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145-781: The 1948 Madiun Affair had resulted in a severe backlash for the PKI. Across Java (except in Bantam ), a political vacuum emerged on the political left. The followers of Tan Malaka sought to capitalize on this, and on 3 October 1948 the three main constituents of the Tan Malaka-led Revolutionary People's Movement (GRR); the People's Party , Poor People's Party and the Independent Labour Party of Indonesia , declared that they would merge to form

290-434: A tropical monsoon climate , similar to most other Indonesian provinces. Throughout the year the province is only affected by two seasons, namely the rainy season and the dry season. The air temperature varies from 24.7 to 32.9 degrees Celsius with air humidity levels ranging from 82% to 88%. The relative rainy season falls from October to April. Variation in rainfall ranges from 2,100 mm to 3,264 mm. The month December

435-678: A "battle-ready military unit" which gained support from the majority of Solo's population and FDR followers. They named the unit Divisi Pertempuran Panembahan Senopati ( Battle-Division Duke Senopati ). Sutarto was mysteriously murdered on July 2, 1948. Those who supported the FDR perceived the murder as part of the Hatta's rationalization program. Disappointed by Hatta's rationalization, the FDR/PKI began to seek support from farmers and laborers by advocating land reform and organizing labor strikes. One of

580-616: A cabinet without the Sajap Kiri (left-wing) parties. Two members of Partai Sosialis, however, were included in the cabinet by the strong request of Sjahrir. He and the two cabinet members were expelled from the Partai Sosialis and formed their party called Partai Sosialis Indonesia (PSI, the Socialist Party of Indonesia). "This new party immediately gave its support to Hatta's government." Hatta's program of government

725-541: A false identity. He was released on July 30, 1949, but was arrested again on October 29 for his identity fraud case. The Dutch kept investigating and on November 11 revealed Sumarsono's identity and his involvement in the Madiun Affair. The Dutch authorities decided to execute him in New Guinea. Before that happened, however, Sumarsono escaped from prison on December 13. He fled to North Sumatera and lived there as

870-848: A hotel in Sarangan, Madiun. The Dutch and the US had the common goal of controlling the natural resources. On September 17, the Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs stated that communist expansion in Indonesia was the main obstacle to the Western powers acquiring resources. The Dutch wanted the US to believe that Indonesia was the bulwark of communists. The US, however, decided to "include Hatta and his association in one international anti-communist front to be established in East and Southeast Asia" to challenge

1015-559: A number of nature reserves: Rimbo Panti Nature Reserve, Batang Palupuh Nature Reserve, Lembah Anai Nature Reserve, Lembah Harau Nature Reserve, Bung Hatta Grand Forest Park, and Beringin Sakti Nature Reserve. The Province of West Sumatra is led by a governor who is elected directly with his representative for a 5-year term. In addition to being a regional government, the Governor also acts as a representative or extension of

1160-411: A regulator of the life of its members. the regency replaced the term village government that was used previously. Whereas for the nagari in the city government system still as a traditional institution, it has not become part of the regional government structure. Opportunities that occur in village government are the emergence of individualistic economic growth. This condition is a result of dependence on

1305-781: A role in the Indonesian government. Suripno was a young communist who became the representative of the Republic of Indonesia at the Congress of the World Federation of Democratic Youth in Prague in 1947. He was also given a mandate to contact the Soviet Union. In January 1948, he met a Soviet ambassador and discussed the future consular relationship between the Soviet Union and Indonesia. The Soviet government finally took

1450-472: A strong personal opposition within the army." He secured officers' loyalty in the army, the TNI ( Tentara National Indonesia ; Indonesian National Army). The loyal military officers were often the ones who knew the location of numerous arms and munitions kept in the mountainous areas in anticipation of further Dutch military action. Even more important was the strong position that Sjarifuddin had built himself within

1595-528: A teacher. He was arrested again during the anti-communist campaign launched by the Indonesian government under Suharto in 1965. West Sumatra West Sumatra ( Indonesian : Sumatera Barat ) is a province of Indonesia . It is on the west coast of the island of Sumatra and includes the Mentawai Islands off that coast. West Sumatra borders the Indian Ocean to the west, as well as

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1740-603: A tropical monsoon climate. The climate is very much dictated by the surrounding sea and the prevailing wind system. It has high average temperature and high average rainfall. The province includes large areas of dense tropical forest, which is home to a host of species including: Rafflesia arnoldii (world's largest flower), Sumatran tiger , siamang , Malayan tapir , Sumatran serow , rusa deer , Malayan sun bear , Bornean clouded leopard , and many birds and butterflies. The province includes two national parks: Siberut National Park and Kerinci Seblat National Park , as well as

1885-416: A very strong influence on Javanese society. In his speech, he asked people to help Sukarno and Hatta, and TP gave them a full mandate to crush the communist movement. At 11.30 pm the same day, Musso replied to Sukarno and declared war against the Indonesian government. He tried to convince Indonesian people that Sukarno and Hatta were the slaves of American Imperialism, "traitors," and "Romusha dealers." There

2030-468: Is subdivided into twelve regencies and seven cities . It has relatively more cities than other provinces outside Java , although several of them are relatively low in population compared with cities elsewhere in Indonesia. Padang is the province's capital and largest city . West Sumatra is home to the Minangkabau people , although the traditional Minangkabau region is actually wider than

2175-544: Is associated with a Minangkabau legend known as Tambo . From the Tambo , it is said that at one time there was a foreign kingdom (usually interpreted as the Majapahit Empire ) which came from the sea and would conquer what is now West Sumatra. To prevent fighting in the region, the local people propose a cattle race competition with the foreign forces. The foreign forces agreed and sent a large and aggressive cattle to

2320-799: Is located in Sungayang District, Tanah Datar Regency . In the historical record of the Majapahit Empire, Nagarakretagama which dated from 1365, also mentioned the name Minangkabwa as one of the Malay countries that has been conquered by the Majapahit. Likewise in the Ming Chronicles from 1405, there was the royal name of Mi-nang-ge-bu of the six kingdoms who sent messengers facing Yongle Emperor in Nanjing . On

