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39-582: Formed by the confluence of Toongabbie Creek and Darling Mills Creek at North Parramatta , the river flows in an easterly direction to a line between Yurulbin in Birchgrove and Manns Point in Greenwich . Here it flows into Port Jackson, about 21 kilometres (13 mi) from the Tasman Sea . The total catchment area of the river is approximately 252.4 square kilometres (97.5 sq mi) and

78-602: A tripoint . Various examples are found in the list below. A number of major cities, such as Chongqing , St. Louis , and Khartoum , arose at confluences; further examples appear in the list. Within a city, a confluence often forms a visually prominent point, so that confluences are sometimes chosen as the site of prominent public buildings or monuments, as in Koblenz , Lyon , and Winnipeg . Cities also often build parks at confluences, sometimes as projects of municipal improvement, as at Portland and Pittsburgh . In other cases,

117-610: A champion sculler of his day, in the river at Henley. Some of the school rowing sheds are: There are also a number of rowing clubs: While a number of regattas are still held on the river each year, mainly in Iron Cove and Hen and Chicken Bay , many of the major regattas are now held at the Sydney International Regatta Centre (SIRC), adjacent to the Nepean River , where rowing was held for

156-414: A confluence can be divided into six distinct features which are commonly called confluence flow zones (CFZ). These include The broader field of engineering encompasses a vast assortment of subjects which concern confluences. In hydraulic civil engineering , where two or more underground culverted / artificially buried watercourses intersect, great attention should be paid to the hydrodynamic aspects of

195-630: A confluence is an industrial site, as in Philadelphia or Mannheim . Often a confluence lies in the shared floodplain of the two rivers and nothing is built on it, for example at Manaus , described below. One other way that confluences may be exploited by humans is as sacred places in religions . Rogers suggests that for the ancient peoples of the Iron Age in northwest Europe, watery locations were often sacred, especially sources and confluences. Pre-Christian Slavic peoples chose confluences as

234-482: A corresponding shift in habitat characteristics." Another science relevant to the study of confluences is chemistry , because sometimes the mixing of the waters of two streams triggers a chemical reaction, particularly in a polluted stream. The United States Geological Survey gives an example: "chemical changes occur when a stream contaminated with acid mine drainage combines with a stream with near-neutral pH water; these reactions happen very rapidly and influence

273-557: A larger river ( main stem ); or where two streams meet to become the source of a river of a new name (such as the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, forming the Ohio River ); or where two separated channels of a river (forming a river island ) rejoin at the downstream end. The point of confluence where the channel flows into a larger body of water may be called the river mouth . Confluences are studied in

312-537: A place for trade. The river was formed 15 to 29 million years ago as its waters began to cut a valley into sandstone and shale . The headwaters of the Parramatta River are formed by the confluence of Darling Mills Creek and Toongabbie Creek . The point of the confluence lies on the northern border of the grounds of Cumberland Hospital . It also lies on the boundary of the suburbs of Westmead , Northmead , and North Parramatta . Waterways flowing into

351-443: A variety of sciences. Hydrology studies the characteristic flow patterns of confluences and how they give rise to patterns of erosion, bars, and scour pools. The water flows and their consequences are often studied with mathematical models . Confluences are relevant to the distribution of living organisms (i.e., ecology ) as well; "the general pattern [downstream of confluences] of increasing stream flow and decreasing slopes drives

390-483: Is exposed at low tide. Moorings and jetties are the responsibility of Transport for NSW , who are also responsible for the management of the Harbour and river seabed. Many bays contain swing moorings, mostly privately owned, but some associated with commercial marinas. Along the Parramatta River many hands have made lighter work, in the community-wide effort to make the entire river swimmable again by 2025, starting with

429-690: Is fed by a number of small creeks and stormwater drains. The waters are controlled by a series of weirs : the weir at the edge of the hospital grounds, the Kiosk Weir in Parramatta Park, the Marsden Street Weir, and the Charles Street Weir at the ferry wharf. The weirs have been equipped with fish ladders . Kiosk Weir and Charles Street Weir also include footbridges enabling a crossing of the river. Historically,

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468-402: Is subject to a long range Catchment Management Plan. The Government has almost eliminated local representation by eliminating the former local catchment management boards. The New South Wales Government has a documented policy in relation to access to the harbour and river foreshores, including public access to intertidal lands where landowners have absolute waterfronts but where the waterfront

507-690: Is tidal to Charles Street Weir in Parramatta, approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the Sydney Heads . The land adjacent to the Parramatta River was occupied for many thousands of years by Aboriginal peoples of the Wallumettagal nations and the Wangal , Toongagal (or Tugagal), Burramattagal, and Wategora clans of the Darug people. They used the river as an important source of food and

