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66-468: Parma ( Italian: [ˈparma] ; Parmigiano : Pärma [ˈpɛːʁmɐ] ) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna known for its architecture , music , art, prosciutto (ham), cheese and surrounding countryside. With a population of 198,292 inhabitants, Parma is the second most populous city in Emilia-Romagna after Bologna, the region's capital. The city

132-411: A terramare . The "terramare" (marl earth) were ancient villages built of wood on piles according to a defined scheme and squared form; constructed on dry land and generally in proximity to the rivers. During this age (between 1500 BC and 800 BC) the first necropolis (on the sites of the present-day Piazza Duomo and Piazzale della Macina) were constructed. The city was most probably founded and named by

198-588: A brief but bloody conflict took place near Rome, just north of the Castel Sant'Angelo in the "prato Neronis" (prata S. Petri). The forces of Alexander II were defeated, and Honorius II took possession of the Leonine city and the precincts of St. Peter's Basilica . He did not enter the city of Rome, however, and did not hold his gains for long. A few days later, on the approach of the Duke of Lorraine, he withdrew to

264-464: A conjugated verb with n after the subject and the negative adverb after the conjugated verb, For example, the simple verbal negation is expressed by n before the finite verb (and any object pronouns) and the adverb miga after the finite verb. That is a feature it has in common with French , which uses ne and pas . Pas derives from the Latin passus "step", and miga "breadcrumb" also signifies

330-462: A number of European countries. Parma is twinned with: Parmigiano dialect The term dialetto , usually translated as dialect in English, is commonly used in reference to all local Romance languages native to Italy, many of which are not mutually intelligible with Standard Italian and all of which have developed from Vulgar Latin independently. Parmigiano is no exception and

396-568: A representative, the former monk of Cluny, Cardinal Stephen, to seek the permission of the emperor to conduct an election. After a five-day wait during which he was not received in audience, the Cardinal returned to Italy, without having received the congé d'élire . Three months after the death of Pope Nicholas, the reformists, who were still in Florence, then elected Pope Alexander II (1061–1073) on 30 September 1061. Alexander II (Anselm

462-617: A shield, or from its metaphorical function as a shield against the Gauls to the north, remains uncertain. The Roman colony was founded in 183 BC, together with Mutina ( Modena ); 2,000 families were settled. Parma had a certain importance as a road hub over the Via Aemilia and the Via Claudia. It had a forum, in what is today the central Garibaldi Square. In April 43 BC the city was destroyed. Subsequently Augustus rebuilt it. During

528-593: A small quantity (Ex. "A n'gh'o miga vist Zvan incó", meaning "I have not seen John today"). Here is a sample of Parmigiano, compared to Italian and English, but even within a dialect, there is variation. Antipope Honorius II Honorius II ( c. 1010 – 1072), born Pietro Cadalo (Latin Petrus Cadalus ), was an antipope from 1061 to 1072. He was born in the County of Verona , and became bishop of Parma in 1045. He died at Parma in 1072. Cadalo

594-409: A strong reputation in the scientific field, given that Fathers Giuseppe Biancani , Niccolò Cabeo and Mario Bettinus , all members of the order, taught there. The war to reduce the barons' power continued for several years: in 1612 Barbara Sanseverino was executed in the central square of Parma, together with six other nobles charged of plotting against the duke. At the end of the 17th century, after

660-642: A synod of his own, held at Parma shortly after Alexander's, he defied the excommunication, pointing out that he had been chosen by the German king acting as Roman patrician, while Alexander had been chosen neither by the clergy of Rome nor the Roman people, and had been intruded by the Normans, the enemies of the Roman people; Honorius levelled his own excommunication against Alexander. He gathered an armed force and once more proceeded to Rome, where he established himself in