2465-591: Is part of the Deutro-Malay community who migrated from Southern China to the island of Sumatra around 2,500–2,000 years ago. It is estimated that this community group entered from the east of the island of Sumatra, along the Kampar River to the highlands called darek which became the home of the Minangkabau people. Some of these darek areas then form a kind of confederation known as luhak , which

2610-744: Is the Minangkabau language which has several dialects, such as the Bukittinggi dialect, Pariaman dialect, South Coastal dialect, and Payakumbuh dialect. In the Pasaman and West Pasaman regions bordering North Sumatra, the Batak Mandailing dialect is also spoken. Meanwhile, in the Mentawai archipelago, the Mentawai language is widely used. Tamil is spoken by Tamils in Padang. Indonesian

2755-417: Is the major metropolitan areas with the population of 942,940 in mid 2023; Minangkabau highlands cities of Payakumbuh and Bukittinggi rank as West Sumatra's next most populous cities, with populations of 144,830 and 124,050 respectively in mid 2023. West Sumatra is the native homeland of Minangkabau people. They speak Minangkabau language and predominantly Muslim . West Sumatran have historically played

2900-603: Is the month with the most rainfall. While the dry season usually starts in June to September. The season in West Sumatra is similar to other regions in Indonesia, only known for two seasons, namely the dry season and the rainy season. From June to September wind flows from Australia and do not contain much water vapor, resulting in a dry season. Conversely in December to March many wind currents contain water vapor from Asia and

3045-535: Is then referred to as Luhak Nan Tigo , which consists of Luhak Tanah Data , Luhak Agam , and Luhak Limopuluah Koto . During the era of the Dutch East Indies , the luhak area became a territorial government area called afdeling , headed by a resident who by the Minangkabau community was called the name Tuan Luhak. Initially, The Minangkabau people were included as a sub-group of the Malays , but since

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3190-746: The Communist Party of Indonesia rebellion of 1948 ( Indonesian : Pemberontakan Partai Komunis Indonesia 1948 ), was an armed conflict between the government of the self-proclaimed Republic of Indonesia and the left-wing opposition group Front Demokrasi Rakyat (FDR, People's Democratic Front) during the Indonesian National Revolution . The conflict began on September 18, 1948, in Madiun , East Java , and ended three months later when most FDR leaders and members were detained and executed by TNI forces. Opinions regarding

3335-567: The Badan Pusat Statistik as Minangkabau people . Batak people , mainly from Mandailing sub-ethnic group, and Javanese comprised 4% of the population respectively, while Mentawai people who live in the Mentawai islands made up 1%. In 2015, about 44.2% of West Sumatran lived in urban areas. Most of the urban population of West Sumatra is concentrated in the centre-west coast of province and Minangkabau Highlands . West Sumatra has 3 cities with populations over 100,000. Padang

3480-800: The Batang Hari River (now part of the Dharmasraya Regency ). The Batusangkar inscription mentioned Ananggawarman as a yuvaraja performing the Tantris teaching ritual from Buddhism called hevajra which is the ceremony of the transfer of power from Adityawarman to his crown prince, this can be attributed to the Chinese chronicle of 1377 about the San-fo-ts'i messenger to the Emperor of China requesting recognition as ruler of

3625-400: The Mentawai Islands . The West Sumatran coastline faces the Indian Ocean and stretches 375 km from North Sumatra province in the north-west to Bengkulu in the south-east. The lakes of West Sumatra include: Maninjau (99.5 km ), Singkarak (130.1 km ), Diatas (31.5 km ), Dibawah (14.0 km ) and Talang (5.0 km ). Most of the rivers in West Sumatra flow into

3770-692: The Padri and the Adat . In several negotiations there was no agreement between them. Pagaruyung's kingdom was in turmoil, and the peak of the war was when the Padri under the leadership of Tuanku Pasaman attacked Pagaruyung in 1815. Sultan Arifin Muningsyah was forced to abdicate and escape from the royal capital to Lubuk Jambi. Under pressure by the Padri, the Pagaruyung royal family requested assistance from

3915-755: The Padri War began. At that time Raffles discovered that the capital city of the kingdom had been burned because of the war. After the signing of a peace agreement between the British and the Netherlands was signed in 1814, the Dutch re-entered Padang in May 1819. The Dutch reaffirmed their influence on the island of Sumatra and Pagaruyung, with the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 . The power of

4060-575: The San-fo-ts'i region. Some inland areas of central Sumatra are still influenced by Buddhism, evident in the Padangroco temple, the Padanglawas temple and Muara Takus temple, the areas that were formerly part of Adityawarman's land. Whereas the recorded devout adherents besides Adityawarman, were Kublai Khan and king Kertanegara of Singhasari . The spread of Islam after the end of

4205-643: The Soviet Union . The Murba Party suffered a stark setback in the 1955 legislative election . The party obtained 199,588 votes (0.53% of the national vote), and won two seats from Java in the People's Representative Council (down from four seats prior to the elections). After the election, the Murba Party MPs joined the National Progressive Fraction , a body of ten MPs from Java. In the 1955 Constituent Assembly election ,

4350-504: The Strait of Malacca , include: Batanghari , Kampar , Ombilin and Sinamar , and others flow into the Indian Ocean, include: Kuranji , Anai and Arau . The mountains and volcanoes of West Sumatra include: Kerinci (3,805 m), Talakmau (2,912 m), Marapi (2,891 m), Singgalang (2,877 m), Talang (2,572 m), Tandikat (2,438 m) and Sago (2,271 m). West Sumatra is one of the earthquake-prone areas in Indonesia, due to its location in

4495-427: The desa . The province comprises two of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council . The West Sumatra I Electoral District consists of 7 of the regencies in the province (Mentawai Islands, Pesisir Selatan, Solok, Sikunjung, Tanah Datar, South Solok and Dharmasraya), together with 4 cities (Padang Panjang, Padang, Solok and Sawahlunto), and elects 8 members to

