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108-507: Parque Tangamanga I was inaugurated in 1983 in the former Hacienda La Tenería. Parque Tangamanga II was the old airport of the city, and was turned into a park in 1985. Parque Tangamanga I is located in the south of the city. After Bosque de Chapultepec , it is the second largest urban park in Mexico at 411 hectares (1,020 acres). Parque Tangamanga II is located in the north of the city. A local television station, Canal 9, has been located in

216-616: A comeback at the park with the eradication and relocation of introduced species such as geese and ducks, which were aggressive to other species. The park hosts more than 100 species of this kind of bird, with some reproducing here for the first time in decades. Other native mammals returned in 2005, including the Virginia opossum and the cacomistle . In 2010, projects included renovating jogging tracks, and planting more than 800 trees, including acacia café , pino azul, pino peñonero, holm oak, pino moctezuma, pino prieto and grevilia, as well as

324-471: A few rides and is expected to open in the next few years. This section contains museums such as Papalote Museo del Niño and the Museo de Historia Natural ( es ). El Papalote Museo del Niño is an interactive children's museum which invites children to touch and manipulate the exhibits. The Cárcamo de Dolores hydraulic structure, found in this section, was built between 1942 and 1952 to capture water sent to

432-415: A landmark since the pre-Columbian era , when it became a retreat for Aztec rulers. In the colonial period, Chapultepec Castle was built here, eventually becoming the official residence of Mexico's heads of state. It would remain so until 1934, when Los Pinos , in another area of the park, became the presidential residence. Bosque de Chapultepec is divided into four sections, with the first section being

540-493: A major port city in the region. She was later purchased by a group of Chontal Maya who brought her to the town of Potonchán . It was here that Malinche started to learn the Chontal Maya language , and perhaps also Yucatec Maya . Her acquisition of the language later enabled her to communicate with Jerónimo de Aguilar , another interpreter for Cortes who also spoke Yucatec Maya, as well as his native Spanish. Motecuçoma

648-447: A monument near where the alleged remains of the cadets were found. A hundred years after the war, it is believed that Mexico's president, Miguel Alemán , planted the remains. This was to give more relevance to the patriotic story after a visit from then-president Harry Truman to honor the fallen 100 years after the war wasn't well received. The castle remained the official residence of Mexican presidents until 1940, when this function

756-511: A number of cultural events during the year. One of them is the performance of Swan Lake , which is conducted on a stage in Lago Menor. This performance has been given since 1978 in warmer months. Night tours by train that go around the park are popular around Christmas time, when many of the attractions are lit for the season. The Ballet Folklórico de México also holds performances on occasion at Chapultepec Castle. The second section of

864-450: A number of large fountains. The Quixote Fountain is surrounded by four benches covered in tile with images of Don Quixote . To the side of this plaza, there are two columns. On the right there is a figure of Quixote with the face of Salvador Dalí and on the other side, there is a depiction of Sancho Panza with the face of Diego Rivera . Both statues were made of bronze by José María Fernández Urbina . The Fuente de las Ranas (Fountain of

972-601: A past disease epidemic. One dead specimen is called the Ahuehuete of Moctezuma, commonly referred to as El Sargento (The Sargeant) or as the Centinela (Sentinel). The last two names were given by cadets of the Heroic Military Academy during the 19th century. The 500-year-old tree remains as a monument to the area's history, measuring 50 metres (160 ft) high, forty in circumference. Another tree of

1080-585: A point of reference for the group. From then on, Malinche worked with Aguilar to bridge communication between the Spaniards and the Nahua; Cortés would speak Spanish with Aguilar, who translated into Yucatec Maya for Malinche, who in turn translated into Nahuatl, before reversing the process. The translation chain grew even longer when, after the emissaries left, the Spaniards met the Totonac , whose language

1188-471: A powerful icon – understood in various and often conflicting aspects as the embodiment of treachery, the quintessential victim, or the symbolic mother of the new Mexican people . The term malinchista refers to a disloyal compatriot, especially in Mexico. Malinche is known by many names, though her birth name is unknown. Malinche was baptized in the Roman Catholic Church and given

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1296-456: A sculpture garden. It contains one of the leading collections of modern art of the 20th century of Mexico. Artists include Dr. Atl , Frida Kahlo , David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Remedios Varo . The Casa de Cultura Quinta Colorada was originally a former accommodation for the forest rangers of the area in the early 20th century. The house was made using European style architecture techniques. It hosts various cultural activities for visitors and has

1404-541: A small planetarium. At the foot of the Chapultepec Hill is an extension of the Museum of History called the Museo del Caracol (Snail Museum). This museum narrates the history of Mexico in the winding form of a snail, the shape of the building from which its name comes. The Luis Barragán House and Studio is the former home of architect Luis Barragán . The house was kept nearly intact since 1948, including

1512-514: A traitor but as a victim. Mexican feminists defended Malinche as a woman caught between cultures, forced to make complex decisions, who ultimately served as a mother of a new race. Today in Mexican Spanish, the words malinchismo and malinchista are used to denounce Mexicans who are perceived as denying their cultural heritage by preferring foreign cultural expressions. Some historians believe that La Malinche saved her people from