726-703: A thriving economy, and the food sector is very developed. Some of the players in this sector include Barilla , which is based in the city. Chiesi Farmaceutici , in the pharma industry, is headquartered in Parma. The European Food Safety Authority is also based in Parma. Parma railway station is on the Milan–Bologna railway system. The Parma trolleybus system has been in operation since 1953. It replaced an earlier tramway network, and presently comprises four trolleybus routes. Aeroporto Internazionale di Parma , Parma's airport, offers commercial flights to cities in

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792-598: A treaty between Parma and Piacenza of 1149 is the earliest document of a comune headed by consuls . After the Peace of Constance in 1183 confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance, long-standing quarrels with the neighbouring communes of Reggio Emilia , Piacenza and Cremona became harsher, with the aim of controlling the vital trading line over the Po River . The struggle between Guelphs and Ghibellines

858-523: Is a Serie A (first division) football club. It replaced Parma F.C. , which went bankrupt in 2015. It plays in the city's Stadio Ennio Tardini , which opened in 1923 and seats up to 23,000. Parma's other sport team is the rugby union club Zebre which competes in Pro14 , one of the top rugby competitions in the world. Parma also is home to two rugby union teams in the top national division, Overmach Rugby Parma and SKG Gran Rugby . Parma Panthers

924-426: Is a synthetic language like Italian and French (but much less so than Classical Latin ) and shares several notable features with most other Romance languages : Nouns and most pronouns are inflected for number (singular or plural); adjectives , for the number and gender (masculine or feminine) of their nouns; personal pronouns , for person , number, gender, and case ; and verbs , for mood , tense , and

990-653: Is a variety of Emilian , not of Italian. Parmigiano is a dialect of Emilian , which is identified as "seriously endangered" by UNESCO. Emilian is part of the Gallo-Italic family, which also includes Romagnol , Piedmontese , Ligurian , and Lombard . Among these, Ligurian in particular has influenced Parmigiano. Parmigiano has much of the history as Emilian , but at some point, it diverged from other versions of that linguistic group. It now lies somewhere between Western Emilian, which includes Piacentino, and Central Emilian, which includes Reggiano and Modenese. Like

1056-516: Is home to the University of Parma , one of the oldest universities in the world. Parma is divided into two parts by the stream of the same name . The district on the west side of the river is Oltretorrente . Parma's Etruscan name was adapted by Romans to describe the round shield called Parma . Parma was already a built-up area in the Bronze Age . In the current position of the city rose

1122-467: Is mainly spoken in the province of Parma . The vocabulary and vowels vary across the region, particularly between the urban and rural dialects, as there was once little mobility from within to outside the city walls . The dialect spoken outside Parma is often called Arioso or Parmense within the city itself, but variation is less pronounced than it once was. The dialect spoken in Casalmaggiore in

1188-558: Is the Parma American football team which provided the basis for John Grisham 's book Playing for Pizza . Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi is the ground of rugby and American football teams. Pallavolo Parma and Parma Baseball are other sports teams in the city. Nino Cavalli Stadium is a baseball stadium located in Parma. It is the home stadium of Parma Baseball of the Italian Baseball League . Parma has

1254-473: Is written using the Latin alphabet , but spelling can vary within a dialect. It has never been standardised, and the language is rarely written. Still, a number of Parmigani-Italian dictionaries have been published. Angelo Mazza and translator Clemente Bondi were prolific writers of poetry in Parmigiano. Most of the works were first published in the late 1700s or the early to mid-1800s. Parmigiano

1320-634: The Etruscans , for a parma or palma (circular shield) was a Latin borrowing, as were many Roman terms for particular arms, and the names Parmeal , Parmni and Parmnial appear in Etruscan inscriptions. Diodorus Siculus reported that the Romans had changed their rectangular shields for round ones, imitating the Etruscans. Whether the Etruscan encampment acquired its name from its round shape, like