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4640-483: The "speculative operation of the black market." The strike at the Delanggu cotton-growing area was organized by SABUPRI (the union of communist-oriented plantation workers), and around 20,000 workers went on strike for around 35 days. The government accused the FDR and SABUPRI leaders of endangering the Republic by organizing the strike. They responded to the accusation by saying that it was the government that endangered

4785-591: The 'Body to Promote Sukarnoism' (BPS, in which prominent Murba Party figures had played leading roles). Through its activities in BPS (directed towards the breaking the political influence of PKI), the Murba Party had moved outside the political boundaries of the Nasakom concept of Sukarno's Guided Democracy. Sukarno believed that the BPS campaign had been manipulated by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . Following

4930-401: The 'freezing' of the Murba Party, PKI continued ferocious attacks on the party. PKI declared that the Murba Party was a party of ' Trotskyites ' and ' imperialist agents'. Demands were raised that the Murba Party ministers be expelled from the government, pro-Murba newspapers be closed and that Murba Party members be expelled from the journalists' union and other semi-official structures. After

5075-520: The 13th century, and began during the Pamalayu expedition by Kertanagara , and later during the reign of Adityawarman and his son Ananggawarman . Adityawarman's kingdom had the strength to dominate the central Sumatra region and its surrounding. This was proven by the title Maharajadiraja which was held by Adityawarman recorded on the back of the Amoghapasa carving, found in the upper reaches of

5220-483: The 14th century had little effect, especially relating to the patrilineal system, and gave a relatively new phenomenon to the people in the interior of Minangkabau. At the beginning of the 16th century, the Suma Oriental , written between 1513 and 1515, recorded from the three Minangkabau kings, only one of whom had been a Muslim convert from 15 years before. The influence of Islam in Pagaruyung developed around

5365-474: The 16th century, namely through travelers and religious teachers who stopped or came from Aceh and Malacca . One of the famous ulama of Aceh, Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili , was a cleric who was thought to first spread Islam in Pagaruyung. By the 17th century, the Kingdom of Pagaruyung transformed itself into an Islamic sultanate . The first Islamic king in the Minangkabau traditional culture was Sultan Alif. With

5510-605: The 1841 rebellion in Batipuh in addition to the cultuurstelsel problem. The name West Sumatra originated in the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) era, where the designation of the area for the west coast of Sumatra was Hoofdcomptoir van Sumatra's Westkust . Then with the strengthening of the political and economic influence of the VOC, until the 18th century this administrative region included

5655-605: The 1965–1966 anticommunist genocide, the Murba Party continued its activities. It was able to retain small pockets of influence. In February 1966, Adam Malik became the Foreign Minister and a Deputy Prime Minister under Sukarno in the Dwikora II & Dwikora III cabinets until July 1966. Under Suharto's rule, the surviving political parties of the 'Old Order' were pressured to consolidate themselves into two political blocs, one Islamic and one 'secular'. The Murba Party

5800-805: The 19th century, the Minangkabau and the Malays began to be seen as distinguished, from the matrilineal culture of the Minangkabau that persisted compared to the patrilineal culture adopted by Malay society in general. According to the Minangkabau Tambo , in the period between the 1st century to the 16th century, many small kingdoms stood on what is now West Sumatra. These kingdoms included the Kuntu, Kandis, Siguntur, Pasumayan Koto Batu, Batu Patah, Sungai Pagu, Inderapura, Jambu Lipo, Taraguang, Dusun Tuo, Bungo Setangkai, Talu, Kinali, Parit Batu, Pulau Punjung. These kingdoms were short lived, and are usually under

5945-661: The 5th line words ( tāmvan ...) are actually incorporated, so that they become mināngatāmvan and are translated as the meeting point of twin rivers. The twin river is supposed to refer to the meeting of two sources of the Kampar River , namely the Kampar Kiri River and the Kampar Kanan River . But this hypothesis is denied by the Dutch indologist Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis , which proves that tāmvan has nothing to do with "meeting point", because these can also be found in other Srivijaya relics. From

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6090-527: The Dutch, and (3) nationalization of all foreign enterprises. Its strong opposition against Hatta's cabinet was clear from the first objective of the program. Hatta's cabinet's main goal was to implement the Renville Agreement, but the FDR's was to reject it. The FDR had two principal bases of strength: within the army and among labor. In his capacity of Minister of Defense from July 3, 1947, to January 28, 1948, Sjarifuddin had "managed to build up

6235-428: The Dutch, and before that they had conducted diplomacy with the British when Raffles visited Pagaruyung and promised them assistance. On February 10, 1821, Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah, the nephew of Sultan Arifin Muningsyah, in Padang along with 19 other traditional leaders signed an agreement with the Dutch to cooperate in fighting the Padri, even though he was considered not entitled to make an agreement on behalf of

6380-431: The Dutch. In addition, the FDR had a dominant position within SOBSI (Sentral Organisasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia), by far the largest labor organization in Indonesia. The membership of that organization was mainly urban and plantation labor with the Republic and was estimated to be between 200,000 and 300,000. From the Indonesian government's perspective, rationalization was the solution to the economic problem by reducing

6525-404: The FDR/PKI's principal bases of strength was SOBSI. Heavily dominated by communists, SOBSI organized several strikes to protest against the government. The most important strike took place in Solo. Plantation workers protested the government in response to the deteriorating condition of the economy after an economic blockade by the Dutch and the government's failure to eliminate feudalism and to stop

6670-425: The Indonesian ambassador to the Soviet Union and Poland. In 1960 Chaerul Saleh of the Murba Party became chairman of the National Council. He also came to serve as chairman of the National Front. During the November 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis , the Murba Party voiced its support for Cuba and declared that the party was willing to send volunteers to help the Cubans. In 1959 the Murba Party had declared that China