1620-475: A traitor—as may be assumed from a legend that she had a twin sister who went North, and from the pejorative nickname La Chingada associated with her twin. Feminist interventions into the figure of Malinche began in the 1960s. The work of Rosario Castellanos was particularly significant; Chicanas began to refer to her as a "mother" as they adopted her as symbolism for duality and complex identity. Castellanos's subsequent poem "La Mallinche" recast her not as

1728-530: Is also a carousel located in this area, having been relocated from the now defunct Charlestowne Mall in St. Charles, IL, after the mall closed down in 2017. The third section of the park is located on the west side of the second and was inaugurated in 1974. It has a surface area of 242.9 hectares. It is the least developed and least visited; it is filled with trees and wildlife. Although some recreational activities such as archery and horseback riding are practiced there,

1836-532: Is celebrated in Mexico as an example of exemplary patriotism. Many myths have been woven around the story of "los Niños Héroes," the most famous being that of Juan Escutia, who allegedly jumped to his death wrapped in the Mexican flag rather than surrendering to the American troops. Although this is the most commonly known version of the story, many historians believe it wasn't possible. The six cadets are honored by

1944-495: Is compared with La Llorona (folklore story of the woman weeping for lost children), and the Mexican soldaderas (women who fought beside men during the Mexican Revolution ) for their brave actions. La Malinche's legacy is one of myth mixed with legend and the opposing opinions of the Mexican people about the legendary woman. Some see her as a founding figure of the Mexican nation, while others continue to see her as

2052-733: Is considered the first and most important of Mexico City's "lungs", with trees that replenished oxygen to the Valley of Mexico . It is a large unpaved area that allows for aquifer recharge, ameliorates the "heat-island" effect, and attracts rain. It is a refuge for migratory birds from Canada, the U.S. and other regions of Mexico, including the Cooper hawk , the Harris's hawk , wild ducks, and Vireos, Warblers and Kingfishers. Anywhere from 20 to 60 species of birds can be found here during one morning birding, including some native non-migratory species such as

2160-419: Is divided into three sections, the first and oldest surrounded by fencing and closed at night, with the other two left open. It contains nine museums, amusement parks, winding paths, commemorative sculptures, lakes and fountains. Paseo de la Reforma passes most of the park and cuts through a portion on the north side. One of the park's main functions is to be an ecological space for Greater Mexico City . It

2268-476: Is even more interesting, both in the commentaries about her role, and in her prominence in the codex drawings made of conquest events. Although to some Marina may be known as a traitor, she was not viewed as such by all the Tlaxcalan. In some depictions they portrayed her as "larger than life," sometimes larger than Cortés, in rich clothing, and an alliance is shown between her and the Tlaxcalan instead of them and

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2376-509: Is her apparent ability to understand the courtly language of tecpillahtolli ("lordly speech"), a Nahuatl register that is significantly different from the commoner's speech and has to be learned. The fact that she was often referred to as a doña , at the time a term in Spain not commonly used when referring to someone outside of the aristocracy, indicates that she was viewed as a noblewoman. But she may have been given this honorific by

2484-557: Is home to a large number of Montezuma cypress , locally called "ahuehuete" trees, with some hundreds of years old. Many of them were planted by the Aztecs . There are also 165 other species, mostly in the third section. It is estimated by city authorities that MXN $ 100 million are needed annually to maintain the ecology of the park. For Mexico City residents, the park is valued as a cultural and historic area as well as green space. The area has vestiges showing human presence as far back as

2592-536: Is lined with bronze busts of famous literary figures. The pathway also has trees that are hundreds of years old. This section of the park also contains the geological formation that gave the park/forest its name: Chapultepec Hill. It is a formation of volcanic rock and andesite , which is common in the Valley of Mexico and contains small caves and sand deposits. "Chapultepec" in Nahuatl means "grasshopper hill" but it

2700-466: Is made up of white stucco structures; this architecture can be seen from Molino del Rey, a former millhouse and site of a battle of the Mexican–American War in 1847 . Los Pinos is on one edge of the park. The National Auditorium is one of Mexico City's principal arenas. It primarily hosts musical ensembles and dance troupes. Singers from Mexico and abroad perform there yearlong. The park hosts

2808-625: Is not clear whether the "Chapul" (grasshopper) part refers to the shape of the hill, or the abundance of grasshoppers in the surrounding woods. This hill was considered special during the pre-Hispanic period from the Toltecs in the 12th century to the Aztecs up to the time of the Conquest by the Spanish . Remains of a Toltec altar have been found at the top of the hill, a number of burials and its use

2916-625: Is probably derived from the Nahuatl root tene , which means "lip-possessor, one who speaks vigorously", or "one who has a facility with words", and postposition -pal , which means "through". Historian James Lockhart , however, suggests that Tenepal might be derived from tenenepil , "somebody’s tongue". In any case, Malintzin Tenepal appears to have been a literal translation of Spanish doña Marina la lengua , with la lengua , "the interpreter", literally meaning "the tongue", being her Spanish sobriquet . Since at least