1386-631: The Holy Roman Empire created by Charlemagne , but locally ruled by its bishops, the first being Guibodus. In the subsequent struggles between the Papacy and the Empire, Parma was usually a member of the Imperial party. Two of its bishops became antipopes : Càdalo, founder of the cathedral, as Honorius II ; and Guibert, as Clement III . An almost independent commune was created around 1140;

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1452-699: The Lombard Kingdom of Italy. During the Middle Ages, Parma became an important stage of the Via Francigena , the main road connecting Rome to Northern Europe; several castles, hospitals and inns were built in the following centuries to host the increasing number of pilgrims who passed by Parma and Fidenza, following the Apennines via Collecchio, Berceto and the Corchia ranges before descending

1518-507: The Mediterranean Sea acting as a barrier to the sea air. The city receives approximately 45 cm of snow each winter. On 1 January 2016, there were 192,836 resident citizens in Parma, of whom 47.64% were male and 52.36% were female. Minors (children aged 18 and younger) totalled 16.46% of the population; this is compared to pensioners, who numbered 22.64%. This compares with the Italian average of 17.45% and 22.04% respectively. In

1584-471: The Province of Cremona to the north of Parma is closely related to Parmigiano. Parmigiano subdialects have three forms: An example of the variation is the word bombèn "very well". In 1861, the popular forms were moltbein and monbén , but it has also taken these forms: montben , mondbén , moltbén , moltbein , monbén , and mombén . In the "Western Parmigiano" it's used a variety of locutions with

1650-675: The Roman Empire , it gained the title of Julia for its loyalty to the imperial house. Attila sacked the city in 452, and the Germanic king Odoacer later gifted it to his followers. During the Gothic War , however, Totila destroyed it. It was then part of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna (changing its name to Chrysopolis , "Golden City", probably due to the presence of the imperial treasury) and, from 569, of

1716-586: The 19th century. Between the 14th and the 15th centuries, Parma was at the centre of the Italian Wars. The Battle of Fornovo was fought in its territory. The French held the city in 1500–1521, with a short Papal parenthesis in 1512–1515. After the foreigners were expelled, Parma belonged to the Papal States until 1545. In that year the Farnese pope, Paul III , detached Parma and Piacenza from

1782-764: The Botanical Garden were founded, together with the Royal Printing Works directed by Giambattista Bodoni , aided by the Amoretti Brothers as skilled and inspired punchcutters. During the Napoleonic Wars (1802–1814), Parma was annexed to France and made capital of the Taro Department . Under its French name, Parme, it was also created a duché grand-fief de l'Empire for Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance ,

1848-478: The Castel Sant'Angelo. The ensuing war between the rival Popes lasted for about a year. After a siege of two months, Honorius II withdrew from Rome and returned to Parma. He continued to act as the pope, however, celebrating masses, conducting ordinations, and issuing bulls and apostolic letters. The Council of Mantua, on Pentecost , 31 May 1064, ended the schism by formally declaring Alexander II to be

1914-557: The Elder, Bishop of Lucca ) had been one of the leaders of the reform party. He was able to enter Rome only through the violent support of Richard of Capua and his Norman soldiers. Twenty-eight days after Alexander II's election an assembly of German and Lombard bishops and notables opposed to the reform movement was brought together at Basel by the Empress Agnes as regent for her son, King Henry IV (1056–1105), and

1980-654: The Emperor's Arch-Treasurer, on 24 April 1808 (extinguished in 1926). After the restoration of the Duchy of Parma by the 1814–15 Vienna Congress , the Risorgimento 's upheavals had no fertile ground in the tranquil duchy. In 1847, after Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma 's death, it passed again to the House of Bourbon , the last of whom was stabbed in the city and left it to his widow, Luisa Maria of Berry. On 15 September 1859

2046-641: The German court and the advisers of the young German king, Henry IV. In Germany, meanwhile, a coup-d-état had taken place. Anno , the powerful Archbishop of Cologne , had seized the regency , and the Empress Agnes retired to the Abbey of Fruttuaria in Piedmont . The chief authority in Germany passed to Anno, who was hostile to Honorius II. Having declared himself against Cadalus, the new regent summoned