6815-410: The Mentawai Islands Regency, 26 are in West Pasaman Regency, 2 in Agam Regency, 2 in Padang Pariaman Regency, 4 in Pariaman City, 21 in Padang City and 49 in South Pesisir Regency. Cities and Regencies in West Sumatra in order of the Human Development Index (HDI). The figures come from the 2020 Indonesia Human Development Report, published by Statistics Indonesia . As a new regency, Dharmasraya got

6960-414: The Minangkabau region, they had never found significant gold reserves in the area. As a result of the conflict between the British and French in the Napoleonic Wars where the Dutch were on the French side, the British fought the Dutch and again succeeded in taking control of the coast of West Sumatra between 1795 and 1819. The British governor Thomas Stamford Raffles visited Pagaruyung in 1818, when

7105-404: The Minister of Foreign Affairs Haji Agus Salim, Suripno praised the Soviets for their political stance, which had always acknowledged Indonesia as a sovereign state. Hatta repeatedly refused the Consular Treaty because he was inclined to seek assistance from US power. On July 21, Sukarno, Hatta, the Minister for the Interior, the Minister for Information, and the US representative had a meeting at

7250-476: The Murba Party and the other members of the Democratic Development Group merged into the Indonesian Democratic Party . After the New Order fell in 1998, a reincarnation of the party participated in the 1999 Indonesian legislative election , but only received 62,006 (0.06%) votes and once more failed to win any seats. Madiun Affair 1946 1947–1948 1949 Post- RTC The Madiun Affair ( Indonesian : Peristiwa Madiun ), known locally as

7395-414: The Murba Party proposed that a one-party system be introduced in Indonesia , seeking support from President Sukarno for the idea. The underlying purpose of the plan was to eliminate PKI as an independent political force. Parties like the Indonesian National Party and Nahdatul Ulama protested against the proposal, and in the end the Murba Party failed to convince Sukarno to endorse the proposal. However,

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7540-400: The PKI. The Murba Party politician and Minister of Education Priyono , became the head of the Guided Democracy Committee. During the 1958 Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI) rebellion, Murba Party cadres were seized by PRRI rebels and held at the Muara Labuh detention camp in West Sumatra . Adam Malik , one of the founding leaders of the Murba Party, was named as

7685-412: The PRRI rebellion, the insurgents arrested leftist activists and placed them in detention camps in West Sumatra. PKI cadres were detained at Situjuh and Suliki, while followers of the national communist Murba Party and other groups were detained at the Muara Labuh camp. Incidentally, Hadji Abdullah Ahmad , a noted anti-communist and religious leader was from the Minangkabau Highlands , where communism

7830-423: The Pacific Ocean during the rainy season. Such conditions occur every half-year after passing the transition period in between April – May and October – November. The city of Padang is one of Indonesia's wettest cities, with frequent rainfall throughout the course of the year. As in most other province of Indonesia, West Sumatra has a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen climate classification Af ) bordering on

7975-413: The Padri with shipments of soldiers from Java , Madura , Celebes and the Moluccas . But the Dutch colonial ambitions caused the Adat and the Padri to forget their differences in secret to drive the Dutch away. On 2 May 1833 Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah was captured by Lieutenant Colonel Elout in Batusangkar on charges of treason. He was exiled to Batavia (present-day Jakarta) until his death, and

8120-608: The People's Representative Council. The West Sumatra II Electoral District consists of the remaining 5 regencies (Padang Pariaman, Agam, Lima Puluk Kota, Pasaman and West Pasaman), together with the 3 cities of Bukittinggi, Pariaman and Payakumbuh, and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council. The Census population of West Sumatra was 2.8 million in 1971, 3.4 million in 1980, 4.0 million in 1990, 4.25 million in 2000, 4.85 million in 2010, and 5.53 million in 2020, of whom 2,786,360 were male and 2,748,112 were female. In 2010, 88% were recorded by

8265-495: The Republic with its ineffective and incorrect economic policies. The FDR and SOBSI leaders wanted better implementation of the existing regulations and agrarian reforms from the government. The strike came to an end on 18 July 1948, when the government was willing to accept the workers' demand for two-meter-long textiles and rice to be given every month in addition to their salary. The Madiun Affair should be placed in an international context in which two superpower countries played

8410-442: The Senopati Division, obtained official approval from Indonesian Army Commander Sudirman to investigate the murder and kidnapping of people in Yogyakarta and Solo. But shortly after the investigation had started, several officers, who were given orders to interrogate the suspects, were kidnapped, too. On September 13 in Blitar, south of Malang, government units arrested several Pesindo members." On September 16, Pesindo's headquarters

8555-559: The Soviet Union and class struggle . Sjahrir believed that the Marxist doctrine of class struggle could not be applied in the Indonesian community as there was no such Indonesian bourgeoisie and that Indonesia should maintain a "positive neutrality" so that Indonesia could contribute to world peace. The party completely split soon after the establishment of Hatta's presidential cabinet. Sjarifuddin's premiership ended on January 28, 1948. Sjahrir, Dr. Leimena, and several political activists had earlier approached Hatta and requested him to become

8700-421: The Soviets. The Dutch failed to restore its control over Indonesia by bringing Indonesian leaders and American representatives into conflict. The return of Musso was the catalyst of the Madiun Affair. Sukarno officially invited Musso to his presidential palace in Jogjakarta. According to a journalist report, the meeting was very emotional. They embraced each other, and their eyes were filled with tears. Musso

8845-487: The Sumatra province based in Bukittinggi . Four years later, Sumatra Province was divided into three provinces: North Sumatra , Central Sumatra , and South Sumatra . West Sumatra, Riau and Jambi were part of the residency within the province of Central Sumatra. During the PRRI rebellion, based on emergency law number 19 of 1957, Central Sumatra Province was further divided into three provinces: West Sumatra Province, Riau Province, and Jambi Province. The Kerinci region which

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8990-429: The Sumpur Kudus District, which contains the words derived from the word Quduus (holy) as the seat of Rajo Ibadat and Limo Kaum which contains the word qaum is an influence from Arabic or Islam. In addition, in the adat , the term Imam , Katik ( Khatib ), Bila (Bilal), Malin (Mu'alim), which is a substitute for Hindu and Buddhist terms used previously, such as the term Pandito (priest), also appears. At

