known as the PM/LO . They are responsible for defining the key terminologies, explaining the background or status quo and establishing the characterisation of

2793-632: The week with a championship tournament at the end of the school year. High school parli is taught at several summer debate camps , including Stanford National Forensics Institute, ODI, CCPDI, and the POI Debate Institute at UC Berkeley. On the home school level, the home school debate league, Stoa , also promotes parliamentary debate in a number of its tournaments nationwide. Stoa also offers parliamentary debate at nationals ( NITOC ). The other home school debate league, NCFCA , does not offer parliamentary debate at any of its tournaments or

2850-431: Was also appointed as steward of Bradninch by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1587. By this time he was involved in the long task of organising and writing his historically-based description of his home county which he titled Synopsis Corographical of the county of Devon . He probably started work on this before his antiquary friend Richard Carew began writing his similar Survey of Cornwall . In writing his Synopsis , Hooker

2907-522: Was an English historian, writer, solicitor , antiquary , and civic administrator. From 1555 to his death he was Chamberlain of Exeter. He was twice MP for Exeter in 1570/1 and 1586, and for Athenry in Ireland in 1569 and wrote an influential treatise on parliamentary procedure. He wrote an eye-witness account of the siege of Exeter during the Prayer Book Rebellion in 1549. He spent several years in Ireland as legal adviser to Sir Peter Carew , and following Carew's death in 1575 wrote his biography. He

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2964-576: Was born the family had been prominent in Exeter for several generations. Hooker received an excellent classical education, reading Roman law at Oxford followed by a period in Europe studying with leading Protestant divines, notably Pietro Martire Vermigli . [I denounce those who chose] to supporte the authoritie of the Idoll of Rome whome they never sawe in contempte of their trewe & lawfull kinge, whom they knewe and oughte to obeye. —Hooker, on

3021-510: Was included within it and he contributed an updated history of Ireland, with parts of his Life of Carew and a translation of Expugnatio Hibernica ("Conquest of Ireland") by Gerald of Wales . In his Irish section, he made his religious and political sympathies very clear, repeatedly denouncing the Catholicism of the native Irish, seeing it as the cause both of their poverty and rebelliousness. Rome he described as "the pestilent hydra " and

3078-633: Was influenced by the style and structure of William Harrison's Description of England , which had been published in 1577 as part of the first edition of Holinshed's Chronicles . Although Hooker revised his Synopsis many times, he probably never completed it to his satisfaction. The work survives today as two almost identical manuscripts, one in the British Library the other in the Devon Record Office , which were used as source material for many later topographical descriptions of

3135-496: Was one of the editors of the second edition of Raphael Holinshed 's Chronicles , published in 1587. His last, unpublished and probably uncompleted work was the first topographical description of the county of Devon. He founded a guild of Merchant Adventurers under a charter from Queen Mary. He was the uncle of Richard Hooker , the influential Anglican theologian. Hooker was born at Bourbridge Hall in Exeter , Devon, England. He

3192-463: Was possibly ap-Howell . Jenaph's son Jago Vowell married Alice Hooker, daughter and heiress of Richard Hooker of Hurst Castle , Southampton. Thus, as was commonly required in former times on receipt of an inheritance, the Vowell family assumed the name Hooker in the 15th century, but frequently retained the earlier name; in fact, John Hooker was known as John Vowell for much of his life. By the time he

3249-548: Was the second son and eventual heir of Robert Vowell (d.1538) of Exeter alias Hooker by his third wife Agnes Dobell (or Doble), daughter of John Dobell of Woodbridge in Suffolk. His grandfather was John Vowell alias Hooker (d.1493), MP for Exeter . The earliest recorded member of the Vowell family was Jenaph (or Seraph ) Vowell of Pembroke in Wales, from whom John Hooker (d.1601) was 6th in descent. The original Welsh name

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