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2112-562: The German court by Bishop Dionysius of Piacenza and Bishop Gregory of Vercelli. He assumed the name of Honorius II. In 1061, after his return from Rome, Pope Honorius II celebrated a diocesan synod in Parma. In at the beginning of 1062, with the support of the Empress and the nobles, Honorius II and his forces marched towards Rome to claim the papal seat by force. Bishop Benzo of Alba helped his cause as imperial envoy to Rome. The army had advanced as far as Sutri by 25 March. On 14 April

2178-660: The Papal States and gave them as a duchy to his illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese , whose descendants ruled in Parma until 1731, when Antonio Farnese , last male of the Farnese line, died. In 1594 a constitution was promulgated, the University enhanced and the Nobles' College founded. There was also an important Jesuit college in Parma: it was the largest owned by the order in the entire region of Emilia-Romagna and it acquired

2244-628: The Passo della Cisa into Tuscany, heading finally south toward Rome. The city had a medieval Jewish community. The Palatine Library houses the largest collection of Hebrew manuscripts in Italy, and the second-largest in the world after the Bodleian Library in Oxford. Under Frankish rule, Parma became the capital of a county in 774. Like most northern Italian cities, it was nominally a part of

2310-570: The acts of the diet. On 1 May 1047, moreover, the Emperor granted the county of Parma to the Church of Parma and its bishop, Cadalo. In 1048, Bishop Cadalo obtained from Marchese Boniface, the Lord of Tuscany, confirmation of the grant of the monastery of S. Bartolomeo in Pistoia to the monastery of S. Giovanni Battista in Parma. In 1050, Bishop Cadalo attended the Roman synod of Pope Leo IX, which

2376-509: The bishops of Germany and Italy to the Council of Augsburg (Concilium Osboriense) (27 October 1062), and, in the presence of the young King Henry IV, declared Alexander to be the true pope and Cadalo a pretender. He secured the appointment of an envoy to be sent to Rome to investigate charges of simony against Alexander II. The envoy, who was Anno's nephew Burchard II , Bishop of Halberstadt , found no objection to Alexander II's election. With

2442-572: The city, in which a notable General Strike was declared from 1 May to 6 June 1908. The struggle with Fascism had its most dramatic moment in August 1922, when the regime officer Italo Balbo attempted to enter the popular quarter of Oltretorrente. The citizens organized into the Arditi del Popolo ("The people's daring ones") and pushed back the squadristi . This episode is considered the first example of Resistance in Italy. During World War II , Parma

2508-570: The control of Milan in 1341. After a short-lived period of independence under the Terzi family (1404–1409), the Sforza imposed their rule (1440–1449) through their associated families of Pallavicino , Rossi, Sanvitale and Da Correggio. These created a kind of new feudalism , building towers and castles throughout the city and the land. These fiefs evolved into truly independent states: the Landi governed

2574-590: The death of Pope Nicholas II (1059–1061) at Florence on 27 July 1061, two different groups initiated plans to choose a new pope. According to Cardinal Beno , the cardinals were aware of the ambitions of the Archdeacon Hildebrand, and immediately requested the Emperor Henry IV to name Bishop Cadalo of Parma as the new pope. The reformist cardinals met under the direction of Hildebrand (who later became Pope Gregory VII ), and sent

2640-607: The defeat of Pallavicini (1588) and Landi (1682) the Farnese duke could finally hold with firm hand all Parmense territories. The castle of the Sanseverino in Colorno was turned into a luxurious summer palace by Ferdinando Bibiena . In the Treaty of London (1718) it was promulgated that the heir to the combined Duchy of Parma and Piacenza would be Elisabeth Farnese 's elder son with Philip V of Spain , Don Carlos . In 1731,