3024-613: Is the Alcázar. In 1940, the president's residence was moved to the nearby Los Pinos complex, and the castle was converted into the National Museum of History , under the auspices of the federal government, along with the rest of the hill. The museum contains twelve rooms which are open to the public, many of which as they were when the Emperor Maximilian lived there. It also contains a collection of furniture from

3132-561: Is the Baths of Moctezuma, which was a systems of tanks, reservoirs, canals and waterfalls constructed by the Aztecs. The Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia has the park, as well as the Castle of Chapultepec on the hill, listed as Mexican heritage sites. They submitted the area for consideration as a World Heritage Site in 2001. The park received an estimated 15 million visitors each year, and daily visits exceed 250,000. Sunday

3240-492: Is the most developed area, and it has a wrought iron fence and gates that extend around its perimeter. These fences mostly separate it from the streets that form its boundaries: Avenida Constituyentes ( es ), Paseo de la Reforma, Calzada Chivatito, and the Anillo Periférico . The interior measures 274.03 hectares (677.1 acres), with 182 hectares (450 acres) of this being undeveloped green space. It contains most of

3348-405: Is the most popular day to visit because the museums are free, and visitors may spend the entire day in one or more sections viewing the attractions, picnicking, or grilling. Despite its local popularity, however, foreign visitors usually only see the small fraction of the park near the museums. The park is easy to get to via public transportation. Chapultepec metro station provides easy access to

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3456-477: The altepetl of Olutla was related to Tetiquipaque, although the nature of this relationship is unclear. In the Florentine Codex , Malinche's homeland is mentioned as "Teticpac", which is most likely the singular form of Tetiquipaque. Gómara writes that she came from "Uiluta" (presumably a variant of Olutla ). He departs from other sources by writing that it was in the region of Jalisco . Díaz, on

3564-941: The Casa del Lago , the National Auditorium , the Centro Cultural del Bosque ( es ), the National Museum of Anthropology , the Rufino Tamayo Museum , and the Museo de Arte Moderno (Modern Art Museum). It also contains the Chapultepec Zoo , the Jardín de la Tercera Edad, and the Audiorama. These are connected by various paved paths, many of which have names such as the Avenue of the Poets, which

3672-478: The Christian name " Marina ", often preceded by the honorific doña . The Nahua called her Malintzin , derived from Malina , a Nahuatl rendering of her Spanish name, and the honorific suffix -tzin . According to historian Camilla Townsend , the vocative suffix -e is sometimes added at the end of the name, giving the form Malintzine , which would be shortened to Malintze , and heard by

3780-738: The Imperial Gardens in Tokyo , and Central Park in New York City . The name "Chapultepec" means "at the grasshopper hill" in Nahuatl and refers to a large rock formation that is the center of the park's first section. Originally, this area was a forest outside of Tenochtitlan , once considered sacred in pre-Columbian times , but today it is entirely within the city (mostly in the borough of Miguel Hidalgo ), surrounded by some of its primary business and commercial districts. The park

3888-587: The Mexican Gulf Coast , became known for contributing to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519–1521), by acting as an interpreter, advisor, and intermediary for the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés . She was one of 20 enslaved women given to the Spaniards in 1519 by the natives of Tabasco . Cortés chose her as a consort, and she later gave birth to their first son, Martín – one of

3996-457: The Toltecs with a number ruins from the pre-Columbian through to the colonial period. Archeological studies have unearthed and identified tombs associated with Teotihuacan , a Toltec altar on the summit of Chapultepec Hill, remains of a colonial era aqueduct , paths associated with Nezahualcoyotl , and an area where Aztec priests ingested peyote as part of religious rites. One notable site

4104-590: The " Bosque de Chapultepec " (Chapultepec Forest) in Mexico City , is one of the largest city parks in Mexico, measuring in total just over 686 hectares (1,700 acres). Centered on a rock formation called Chapultepec Hill, one of the park's main functions is as an ecological space in Greater Mexico City . It is considered the first and most important of Mexico City's "lungs". The area encompassing modern-day Chapultepec has been inhabited and considered

4212-526: The 19th century, she was believed to have originally been named Malinalli , (Nahuatl for "grass"), after the day sign on which she was supposedly born. If so, Marina would have been chosen as her baptismal name because of its phonetic similarity. Modern historians have rejected such mythic suggestions, noting that the Nahua associate the day sign Malinalli with bad or "evil" connotations, and they are known to avoid using such day signs as personal names. Moreover, there would be little reason for

4320-533: The Aztec people enough time to adapt to new technology and methods of warfare. From that viewpoint, she is seen as one who betrayed the Indigenous people by siding with the Spaniards. Recently several feminist Latinas have decried such categorization as scapegoating . President José López Portillo commissioned a sculpture of Cortés, Doña Marina, and their son Martín, which was placed in front of Cortés' house in

4428-463: The Aztecs, who held a hegemony throughout the territory and demanded tribute from its inhabitants. Some Mexicans also credit her with having brought Christianity to the New World from Europe, and for having influenced Cortés to be more humane than he would otherwise have been. It is argued, however, that without her help, Cortés would not have been successful in conquering the Aztecs as quickly, giving