9135-415: The VOC at that time took the opportunity to end Aceh's monopoly on gold and pepper. Furthermore, the VOC through its regent in Padang , Jacob Pits whose territory included from Kotawan in the south to Barus in the north sent a letter dated October 9, 1668 addressed to the Ahmadsyah Sultan, Iskandar Zur-Karnain, the Minangkabau ruler who was rich in gold, was told the VOC controlled the west coast area so that

9280-400: The affair affected neighbouring areas). Most of FDR leaders were detained and executed, Sumarsono managed to escape. He fled Madiun and headed north into Dutch territory. He was finally arrested by Dutch troops because of his illegal possession of gold and treasury. Although initially the Dutch authorities were suspicious of his involvement in the Madiun Affair, he managed to deceive them with

9425-478: The anti-Communist purge from Jogjakarta and Solo. On September 30, the government sent Lieutenant Colonel Sadikin, of the Siliwangi Division brigade, to mobilize his troops and to control Madiun. To avoid conflicts with the Indonesian Armed Forces, FDR/PKI leaders began to retreat to mountainous areas. Under the command of Sjarifuddin, they fled Madiun and headed to the small village of Kandangan, where they could find munitions and arms (a store built up when Sjarifuddin

9570-542: The army's supplementary organization, the TNI Masjarakat (People's TNI). Established in early August 1947 (when Sjarifuddin was the Prime Minister), the organization was aimed at organizing popular defense on a local basis to support the army. While the TNI was a national organization, the TNI Masjarakat , led by Colonel Djoko Sujono, was a local-based military organization. It was obvious that during his premiership, Sjarifuddin had managed to build strong national and local military organizations, which were prepared to confront

9715-417: The beginning of the 17th century, the Pagaruyung Kingdom was forced to recognize the sovereignty of the Aceh Sultanate , and to recognize the designated Aceh governors for the west coast of Sumatra. But around 1665, the Minangkabau people on the west coast rebelled against the Aceh governor. From the letter of the Minangkabau ruler Raja Pagaruyung submitted a request to the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and

9860-458: The cabinet. At a mass meeting at Surakarta on February 26, the Sajap Kiri underwent reorganization and emerged as the Front Demokrasi Rakjat (FDR; People's Democratic Front); led by Amir Sjarifuddin, it comprised the Partai Sosialis, PKI, PBI, Pesindo, and the trade union federation SOBSI. Some weeks after the meeting, the FDR program was radically changed to include (1) opposition to the Renville Agreement, (2) discontinuation of negotiations with

10005-404: The central government in the province, whose authority is regulated in Law No. 32 of 2004 and Government Regulation number 19 of 2010. While the relationship between the provincial government and the regency and city governments is not a sub-ordinate, each of these regional governments governs and manages government affairs according to the principle of autonomy and co-administration. Until 1979,

10150-426: The central government, resulting in lack of independence. This condition can weaken the resilience of the area of the economy itself. However, now the villages of West Sumatra have tried to build efforts to facilitate the political policies of the village government or since exchanging back into nagari, namely changing the structure and process between village government structures made under Law No. 5 of 1979. Nagari

10295-465: The chairman. The reappointments were made on legitimate grounds by FDR/PKI's enemies to launch an "anti-PKI campaign." The government prepared strategies to "eliminate the Communists." One of the government's biggest accusations was that Musso promoted "the Republic's involvement in a Soviet-American conflict." The unification of those political forces was a fatal mistake. The FDR leaders made propaganda tours through Central and East Java. Its main purpose

10440-400: The command of Colonel Sutarto. Like FDR, Division IV was also disappointed with Hatta's rationalization and protested against the program on May 20, 1948. Hatta's decision to incorporate Division IV into Division I would place Colonel Sutarto in a reserve officer position. Sutarto and his soldiers ignored the instruction and began to reorganize their division. They transformed Division IV into

10585-551: The communist plantation workers' union Sarbupri members took place in Sumatra, actions motivated by the communist past of these individuals. West Sumatra lies in the middle of the western coast of Sumatra , and has an area of 42,119.54 km . Geographic features include plains , mountainous volcanic highlands formed by the Barisan mountain range that runs from north-west to south-east, and an offshore island archipelago called

10730-401: The competition, while the local community sent a cattle calf who was still breastfeeding to the competition. In the competition, the cattle calf who was still breastfeeding thought the large and aggressive cattle was the mother. So the calf immediately ran towards the large and aggressive cattle to find milk until he tore apart the big cattle's stomach. The victory inspired the local people to use

10875-664: The development of the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies, this area was incorporated in the Gouvernement Sumatra's Westkust , including the Residentie Bengkulu region which had just been surrendered by the British to the Dutch. Then expanded again by including Tapanuli and Singkil . But in 1905, the status of Tapanuli was upgraded to Residentie Tapanuli , while the Singkil area

11020-530: The direct descendant of the Minangkabau kings as a king under British protection. After the end of the Padri War, Tuan Gadang of Batipuh asked the Dutch East Indies government to give a higher position than just as the Tanah Datar Regent which he held after replacing Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah, but this request was rejected by the Dutch, this later included one of the drivers of the outbreak of

11165-531: The entry of Islam, the customary rules that are contrary to the teachings of Islam began to be replaced with the Islamic-based customary law. There is a famous Minangkabau custom proverb, " Adat basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah ", which means that the Minangkabau adat is based on Islam, while Islam is based on the Qur'an . But in some cases, several systems and methods of adat were still maintained causing

11310-818: The existence of the Malay Kingdom which had its capital in Dharmasraya . A military expedition to West Sumatra called the Pamalayu emerged in 1275–1293 under the leadership of Kebo Anabrang of the Singasari Kingdom . After the submission of the kingdom recorded on the Amoghapasa carved on the Padang Roco Inscription , the Pamalayu returned to Java with the daughters of King Dharmasraya, Dara Petak and Dara Jingga . Dara Petak