2706-485: The dynasty was declared deposed, and Parma entered the newly formed province of Emilia under Luigi Carlo Farini . With the plebiscite of 1860 the former duchy became part of the unified Kingdom of Italy . The loss of the capital role provoked an economic and social crisis in Parma. It started to recover its role of industrial prominence after the railway connection with Piacenza and Bologna of 1859, and with Fornovo and Suzzara in 1883. Trade unions were strong in

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2772-622: The enterprise. Duke Godfrey of Tuscany and Spoleto arrived at the Milvian Bridge, a few miles north of the north gate of Rome in May 1062, thereby frustrating the efforts of the imperial agents. He induced both rivals to submit the decision about their legitimacy to the King's decision. Honorius II withdrew to Parma and Alexander II returned to his see in Lucca, pending Godfrey's mediation with

2838-474: The fifteen-year-old Don Carlos became Charles I Duke of Parma and Piacenza, at the death of his childless great uncle Antonio Farnese. In 1734, Charles I conquered the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, and was crowned as the King of Naples and Sicily on 3 July 1735, leaving the Duchy of Parma to his brother Philip (Filippo I di Borbone-Parma) . All the outstanding art collections of the duke's palaces of Parma, Colorno and Sala Baganza were moved to Naples . Parma

2904-402: The fortress of Flajanum. Honorius II was recognized as pope by the envoys of the eastern Emperor, Constantine X Doukas . They were in Italy to put together an alliance against the Normans and Alexander II, as part of the emperor's plan to reclaim Calabria for the empire. They had already been treating with the Romans and with the imperial legate Benizo, hoping to include the German emperor in

2970-413: The fourteen years between 2002 and 2016, the population of Parma experienced 17.72% growth, while Italy as a whole grew by 6.45%. In the same period foreign born residents in Parma experienced +385.02% growth, while in Italy growth was of +274.75%. The current birth rate of Parma is 8.62 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 8.01 births. As of 1 January 2016, 84.09% of

3036-510: The higher Taro 's valley from 1257 to 1682. The Pallavicino seignory extended over the eastern part of today's province, with the capital in Busseto . Parma's territories were an exception for Northern Italy, as its feudal subdivision frequently continued until more recent years. For example, Solignano was a Pallavicino family possession until 1805, and San Secondo belonged to the Rossi well into

3102-595: The important post of vicedomino of the Church of Verona, administrator of the possessions of the diocese. On 24 April 1046, Bishop Cadalo founded the monastery of S. Giorgio in Braida, on land which he had acquired the previous day in a transaction with Bishop Walter of Verona. Bishop Cadalo attended the diet held by the Emperor Henry III at Pavia in October 1046; even though he was accused of simony he signed

3168-406: The legitimate successor of St. Peter . Honorius II, however, maintained his claim to the papal chair to the day of his death. His successor, Evrardus (Heberardus) also rejected Gregory VII and maintained allegiance to Henry IV. He fought for Henry against Matilda of Tuscany , and joined the schism of Clement III (Bishop Wibert of Ravenna). Cadalus died in Parma in 1072, still maintaining that he

3234-543: The monument to Verdi . However, Parma did not see widespread destruction during the war. Parma was liberated from the German occupation (1943–1945) on 26 April 1945 by the partisan resistance and the Brazilian Expeditionary Force . In Parma, the average annual high temperature is 17 °C (63 °F), the annual low temperature is 9 °C (48 °F), and the annual precipitation is 777 millimetres (30.59 inches). The following data comes from

3300-441: The newly consecrated Pope Victor II, an appointee of the Emperor. Conferences began on 27 May in Florence, and the Emperor and Pope held a joint synod in Florence on 4 June. On 6 June the Emperor issued a privilege in favor of the Canons of Parma. Henry III died on 5 October 1056, leaving his crown to his ten-year-old son, Henry , under the regency of the Empress Agnes of Poitou . Victor II died on 28 July 1057. The city of Parma