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4536-488: The Berylline Hummingbird, Lesser Goldfinch, House Finch, Rufous-backed Robin, Black-backed Oriole, Cinnamon-bellied Flowerpiercer and breeding colonies of Great Egret and Black-crowned Night Heron There are also more than a dozen species of reptiles and amphibians, and a number of species of various types that are in danger of extinction, including the axolotl , Goodeidae , and alandria moths. The park

4644-528: The Compositores, Xochipilli and Las Serpientes fountains. The area contains jogging trails, places for yoga and karate, and other exercise facilities on the tree areas. Around 1,000 people each day go to this section to exercise. The jogging trails were doubled from 2 km to 4 km in the late 2000s. One part of this section was dominated by the Feria de Chapultepec amusement park, located near

4752-475: The Conquest of New Spain"), speaks repeatedly and reverentially of the "great lady" Doña Marina (always using the honorific title Doña). "Without the help of Doña Marina", he writes, "we would not have understood the language of New Spain and Mexico." Rodríguez de Ocaña, another conquistador, relates Cortés' assertion that after God, Marina was the main reason for his success. The evidence from Indigenous sources

4860-637: The Franciscan hermitage was demolished to make way for the Chapultepec Castle, converting the hill and the forest around it into a summer retreat for colonial viceroys. The area was walled off from the general public and was the scene of elegant parties. After Mexico achieved independence in 1821, the Castle became the official residence of the head of state. A number of these, especially Emperor Maximilian I and his wife, embellished and expanded

4968-650: The Frogs) was created in the 1920s, by Miguel Alessio Robles in Seville , Spain. The Nezahualcoyotl Fountain was inaugurated in 1956. It measures 1,250 m (13,500 sq ft) and surrounds a statue of the Aztec ruler nine meters tall in black stone. Throughout the first section, there are different kinds of trees; the most common one is the Montezuma cypress, locally called "ahuehuetes". A number of these are hundreds of years old, although there are far fewer due to

5076-610: The Lago Mayor, just off the Anillo Periférico. The park had a capacity of 15,000 people and was visited by about two million each year. It includes several roller coasters, including the Quimera . The park closed in 2019 after a fatal incident on Quimera. The park will be replaced by Atzlan Parque Urbana, a more verdant park with a larger focus on live entertainment and themed to Mexico City's neighborhood. It will feature

5184-539: The Mexicans, or Aztecs arrived in the Valley of Mexico, it was inhabited by a people called the Tepanecas of Azcapotzalco . When the Aztecs took over the Valley of Mexico, they considered the hill as both a sacred and strategic site. They began to use the area as a repository for the ashes of their rulers, and the area's springs became an important source of fresh water for the capital of Tenochtitlan. Eventually,

5292-458: The Nahua audiences, she spoke rhetorically, formally, and high-handedly. This shift into formality gave the Nahua the impression that she was a noblewoman who knew what she was talking about. Malinche's image has become a mythical archetype that Hispanic American artists have represented in various forms of art. Her figure permeates historical, cultural, and social dimensions of Hispanic American cultures. In modern times and several genres, she

5400-406: The Spaniards and their allies, they later permitted the Spaniards to enter the city. The Tlaxcalans negotiated an alliance with the Spaniards through Malinche and Aguilar. Later Tlaxcalan visual records of this meeting feature Malinche as a prominent figure. She appears to bridge communication between the two sides, as the Tlaxcalan presented the Spaniards with gifts of food and noblewomen to cement

5508-434: The Spaniards as Malinche . Another possibility is that the Spaniards simply did not hear the “whispered” -n of the name Malintzin . The title Tenepal was often assumed to be part of her name. In the annotation made by Nahua historian Chimalpahin on his copy of Gómara's biography of Cortés, Malintzin Tenepal is used repeatedly about Malinche. According to linguist and historian Frances Karttunen , Tenepal

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5616-471: The Spaniards to ask the natives what their names were before they were christened with new names after Catholic saints. Malinche's birthdate is unknown, but it is estimated to be around 1500, and likely no later than 1505. She was born in an altepetl that was either a part of or a tributary of a Mesoamerican state whose center was located on the bank of the Coatzacoalcos River to

5724-562: The Spaniards. They respected and trusted her and portrayed her in this light generations after the Spanish conquest. In the Lienzo de Tlaxcala (History of Tlaxcala) , for example, not only is Cortés rarely portrayed without Marina poised by his side, but she is shown at times on her own, seemingly directing events as an independent authority. If she had been trained for court life, as in Díaz's account, her relationship with Cortés may have followed

5832-552: The Spanish because of recognition of her important role in the conquest. Malinche was probably between the ages of 8 and 12 when she was either sold or kidnapped into slavery. Díaz wrote that after her father's death, she was given away to merchants by her mother and stepfather so that their son (Malinche's halfbrother) would have the rights of an heir . Scholars, historians, and literary critics alike have cast doubt upon Díaz's account of her origin, in large part due to his strong emphasis on Catholicism throughout his narration of