11455-414: The fury of the PKI were the alliances of the Murba Party with anti-Communist sectors and anti-Sukarno army officers, the support of the Murba Party for U.S. film imports and the covert Soviet-Murba contacts. On 6 January 1965 the government declared that the activities of the Murba Party had been 'frozen'. Murba Party leaders were arrested. The 'freezing' of the Murba Party followed the ban by Sukarno on

11600-466: The gold trade can be re-flowed through the coast. According to Dutch records, Sultan Ahmadsyah died in 1674 and was replaced by his son Sultan Indermasyah. When the VOC succeeded in expelling the Aceh Sultanate from the coast of West Sumatra in 1666, Aceh's influence weakened on Pagaruyung. The relationship between the outer regions and the coast with the Kingdom of Pagaruyung becomes closer. At

11745-463: The government was getting weaker and this deepened the FDR's resentment against the government. From the FDR's perspective, rationalization was an attempt to destroy FDR's power. The FDR was not the only group that opposed Hatta's rationalization. Among the military units that began to oppose the Hatta government was Division IV, better known as Divisi Senopati, which was stationed in Solo and placed under

11890-487: The highest score (59.43) from a possible 100 among other new regencies. Before the reforms of 1999 and the implementation of regional autonomy in 2001, the lowest local government unit under the district administrations was the Javanese model of the village, the desa . Under regional autonomy, the traditional Minangkabau nagari , which are larger than villages elsewhere in Indonesia, have been reintroduced in place of

12035-553: The important role within the Muslim community in Indonesia. Up until today the region is considered one of the strongholds of Islam in Indonesia. They have a reputation as traders, intellectuals as well as politically savvy people who have successfully exported their culture, language, cuisine and beliefs throughout Indonesia. Mentawaians live on the Mentawai Islands, off the western coast of Sumatra, that are also part of

12180-731: The influence of larger kingdoms, such as Malayu and Pagaruyung. The Malayu Kingdom is estimated to have appeared in the year 645 thought to be located in the upper reaches of the Batang Hari River . Based on the Kedukan Bukit inscription , this kingdom was conquered by the Srivijaya in 682. And then in 1183 it appeared again based on the Grahi inscription in Cambodia, and then the Negarakertagama and Pararaton recorded

12325-474: The initiative by informing Suripno that the Consular Treaty had been rectified. Instead of accepting the treaty, Hatta's government decided to suspend the bilateral relationship. Suripno was then asked to return to Indonesia. On August 11, 1948, Suripno arrived at Jogjakarta with his "secretary", who turned out to be Musso , a senior Indonesian communist leader. When asked to give an official report to

12470-403: The king of Pagaruyung was very weak in the days leading up to the Padri war, although the king was still respected by his subject. The areas on the western coast fell into the influence of Aceh, while Inderapura on the southern coast practically became an independent kingdom although officially still under the rule of the king of Pagaruyung. In the early 19th century a conflict broke out between

12615-465: The kingdom of Pagaruyung. As a result of this agreement, the Netherlands considered it a sign of surrender of the kingdom of Pagaruyung to the Dutch government. After the Dutch captured Pagaruyung from the Padri, in 1824 at the request of Lieutenant Colonel Raaff, Sultan Arifin Muningsyah returned to Pagaruyung, but in 1825, Sultan Arifin Muningsyah, the last king in Minangkabau, died and was later buried in Pagaruyung. Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah on

12760-428: The leader of the party. At the time of the merger a leadership was formed consisting of Sukarni (president), Sjamsu Harja Udaja (general secretary), Maruto Nitimihardjo (vice president), Sutan Dewanis (second vice president) and Pandu Karta Wiguna (secretary). The Murba Party published two official newspapers, Murba and Massa . Furthermore, there were guerrilla units linked to the party, which played an important role in

12905-773: The leaders of the operation. The brief fighting ended with two loyal officers being killed and four wounded. Within hours, Madiun was under the FDR's control. Two FDR members, Setiadjit and Wikana, took over the civil administration and established the Pemerintah Front National Daerah Madiun (Government of the National Front of the Region of Madiun). Sumarsono then announced on the local radio, "From Madiun victory begins." After hearing about what had happened on September 18, Musso and Sjarifuddin returned to Madiun. They immediately discussed

13050-510: The meeting on August 26 and 27, 1948. As a new structure, the FDR was technically not strong enough to confront any challenges from the outside. There were small clashes involving pro-Hatta military groups on the one side and pro-FDR armed groups on the other. After the murder of Colonel Sutarto, political development in Solo became more intense. The coming of the Siliwangi Division, which was "loyal to government and anti-leftist,"

13195-551: The military officers back to the Ministry of Development and youth, and 3) demobilizing hundreds of military officers to return to their village communities. In 1948, the Indonesian Republic faced a critical situation in which there was an excessive labor supply because of the enormous number of refugees fleeing to the Republic from the areas overrun by the Dutch such as Surabaya (located adjacent to Madiun, Surabaya

13340-617: The name Minangkabau, which comes from the phrase " Manang kabau " (winning cattle). The story of the Tambo is also found in the Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai which also mentions that the victory made the country that was previously named Pariangan changed to the name Minangkabau . Furthermore, the use of the name Minangkabau is also used to refer to a nagari (village), namely the Nagari Minangkabau , which

13485-591: The native people of province. They speak Mentawai languages , which are not intelligible with either Indonesian nor Minangkabau. Small minority of the Mentawais are Christians nowadays. In the Mentawai Islands, where the majority of the population is Mentawai, it is rare to find Minangkabau people. Chinese Indonesian are only found in big cities, such as Padang, Bukittinggi, and Payakumbuh. In Padang and Pariaman, there are also small numbers of Nias and Tamil people . The language used in everyday life in West Sumatra