546-774: Is used to describe the meeting of tidal or other non-riverine bodies of water, such as two canals or a canal and a lake. A one-mile (1.6 km) portion of the Industrial Canal in New Orleans accommodates the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal ; therefore those three waterways are confluent there. The term confluence can also apply to the process of merging or flowing together of other substance. For example, it may refer to

585-637: The 2000 Summer Olympics . Early GPS Schoolboy Head of the River races were held on the Parramatta River before moving to the Nepean River and later SIRC. Most rowing training is done in the middle to upper reaches of the river between Abbotsford and Homebush Bay because there is less water traffic and therefore less waves and more protection from wind. Rowing also takes place in the Lane Cove River and Iron Cove which have less traffic. Much of

624-534: The Carlingford railway line [REDACTED] (Putney Punt) Until 1970 the river was an open drain for Sydney's industry and consequently the southern central embayments are contaminated with a range of heavy metals and chemicals. The Northern Bays are less affected as the Sydney Harbour Bridge was not completed until 1932 and so industrial development was already well established on

663-626: The Parramatta River west of the Harbour Bridge, which remained in place until 2011. The Parramatta River is one of the few significant coastal rivers in New South Wales which has not been the subject of an investigation by the Healthy Rivers Commission. The Cooks River and Botany Bay have been subject to such an investigation. Some have campaigned for a Healthy Rivers Commission inquiry to bring together all

702-494: The Parramatta River, west–to–east include: From its start at the confluence of Toongabbie Creek and Darling Mills Creek at North Parramatta, the river flows in a southerly direction through the grounds of Cumberland Hospital . Entering Parramatta Park , it then turns east and flows through the Parramatta CBD. Both banks are largely open to the public, with parkland and walkways, downstream to James Ruse Drive . The river

741-457: The Parramatta river system. The main contaminated areas of the Parramatta River are: Water quality is monitored by the Office of Environment and Heritage (New South Wales) (OEH) for faecal coliforms and e. coli , but only as far west as Cabarita . OEH does not monitor water quality further west on the river, despite increasing development and the use of the river for recreational boating. In

780-484: The area, subsequently lending its name to the cove. After the failure of this first farm, and the transfer of agricultural efforts elsewhere in the colony, Governor Lachlan Macquarie established the Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney around Farm Cove in 1816. Farm Cove was used as an anchorage for Royal Navy , Royal Australian Navy and visiting naval vessels until the 1960s. On 3 February 1954, Farm Cove

819-539: The areas monitored, the water quality is generally acceptable except after heavy rains. The Parramatta River is subject to a number of fishing bans because of its contaminated sediments. There is a complete fishing ban in Homebush Bay because of the dioxin contamination. In 2006 the NSW Government imposed a complete commercial fishing ban throughout the rest of Sydney Harbour and its tributaries, including

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858-473: The food chain and claim that the companies are trying to avoid the costs incurred in pollution cleanup. There are a number of sailing and yachting clubs on the River: Sailing and rowing take place under an aquatic licence granted annually by Roads and Maritime Services. There are Sea Scouts at: The river has a long historical association with rowing. There is a monument in honour of Henry Searle,

897-440: The foreshore is still in the hands of industry and private individuals as residences, however there is an increasing amount of waterfront land available as foreshore reserve with walkways and cycleways. As former industrial sites undergo remediation and redevelopment, the foreshores are opened up for public access. Where there is no foreshore access, cycleways are routed through quiet residential streets with clearly marked sections of

936-587: The form of structural bracing. The velocities and hydraulic efficiencies should be meticulously calculated and can be altered by integrating different combinations of geometries, components such a gradients, cascades and an adequate junction angle which is sympathetic to the direction of the watercourse’s flow to minimise turbulent flow, maximise evacuation velocity and to ultimately maximise hydraulic efficiency. Since rivers often serve as political boundaries, confluences sometimes demarcate three abutting political entities, such as nations, states, or provinces, forming

975-551: The indigenous inhabitants of Sydney as Woccanmagully , Farm Cove was used by them as an initiation ground and for the "Kangaroo and Dog Dance". The land immediately adjacent to Farm Cove was set aside soon after first European settlement in 1788 by Governor Arthur Phillip for the Government House Domain , a private reserve for the NSW Governor. The first farm for the colony was thereafter established in

1014-518: The information on the state of the river and its sediments and fish and assist in watershed management . Major wetlands include: There are significant stands of mangroves along the river west of Henley (on the river's northern shore) and Mortlake (on the river's southern shore) and in the Lane Cove River. The mangroves have actually colonised areas that were previously salt marsh. Research into historical drawings and writings indicates that