3366-413: The other Emilian dialects, it has fewer speakers than ever because of political, social and economic factors, but La Repubblica has suggested that it is changing. It is still declining but more slowly, as parents are keen to preserve their ancestral roots. Its origins are with Gauls , who occupied the Parma area in around 400 BC , who had stayed there after the invasion of the Romans . The lexicon

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3432-418: The person and number of their subjects . Case is primarily marked using word order and prepositions , and certain verb features are marked using auxiliary verbs . Parmigiano expresses negation in two parts, with the particle n attached to the verb (often adding the pleonastic particle "gh") and one or more negative words ( connegatives ) that modify the verb or one of its arguments . Negation encircles

3498-460: The political change, Alexander II came to be recognized as the lawful pontiff by the German court. Alexander held a synod in Rome in the spring of 1063, during the Easter season, and had his rival, Cadalo (Honorius II), accused of simony (an old charge, dating back to 1045, and ignored repeatedly by popes and synods), seeking the papacy, attacking Rome, and counselling homicide; he was excommunicated . Honorius did not, however, abandon his claims. At

3564-699: The population was Italian . The largest foreign group came from other parts of Europe (namely Moldova , Romania , Albania , and Ukraine : 6.45%), followed by Sub-Saharan Africa (namely Ghana , Nigeria and Ivory Coast : 1.81%), North Africa (namely Morocco and Tunisia : 1.46%) and the Philippines : 1.33%. Parma is famous for its food and rich gastronomical tradition: two of its specialties are Parmigiano Reggiano cheese (also produced in Reggio Emilia ) and Prosciutto di Parma ("Parma ham"), both given Protected designation of origin status. Parma also claims several stuffed pasta dishes, such as tortelli d'erbetta and anolini in brodo . In 2004, Parma

3630-407: The post of Vicecomes (vice-count, viscount) of the city of Verona. Ingone was dead by 13 July 1028, on which date his sons and heirs, Cadalo, Erizo and Giovanni, purchased additional property. It is stated in the documents that Cadalo was already in the clerical state ("clericus"). By 3 September 1030, Cadalo had been ordained a subdeacon . He was a deacon by 31 July 1034. By 11 April 1041, he held

3696-458: The same meaning of bombèn , such as bèn a bota or bèn da bòn . Like other varieties of Emilian , Parmigiano is not recognised as a minority dialect in the European Union or in Italy . Since 27 June 2000, Italy has been a signatory of the Council of Europe 's European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , which aims to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe, but it has not ratified it. Parmigiano

3762-427: The weather station located at the university in the city center. It is affected by the urban heat island phenomenon. Parma has a mid-latitude , four-season humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa ) with heavy continental influences due to the city's inland position. Relatively nearby coastal areas like Genoa have far milder climates with cooler summers and milder winters, with the mountains separating Parma from

3828-447: Was a feature of Parma too. In 1213, her podestà was the Guelph Rambertino Buvalelli . Then, after a long stance alongside the emperors, the Papist families of the city gained control in 1248. The city was besieged in 1247–48 by Emperor Frederick II , who was however crushed in the battle that ensued. By 1328, Rolando de' Rossi was made signore of Parma. In 1331, the city submitted to King John of Bohemia . Parma fell under

3894-570: Was a strong centre of partisan resistance. The train station and marshalling yards were targets for high altitude bombing by the Allies in the spring of 1944. Much of the Palazzo della Pilotta , situated not far (half a mile) from the train station, was destroyed. Along with it the Teatro Farnese and part of the Biblioteca Palatina were destroyed by Allied bombs; some 21,000 volumes of the library's collection were lost. Several other monuments were also damaged: Palazzo del Giardino, Steccata and San Giovanni churches, Palazzo Ducale, Paganini theater and