13630-608: The next prime minister. Hatta agreed if he got the PNI's and Masjumi's support. Driven by the need to form a cabinet with national support (both right-wing and left-wing), Hatta offered Sjarifuddin's faction some posts in the cabinet. They declined Hatta's offer and demanded key positions, including Sjarifuddin's position as Minister of Defense (in the previous cabinet, Sjarifuddin had been both Prime Minister and Minister of Defense) in return for their support for Hatta's government. Negotiation failed, and on January 31, 1948, Hatta finally formed

13775-523: The number of military forces. A month after the establishment of his cabinet, Hatta began the rationalization program based on Presidential Decree No.9 27 February 1948. The main objective of the rationalization was to reorganize the military organizations and mobilize a productive labor force from defense to production sectors. According to Hatta, there were three ways to achieve those objectives: 1) demobilizing military officers who wanted to return to their previous jobs (teachers, private employees), 2) sending

13920-403: The onset of government reform and regional autonomy, since 2001, the term nagari has been used again in this province. The political culture that lived in the West Sumatra village government since the policy of uniformity (Law No.5 of 1979) was applied to the parochial political culture. this condition is seen through the power system, the ruling system, the terms of the ruler, and the role of

14065-573: The other hand wanted to be recognized as the king of Pagaruyung, but the Dutch East Indies government had limited his authority and only appointed him the Regent of Tanah Datar. Because of the policy it encouraged Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah to start thinking about expelling the Dutch from the region. After emerging victorious from the Diponegoro War in Java, the Dutch then tried to conquer

14210-534: The other hand, the name Minang (Minanga kingdom) itself has also been mentioned in the Kedukan Bukit inscription dated from 682 which is written in Sanskrit . In the inscription, it was stated that the founder of the Srivijaya Empire named Dapunta Hyang departed from a place called Minānga . Some experts who refer to the source of the inscription suspects that the 4th line words (... minānga ) and

14355-512: The outbreak of civil war known as the Padri War . The war was initially between the ulamas and the Adats , who were the Minangkabau nobility and traditional chiefs; later, the Dutch involved themselves in the war. Islam also had an influence on Pagaruyung kingdom's government system with the addition of government elements such as Tuan Kadi and several other terms related to Islam. The naming of

14500-549: The party joined the Consultative Body of Political Parties , a broad coalition initiated by PKI that soon became non-functional. During the following year, PKI-Murba relations improved significantly. At the time, Murba guerrilla units still roamed in West Java and held some territories under their control. In February 1952, the party supported a parliamentary motion calling for the opening of diplomatic relations with

14645-585: The party obtained 248,633 votes (0.66%) and four seats in the assembly. When President Sukarno introduced Guided Democracy in 1957, the Murba Party was the first to declare its outright support to the plan. The Murba Party became one of ten parties that were legal under the Guided Democracy. The Murba Party were highly supportive of President Sukarno during this period, and repeatedly sought to gain Sukarno's confidence and convince him to turn against

14790-680: The possibility that the Murba-led mass organizations could replace PKI mass organizations in pro-Soviet international communist structures. The Murba Party, on its behalf, began calling for the inclusion of the Soviet Union into the Afro-Asian fraternity. These contacts were aided by the fact that the Murba leader Adam Malik had been stationed as ambassador in Moscow. In 1963 Adam Malik returned to Indonesia, and became Minister of Trade. In April 1964

14935-403: The power of the Minangkabau king was divided into king Suruaso and the king of Sungai Tarab with the equal power. Previously in 1732, the VOC regent in Padang had noted that there was a queen named Yang Dipertuan Puti Jamilan who had sent spears and swords made from gold, as a sign of her inauguration as the ruler of the land. While the Dutch and British succeeded in reaching the interior of

15080-486: The presence of the VOC in Padang and once tried to persuade the British who were in Bengkulu to expel the Dutch from the region which the British did not respond to. But in 1781, the British managed to control Padang for a short period of time, and messengers from Pagaruyung congratulated the success of the British in expelling the Dutch from Padang. Minangkabau land has long been considered rich in gold, and at that time

15225-624: The present-day Kampar Regency in Riau and Kerinci Regency in Jambi. Before becoming a province in 1957, West Sumatra was a part of the province of Central Sumatra (1948–1957), alongside Riau, Jambi, and the Riau Islands . West Sumatra is known by the name Bumi Minangkabau (Land of Minangkabau), as it is the home and origin of the Minangkabau people . The Minangkabau name comes from two words namely, Minang (win) and Kabau (cattle). The name

15370-610: The pro-Hatta government had already been infiltrating Madiun since early September. Alarmed by what happened in Solo, local FDR leaders in Madiun began to feel uneasy and reported that to FDR leaders in Kediri, more than 35 miles east of Madiun. He received an order to disarm the agitators in Madiun to avoid possible bloodshed in the area. At 3 am on September 18, 1948, FDR began to seize the local government officers, telephone exchange, and army headquarters, with Sumarsono and Djoko Sujono as

15515-484: The profile of the party as 'extreme nationalism and messianic social radicalism (whose inchoateness was only mildly tempered by the Marxist and Leninist theory to which it laid claim), it was a citadel of "oppositionism", the politics of refusing to recognize the practical difficulties of governments'. The Murba Party was secular , and wary of the possibility of increased Islamic influence in government. In March 1951

15660-462: The proposal did gain some quiet support from sectors of the army. Later the same year, when President Sukarno expressed his willingness to include PKI in the government, the Murba Party was one of the parties that voiced its opposition. During this period, the Murba Party was publicly targeted by the PKI. In its anti-price hike mass campaigns the PKI singled out the Murba Party ministers Adam Malik and Chaerul Saleh as responsible. Issues that had aroused

15805-469: The province's boundaries, covering up to the western coast of North Sumatra, the southwestern coast of Aceh, the western region of Riau, the western region of Jambi, the northern region of Bengkulu, and Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia . Another native ethnic group is the Mentawai people , who inhabit the western islands of the same name. Islam is a predominant religion in the province, with about 97.4% of