5940-537: The Spanish commitment to them. The combined forces reached Tenochtitlan in early November 1519, where they were met by Moctezuma on a causeway leading to the city. Malinche was in the middle of this event, translating the conversation between Cortés and Moctezuma. Gomara writes that Moctezuma was "speaking through Malinche and Aguilar", although other records indicate that Malinche was already translating directly, as she had quickly learned some Spanish herself. Moctezuma's flowery speech, delivered through Malinche at

6048-614: The Tlaxpana aqueduct, which measured three km. During the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, one of the last battles between the Spanish and ruler Cuauhtémoc occurred at Chapultepec Hill in 1521. Shortly thereafter, the Franciscans built a small hermitage over the indigenous altar on Chapultepec Hill. Hernán Cortés appropriated Chapultepec and granted the northern portion to Captain Juan Jaramillo, who would become

6156-564: The Valley of Mexico from the Lerma River basin in the Toluca Valley . The major parts open to the public consist of a pavilion, covered with an orange half cupola and a fountain with an image of Tlaloc . Originally, the water was stored underground and pumped to the surface when needed. The main building has serpent heads on the four corners and there is a mural painted by Diego Rivera called El agua: origen de la vida . In 2010,

6264-519: The alliance. After several days in Tlaxcala, Cortés continued the journey to Tenochtitlan by the way of Cholula . By then he was accompanied by a large number of Tlaxcalan soldiers. The Spaniards were received at Cholula and housed for several days. The explorers claimed that the Cholulans stopped giving them food, dug secret pits, built a barricade around the city, and hid a large Aztec army in

6372-417: The area became a retreat strictly limited to the ruling and religious elite. In the 1420s, ruler Nezahualcoyotl was the first to build a palace in the area. Moctezuma II built reservoirs to raise exotic fish and to store water. He also had trees and plants from various parts of the Aztec Empire planted here. In 1465, Moctezuma I ordered his portrait carved into a rock at the foot of the hill and constructed

6480-526: The area since at least the pre-Classic period. The first identified culture archaeologists have evidence for is the Toltecs. The Toltecs named the area "grasshopper hill", which would later become Nahuatl "Chapoltepēc" ("at the grasshopper hill"). Remains of a Toltec altar have been found on the hill's summit. In the Classic Period, the area was occupied by people of the Teotihuacan culture. When

6588-886: The best known of the park's attractions, such as the Lago Menor (Small Lake), the Nezahuacoyotl Fountain, the Fuente de las Ranas, the Quixote Fountain, the Templanza Fountain, the Altar a la Patria, the Obelisco a los Niños Héroes , the Monumento a las Águilas Caídas (Monument to Fallen Eagles), The Ahuehuete, and the Baths of Moctezuma. The best-known museums in the park are in this section, including Museo Nacional de Historia-Chapultepec Castle ,

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6696-485: The castle as well as the forest area around it. The Hill was also the site of the Battle of Chapultepec in 1847, between Mexican and U.S. troops led by General Winfield Scott . Once the overwhelming attack was imminent, a band of cadets was ordered to retreat by their superiors, but they chose to stay and defend the castle. Six of them died in the battle, leading them to be known as "los Niños Héroes," and their story

6804-424: The colonial period to the 19th century, utensils, suits, coins, manuscripts, sculptures in clay ivory and silver, and many other art works. A number of items belonged to figures such as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , José María Morelos y Pavón , Agustín de Iturbide , Benito Juárez , Emiliano Zapata , and others. In addition, there are murals by José Clemente Orozco , David Alfaro Siqueiros and Juan O'Gorman . At

6912-461: The east of the Aztec Empire. Records disagree about the exact name of the altepetl where she was born. In three unrelated legal proceedings that occurred not long after her death, various witnesses who claimed to have known her personally, including her daughter, said that she was born in Olutla . The probanza of her grandson also mentioned Olutla as her birthplace. Her daughter added that

7020-415: The events. In particular, historian Sonia Rose de Fuggle analyzes Díaz's over-reliance on polysyndeton (which mimics the sentence structure of many Biblical stories) as well as his overarching portrayal of Malinche as an ideal Christian woman. But Townsend believes that it was likely that some of her people were complicit in trafficking her, regardless of the reason. Malinche was taken to Xicalango,

7128-514: The familiar pattern of marriage among native elite classes. The role of the Nahua wife acquired through an alliance would have been to assist her husband achieve his military and diplomatic objectives. Today's historians give great credit to Marina's diplomatic skills, with some "almost tempted to think of her as the real conqueror of Mexico." Old conquistadors on various occasions recalled that one of her greatest skills had been her ability to convince other natives of what she could perceive, that it

7236-611: The first Mestizos (people of mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry) in New Spain . La Malinche's reputation has shifted over the centuries, as various peoples evaluate her role against their own societies' changing social and political perspectives. Especially after the Mexican War of Independence , which led to Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821, dramas, novels, and paintings portrayed her as an evil or scheming temptress. In Mexico today, La Malinche remains

7344-406: The first section of the park was closed for renovations, effectively evicting all vendors from the area. When it reopened months later, permits for selling were strictly limited, and police began to crack down on vendors in the park. However, some vendors continue to operate illegally and exchange information on the police's steps with radio communication equipment. At the entrances to the park, where