3960-1285: Was appointed the seat of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and was appointed to the Creative Cities Network as UNESCO City of Gastronomy. Parma also has two food multinationals, Barilla and Parmalat , and a medium-large food tourism sector, represented by Parma Golosa and Food Valley companies. The comune (municipality) of Parma is subdivided into a number of frazioni : Alberi, Baganzola, Beneceto, Botteghino, Ca'Terzi, Calestano, Carignano, Carpaneto, Cartiera, Casalbaroncolo, Casalora di Ravadese, Casaltone, Case Capelli, Case Cocconi, Case Crostolo, Case Nuove, Case Rosse, Case Vecchie, Casino dalla Rosa, Casagnola, Castelletto, Castelnovo, Cervara, Chiozzola, Coloreto, Colorno, Corcagnano, Eia, Fontanini, Fontanellato,Fontevivo,Gaione, Ghiaiata Nuova, Il Moro, La Catena, La Palazzina, Malandriano, Marano, Marore, Martorano, Molino di Malandriano, Osteria San Martino, Panocchia, Paradigna, Pedrignano, Pilastrello, Pizzolese, Ponte, Porporano, Pozzetto Piccolo, Quercioli, Ravadese, Ronco Pascolo, Rosa, San Pancrazio , San Prospero, San Ruffino, San Secondo, Sissa, Soragna, Terenzo, Tizzano Val Parma, Traversetolo, Trecasali, Valera, Viarolo, Viazza, Vicofertile, Vicomero, Vigatto, Vigheffio, Vigolante. Parma Calcio 1913 , founded in 2015,

4026-406: Was devastated by a major fire on 10 August 1058. The cathedral was so badly damaged that it could not be repaired, and Bishop Cadalo therefore broke ground for a new cathedral in a different place. The residences of the canons of the cathedral were also destroyed, and Cadalo built new ones next to the new cathedral. The building was finally consecrated by Pope Paschal II on 4 November 1106. After

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4092-475: Was held at the Lateran Basilica from 29 April to 2 May. On 1 May he subscribed Pope Leo's letter to Bishop John, approving his transfer by the pope and synod from the diocese of Tusculum to the diocese of Porto. When the old bishop's house was destroyed by fire, Bishop Cadalo had a new episcopal palace built on a grander scale. It was in use by February 1055. In the spring of 1055, Bishop Cadalo accompanied Emperor Henry III on his visit to Tuscany, where they met

4158-459: Was presided over by the Imperial Chancellor Wilbert. The council annulled the electoral decree of Nicholas II, and excommunicated Anselm of Lucca. It was argued in the ensuing pamphlet war that a pope whose jurisdiction is universal should be elected not only by the Roman people but also by the Roman emperor. With the assent of the assembly, on 28 October 1061 Henry appointed the bishop of Parma, Cadalus, as pope. He had been principally recommended to

4224-445: Was the son of the Lombard Ingone, the son of Wicard, the son of Atone. The family may have originated at Monselice (39 miles, 63 km east-southeast of Verona), and entered the military service of the Count of Verona. In 992, Wicard is on record as owning the castle of Calmano, when he acquired territory at Lonigo in the County of Verona. His son Ingone acquired a house and other property in Verona in 1005, and in 1014 he had risen to

4290-544: Was therefore a type of Latin influenced by Gaulish . The Gauls, or Celts , left their mark on modern Parmigiano in some words today, such as gozèn "pig", scrana "chair" and sôga "rope". As a result of Spanish and especially French invasions, Parmigiani began to use words which came from a French language that had Latin roots. That is seen in tirabusòn "corkscrew" (similar to Modern French 's tire-bouchon ) vert "open" (French: ouvert ), pòmm da téra "potato" (French: pomme de terre ) and many other words. Parmigiano

4356-402: Was under French influence after the Peace of Aachen (1748). Parma became a modern state with the energetic action of prime minister Guillaume du Tillot . He created the bases for a modern industry and fought strenuously against the church's privileges. The city lived a period of particular splendour: the Biblioteca Palatina (Palatine Library), the Archaeological Museum, the Picture Gallery and

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