1053-466: The mangroves were far fewer at English colonisation. Council information panels in Glades Bay explain that the bay's now extensive mangrove stands would once have been open water, sandy beaches and outcrops of rock. Land clearing and development has allowed soil and various nutrients to be washed into the river. This has provided an ideal environment for mangroves to colonise. The excessive siltation of

1092-705: The merger of the flow of two glaciers . Farm Cove, New South Wales Farm Cove is a tidal inlet and shallow bay in Sydney Harbour , separated from Sydney Cove by Bennelong Point, New South Wales , Australia (site of the Sydney Opera House ). Farm Cove is one of the places around Sydney Harbour that has been officially gazetted as a dual named site by the Geographical Names Board (GNB). The official dual name for this place is: 'Farm Cove / Wahganmuggalee'. Known to

1131-477: The opening of Lake Parramatta in 2014. Thirteen councils sit within the Parramatta River catchment group and all have committed to tackling the two major polluters: sewer overflows and stormwater. There are River Cat services along the Parramatta River to Circular Quay . The main wharves, west–to–east are: The Parramatta River, along with Sydney Harbour, is the most significant waterway in Sydney. Since settlement,

1170-464: The river and the harbour have presented a formidable barrier between the early–European settled southern Farm Cove precinct, to development north of the waterway. Together, Parramatta River and Port Jackson literally cut Sydney in half along its north–south axis. As a result, the many crossings are extremely important to the life of the city. From west–to–east, the crossings of the Parramatta River are located at: With adjacent water pipe bridge on

1209-475: The river is an ongoing problem. Many areas of the river, particularly the swampy heads of bays, have been reclaimed , often being used as rubbish dumps before being converted into playing fields. Large sections of Meadowbank Park were created in this manner. Some industrial sites were also reclaimed heavily from the river, particularly in Homebush Bay. Most creeks leading into the bays have been channelised (lined with concrete walls and floor). While some areas of

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1248-442: The river was dammed to provide reservoirs for the town. Currently, however, the function of the weirs is aesthetic, preventing the water from draining away during dry periods. As a consequence the river floods in heavy rain, particularly at the Charles Street Weir. The Charles Street Weir forms the boundary between fresh water and salt water, and is also the limit of tides. The whole of Sydney Harbour including its tributary rivers

1287-498: The river with heavily contaminated sediments have not been remediated , there is significant remediation of sediments about to start in Homebush Bay. These include the dioxin contaminated sediments near the former Union Carbide plant and the lead contaminated sediments near the former Berger Paints plant. The former AGL site has been analysed, a remediation plan developed and approved, remediation completed and construction commenced on medium to high density residential development, but

1326-536: The road reserved for cyclists. Major foreshore parks include: Major heritage buildings, all listed on the Register of the National Estate , on or near the foreshore include: Confluence In geography , a confluence (also: conflux ) occurs where two or more watercourses join to form a single channel . A confluence can occur in several configurations: at the point where a tributary joins

1365-473: The sediments, which independent research shows to be contaminated with pollutants from the AGL operations, have not yet had the investigation stage finalised (as of 2000). Other areas have had sediments covered with concrete to prevent the fish eating the benthos . Some of these companies claim that the contamination is best left alone, but environmentalists have argued that the contamination could be being passed up

1404-453: The sites for fortified triangular temples, where they practiced human sacrifice and other sacred rites. In Hinduism , the confluence of two sacred rivers often is a pilgrimage site for ritual bathing. In Pittsburgh, a number of adherents to Mayanism consider their city's confluence to be sacred. Mississippi basin Atlantic watersheds Pacific watersheds Occasionally, "confluence"

1443-528: The southern side of the Harbour. Gavin Birch of the University of Sydney has published a number of papers which show that Sydney Harbour is as contaminated as most other harbours in industrialised cities, that the main sediment contamination is in the southern central embayments (Blackwattle to Homebush Bays), that there are five particularly contaminated areas of Sydney Harbour, and that four of them are in

1482-613: The subsequent transport of metals downstream of the mixing zone." A natural phenomenon at confluences that is obvious even to casual observers is a difference in color between the two streams; see images in this article for several examples. According to Lynch, "the color of each river is determined by many things: type and amount of vegetation in the watershed, geological properties, dissolved chemicals, sediments and biologic content – usually algae ." Lynch also notes that color differences can persist for miles downstream before they finally blend completely. Hydrodynamic behaviour of flow in

1521-401: The system to ensure the longevity and efficiency of the structure. Engineers have to design these systems whilst considering a list of factors that ensure the discharge point is structurally stable as the entrance of the lateral culvert into the main structure may compromise the stability of the structure due to the lack of support at the discharge, this often constitutes additional supports in

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