7452-401: The foot of the hill, there is a large monument to the Niños Héroes (also called the Altar a la Patria), who reportedly threw themselves to their death at the Castle rather than surrendering to invading US troops in 1847 . This monument consist of six marble columns surrounding a mausoleum with the remains of the six cadets, and a figure of a woman who represents Mexico. The Chapultepec Zoo is

7560-471: The husband of La Malinche . However, in 1530, Charles V decreed the area as the property of the Mexico City and open to it to the public. The Spanish continued to use the Aztec aqueduct, but in 1771, another one was deemed necessary for the growing population of Mexico City. The Chapultepec aqueduct led water from the springs of the forest to an area in what was the south of the city, called Salto del Agua. It flowed over 904 arches and 3,908 meters. In 1785,

7668-421: The importance of this area is primarily as an ecological preserve for various species of flora and fauna, such as snakes and lizards. In 1992, it was decreed as a Protected Natural Area. In 2010, there were reports of feral dogs attacking visitors in the third section. Approximately 150 feral dogs were living in the small canyon areas of this section that year. The fourth section is the westernmost zone and it

7776-470: The invasion of Tenochtitlan, worked with the Tlaxcalans to coordinate the massacre. Cholula had supported Tlaxcala before joining the Aztec Empire one or two years prior, and losing them as an ally had been a severe blow to the Tlaxcalans. Their state was now completely encircled by the Aztecs. Hassig and other historians assert that Tlaxcalans considered the attack on the Cholulans as a "litmus test" of

7884-528: The large mestizo population that developed in Mesoamerica . For the conquistadores , having a reliable interpreter was important enough, but there is evidence that Marina's role and influence were larger still. Bernal Díaz del Castillo , a soldier who, as an old man, produced the most comprehensive of the eye-witness accounts, the Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España ("True Story of

7992-505: The major pre-Hispanic civilizations in Mexico, including the Aztec, Maya , Toltec, and Olmec . The permanent collection is quite large, and many visitors spend several hours seeing it. There are also temporary exhibits displayed year-round. The Rufino Tamayo Museum is in the first section on Paseo de la Reforma. The permanent collection mostly focuses on the namesake, but there are also works by other Mexican and foreign artists that Tamayo donated. During his lifetime, Tamayo collected one of

8100-610: The meeting, has been claimed by the Spaniards to represent a submission, but this interpretation is not followed by modern historians. The deferential nature of the speech can be explained by Moctezuma's usage of tecpillahtolli , a Nahuatl register known for its indirection and complex set of reverential affixes. Despite Malinche's apparent ability to understand tecpillahtolli , it is possible that some nuances were lost in translation. The Spaniards, deliberately or not, may have misinterpreted Moctezuma's words. Tenochtitlán fell in late 1521 and Marina's son by Cortes, Martín Cortés

8208-459: The most important Mexican species at the facility include a rabbit native to only a few volcanoes in Mexico, the volcano rabbit , the Mexican wolf , ocelot , jaguar and axolotl . Today, it has 16,000 animals of 270 species, separated into four sections according to habitat: tropical forest, temperate forest, desert, and grassland. About one third of the animals are native to Mexico. Most of

8316-445: The most important collections of 20th-century art, which included art works from Andy Warhol , Picasso , Miró , Fernando Botero , Magritte , and about 100 others. The Museo de Arte Moderno (Museum of Modern Art) is located on Paseo de la Reforma and Calle Gandhi, and it hosts various temporary exhibits. The museum's complex was constructed using modern architecture techniques, which consisted of two circular buildings surrounding

8424-415: The most visited attraction of the park, especially on Sundays. It is estimated that half of all park visitors come to the zoo. The zoo was established by Alfonso L. Herrera , a biologist, and opened in 1924. Herrera's intention was to reestablish the zoo tradition of the old Aztec emperors and improve upon it. He began with species native to Mexico and then added others from the rest of the world. He modeled

8532-474: The mountain town of Orizaba in central Mexico, she married Juan Jaramillo, a Spanish hidalgo . Some contemporary scholars have estimated that she died less than a decade after the conquest of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, at some point before February 1529. She was survived by her son Don Martín, who would be raised primarily by his father's family, and a daughter Doña María, who would be raised by Jaramillo and his second wife Doña Beatriz de Andrada. Although Martín

8640-625: The museums in the first section are located along Paseo de la Reforma. Of all of the museums in the park, the most famous is the National Museum of Anthropology, considered one of the most famous archeological museums in the world. The museum has a number of antecedents beginning from the colonial period, but the current institution was created in the 1960s with the building and grounds designed by architect Pedro Ramírez Vázquez . This museum has an area of 44,000 m (470,000 sq ft) and 25 exhibit halls with sections devoted to each of

8748-529: The official residence of Mexico's heads of state, including the Emperor Maximilian , who had the Paseo de la Reforma built to connect this area with the historic center of the city. During this time, the Castle and the gardens around it were enlarged and embellished a number of times, giving the Castle a floorspace of 10,000 m (110,000 sq ft). The most outstanding of the patios and garden

8856-561: The oldest and most visited. This section contains most of the park's attractions, including the castle, the Chapultepec Zoo , the Museum of Anthropology , and the Rufino Tamayo Museum , among others. It receives an estimated 15 million visitors per year. This prompted the need for major rehabilitation efforts that began in 2005 and ended in 2010. The government has authorized the construction of business, offices, and big parking lots for cars. According to studies, there has been human presence in

8964-451: The other hand, gives "Painalla" as her birthplace. Her family is reported to have been of noble background; Gómara writes that her father was related to a local ruler, while Díaz recounts that her parents were rulers. Townsend notes that while Olutla at the time probably had a Popoluca -speaking majority, the ruling elite, which Malinche supposedly belonged to, would have been Nahuatl-speaking. Another hint that supports her noble origin

9072-460: The outskirts to prepare for an attack against the Spaniards. Somehow, the Europeans learned of this and, in a preemptive strike , assembled and massacred the Cholulans . Later accounts claimed that Malinche had uncovered the plot. According to Díaz, she was approached by a Cholulan noblewoman who promised her a marriage to the woman's son if she were to switch sides. Pretending to go along with

9180-417: The park from Mexico City Metro Metro Line 1 and Mexico City Metrobús Line 7 , while Constituyentes metro station and Auditorio metro station provide access from Mexico City Metro Line 7 . There is also access have stations at park entrances to the east and south respectively. Several bus lines along Paseo de la Reforma. The oldest and most visited portion of the park is called the "first section". It

9288-547: The park since 2002. The Autódromo is a permanent motor racing circuit located on the old airport runway. The track is 2,300 km (1,400 mi) long. It has been the venue for many national racing events, including Desafío Corona , Copa Pirelli, LATAM Challenge Series , Super Copa Telcel and CARreras . As of March 2019, the fastest official race lap records at the Autódromo San Luis 400 are listed as: Chapultepec Chapultepec , more commonly called

9396-486: The park was closed section by section for restoration and rehabilitation projects. The first section was closed for eight months in 2005, for work that included dredging lakes, pruning and removing trees, picking up tons of debris, and expelling hundreds of vendors. Shortly thereafter, projects on the second and third sections of the park began, mostly to control or eliminate rats, feral dogs and cats, pigeons, and other introduced species. In 2005, migratory birds began to make

9504-575: The park was created in 1964 by expanding over former farmlands. This section is separated by Anillo Periférico road and measures 160.02 hectares. It is not as developed as the first section, but it is also dedicated to recreational activities. Lago Mayor overlaps with the second section; this part of the lake contains the Monumental Fountain, the largest one in Latin America. It is surrounded by several restaurants and cafés. Nearby are

9612-720: The removal of dead or severely infected trees. These rehabilitation efforts of the 2000s were funded by a combination of government and private funds from groups like Probosque. Chapultepec Park is the second largest city park in Latin America , after the Santiago Metropolitan Park in Chile , measuring in total just over 686 hectares (1,700 acres). It is classed as one of the world's largest and most visited urban parks, along with Bois de Boulogne in Paris ,

9720-707: The second section of the park underwent rehabilitation, funded in part by a private charity group called Probosque de Chapultepec. Most of the work was done on the jogging track, the Tlaloc Fountain, the Cárcamo de Dolores building, the El agua: origen de la vida mural, and the construction of an agora . These works together form the Museo Jardín del Agua (Water Garden Museum). In addition, a large number of dead trees were removed and about 800 new ones planted. There

9828-399: The species, still living, is El Tlatoani, which is more than 700 years old and is the oldest tree in the park. In addition to these trees, there are sequoias, cedars, palms, poplars , pines, ginkgos , and more. Los Pinos has been the official residence of the presidents of Mexico since 1941. Though the presidential residence is inside the park, there is no public access to it. The residence

9936-563: The suggestion, Malinche was told about the plot and later reported all the details to Cortés. In later centuries, this story has often been cited as an example of Malinche's "betrayal" of her people. But modern historians such as Hassig and Townsend have suggested that Malinche's "heroic" discovery of the purported plot was likely already a fabricated story intended to provide Cortés with political justification for his actions, to distant Spanish authorities. In particular, Hassig suggests that Cortés, seeking stronger native alliances leading to

10044-551: The town of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz to be freed from the legal restriction of what was supposed to be an exploratory mission, the Spaniards stayed for two months in a nearby Totonac settlement. They secured a formal alliance with the Totonac and prepared for a march toward Tenochtitlan. The first major polity that they encountered on the way to Tenochtitlan was Tlaxcala . Although the Tlaxcaltec were initially hostile to

10152-469: The vendor restrictions are not in place, some vendors sometimes block the entrances and cover signs so that visitors are forced to pass through their stands. Maintenance issues have closed parts of the park from time to time. In 1985, the park was closed to exterminate rats and other pests. In 2005, the park was filled with trees in poor condition, had scum in the lakes, and had trash piles in several locations, including fountains. From that year until 2010,

10260-418: The workshop. It also exhibits artworks from the 19th and 20th century. One of the most popular features in the first section is an artificial lake called the Lago Menor (Smaller Lake). It is one of two lakes in the park; the larger one, Lago Mayor, is in the second section. Lagor Menor, however, attracts more visitors than the other. Visitors can rent paddleboats and small rowboats at the lake. The Lago Menor

10368-531: The zoo after the Bioparco di Roma in Rome, Italy. Between 1950 and 1960, the zoo expanded and added new species. In 1975, the zoo obtained two pandas from China. Since then, at least eight panda cubs have been born at the zoo, making it the first institution outside of China to breed the species. From 1992 to 1994, the zoo was completely remodeled, categorizing exhibits by habitat rather than type of species. Some of

10476-413: Was Cortés's first-born son and eventual heir, his relation to Marina was poorly documented by prominent Spanish historians such as Francisco López de Gómara . He never referred to Marina by name, even in her work as Cortés's translator. Even during Marina's lifetime, she spent little time with Martín. But many scholars and historians have marked her multiracial child with Cortés as the symbolic beginning of

10584-603: Was a first cousin to the count of Cortés's hometown, Medellín . Malinche's language skills were discovered when the Spaniards encountered the Nahuatl-speaking people at San Juan de Ulúa . Moctezuma's emissaries had come to inspect the peoples, but Aguilar could not understand them. Historian Gómara wrote that, when Cortés realized that Malinche could talk with the emissaries, he promised her "more than liberty" if she would help him find and communicate with Moctezuma. Cortés took Malinche from Puertocarrero. He

10692-481: Was born in 1522. During this time Malinche or Marina stayed in a house Cortés built for her in the town of Coyoacán, eight miles south of Tenochtitlán. The Aztec capital city was being redeveloped to serve as Spanish-controlled Mexico City. Cortés took Marina to help quell a rebellion in Honduras in 1524–1526 when she again served as interpreter (she may have known Mayan languages beyond Chontal and Yucatec). While in

10800-575: Was confronted by the Maya at Potonchán. In the ensuing battle, the Mayas suffered significant loss of lives and asked for peace. In the following days, they presented the Spaniards with gifts of food and gold, as well as twenty enslaved women, including Malinche. The women were baptized and distributed among Cortés's men, who expected to use them as servants and sexual objects. Malinche was given to Alonso Hernández Puertocarrero , one of Cortés' captains. He

10908-520: Was created in the late 19th century, when the first section (then the entire park) was redesigned. At the same time Lago Menor was created, the Casa del Lago was constructed. It is shallow with an average depth of a little over one meter. The Casa del Lago, also called the Restaurante del Lago, is now a restaurant that serves continental food and some Mexican dishes. In addition to the lake, there are

11016-466: Was inaugurated in 2021. It has a surface of 74 hectares. It was donated by the SEDENA . 19°24′47″N 99°11′52″W  /  19.41306°N 99.19778°W  / 19.41306; -99.19778 La Malinche Marina [maˈɾina] or Malintzin [maˈlintsin] ( c. 1500 – c. 1529), more popularly known as La Malinche [la maˈlintʃe] , a Nahua woman from

11124-407: Was later given another Indigenous woman before he returned to Spain. Aided by Aguilar and Malinche, Cortés talked with Moctezuma's emissaries. The emissaries also brought artists to make paintings of Malinche, Cortés, and the rest of the group, as well as their ships and weapons, to be sent as records for Moctezuma. Díaz later said that the Nahua addressed Cortés as "Malinche"; they took her as

11232-471: Was moved to the Los Pinos residence, and the Castle was converted into a museum. Since then, the park has been expanded twice, adding the second section in 1964 and the third section ten years later. Since then, the focus has been on the maintenance of the area. By 1998, the paths of the park, especially in the first section, were saturated with over 3,000 peddlers with few regulations or norms. In 2005,

11340-448: Was not understood by either Malinche or Aguilar. There, Malinche asked for Nahuatl interpreters. Karttunen remarks that "it is a wonder any communication was accomplished at all", for Cortés' Spanish words had to be translated into Maya, Nahuatl, and Totonac before reaching the locals, whose answers went back through the same chain. Meeting with the Totonac was how the Spaniards first learned of opponents to Moctezuma. After founding

11448-530: Was reserved only for Aztec emperors and other elite. After the Conquest, a small chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael was built on the hill by Claudio de Arciniega in the middle of the 16th century. In the 18th century, the Spanish built the Chapultepec Castle, which initially was a summer retreat for viceroys . After the Independence , the Castle remained for the elite, becoming

11556-508: Was told how the Spaniards were bringing along with them a Mexica [Nahuatl-speaking] Indian woman called Marina, a citizen of the settlement of Teticpac, on the shore of the North Sea [Caribbean], who served as interpreter and said in the Mexican language everything that Captain don Hernando Cortés told her to. — Report from the emissaries to Moctezuma. Florentine Codex , Book XII, Chapter IX Early in his expedition to Mexico , Cortés

11664-536: Was useless in the long run to stand against Spanish metal (arms) and Spanish ships. In contrast to earlier parts of Díaz del Castillo's account, after Marina began assisting Cortés, the Spanish were forced into combat on one more occasion. Had La Malinche not been part of the Conquest of Mexico for her language skills, communication between the Spanish and the Indigenous peoples would have been much harder. La Malinche knew how to speak in different registers and tones among certain Indigenous tribes and classes of people. For

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