15950-411: The provinces of North Sumatra to the north, Riau to the northeast, Jambi to the southeast, and Bengkulu to the south. The province has an area of 42,119.54 km (16,262.45 sq mi), or about the same size as Switzerland , with a population of 5,534,472 at the 2020 census . The official estimate at mid 2023 was 5,757,210 (comprising 2,900,270 males and 2,856,940 females). The province

16095-455: The revolution in a different direction." He was followed by Sumarsono, the original leader of the revolt, who made a similar public announcement that the Madiun event was not a coup but an attempt to correct the political aims of Hatta's government. In his attempt to convince the government, Amir Sjarifuddin stated on September 23 that FDR's constitution was that of the Republic of Indonesia, its flag remained red and white, and its national anthem

16240-401: The ruler in the village government. The kinship system in developing participant political culture began to shift, in terms of the level of sensitivity, the form of tolerance in kinship, and the role of seniority in kinship. This means that the lack of togetherness in the kinship power system. Nagari government is an autonomous government structure, has a clear territory and adheres to adat as

16385-443: The same day, however, members of Pesindo kidnapped some pro-government leaders. They were accused of kidnapping PKI members. Six days later, on September 7, almost all officers and several lower-ranking soldiers of Commander Yadau's Tentara Laut Republik Indonesia (TLRI, Republican Navy) were kidnapped and brought to a base of Siliwangi Division, a pro-government military unit. On September 9, Suadi, Sutarto's successor as Commander of

16530-553: The same fate when he was captured on 4 December. Three days later, on December 7, 1948, "TNI headquarters announced the final extermination of the rebellion and stated that approximately 35,000 people, mostly troops, had been arrested. On December 19, Sjarifuddin, Maruto Darusman, Djoko Sujono, Suripno and other FDR leaders were executed. Estimated casualties were 24,000 in total (8,000 in Madiun, 4,000 in Cepu and 12,000 in Ponorogo , as

16675-434: The situation with Sumarsono, Setiadjit, and Wikana upon their arrival. At 10 pm on 19 September 1948, President Sukarno declared that the Madiun revolt was an attempt to overthrow the government of the Republic of Indonesia and that Musso had formed a Soviet government. He also stated that Indonesians had to choose between him and Hatta and Musso and his communist party. Sukarno was followed by Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, who had

16820-439: The smallest administrative unit in West Sumatra was called a nagari , which had existed before Indonesian independence . With the enactment of Law No. 5 of 1979 concerning village governance, the status of nagari was eliminated and replaced with villages, and several jorong statuses were upgraded to villages. The position of nagari guardians was also removed and government administration was carried out by village heads. But since

16965-541: The stories of the tambo passed from generation to generation, the ancestors of the Minangkabau people were the descendants of Iskandar Zulkarnain ( Alexander the Great ). This tambo story is more or less comparable to the Malay Annals who also tells how the Minangkabau people sent their representatives to ask Sang Sapurba , one of the descendants of Iskandar Zulkarnain, to become their king. The Minang community

17110-592: The struggle against Dutch rule in West and Central Java . Although far smaller than the PKI, the Murba Party constituted an important rival to it. The leadership of the Murba Party was largely made up by leaders of mass movements. The young men who led Murba had often been leaders of guerrillas or mass struggles against the Japanese occupation . The party appealed to ex-guerrillas and workers, who were dissatisfied with post-independence developments. Herbert Feith labelled

17255-498: The tectonic slab located between the confluence of two major continental plates (the Eurasian Plate and Indo-Australian Plate ) and Great Sumatran fault , plus the activity of the active volcanoes. Large earthquakes that occurred recently in West Sumatra earthquake were the 2009 Sumatra earthquake and the 2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami . The area was also affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami . This region has

17400-523: The time Pagaruyung was one of the trading centers on the island of Sumatra, due to its production of gold, it attracted the attention of the Dutch and the British to establish relations with Pagaruyung. It is recorded that in 1684, a Portuguese explorer named Tomas Dias paid a visit to Pagaruyung at the behest of the Dutch governor general in Malacca . Around 1750 the Pagaruyung kingdom began to dislike

17545-530: The total population. West Sumatra was the centre of the Pagaruyung Kingdom , founded by Adityawarman in 1347. The first European to come to the region was a French traveler named Jean Parmentier who arrived around 1523. The region was later colonised by the Dutch Empire and became a residency named Sumatra's West Coast ( Dutch : Sumatra's Westkust ), whose administrative area included

17690-469: The trigger of the conflict vary. According to Kreutzer, the downfall of Amir Sjarifuddin's government in January 1948 was the origin of the Madiun Affair. Before then, during the second half of 1947, Partai Sosialis was split into two factions: one faction was led by Sjarifuddin, and a smaller faction was led by Sutan Sjahrir . The latter group grew as Sjarifudin put a strong emphasis on its alignment with

17835-492: The unitary Murba Party. The merger was to be completed on 7 November 1948, the anniversary of the Russian Revolution . The constitution of the party was declared on 12 November 1948. At the time of its foundation the new party had around 80,000 members. The GRR continued to exist separately though, with the Murba Party as one of its affiliates. Whilst Tan Malaka was highly influential in the party, he wasn't formally

17980-622: The west coast of Sumatra from Barus to Inderapura . Along with the fall of the Kingdom of Pagaruyung, and the involvement of the Dutch in the Padri War, the Dutch East Indies government began to make the interior of Minangkabau a part of Pax Nederlandica , an area under Dutch supervision, and the Minangkabau region was divided into the Residentie Padangsche Benedenlanden and the Residentie Padangsche Bovenlanden . Furthermore, in

18125-568: Was Sukarno's political senior, and both were good friends when they resided in Surabaya. Musso's return was a turning point of the FDR's political journey. During the party conference on August 26 and 27, 1948, it adopted a new political line and established a new body that consisted of left-wing parties. Members of this new political bureau were the FDR leaders (Maruto Darusman, Tan Ling Djie, Harjono, Setiadjit, Djoko Sujono, Aidit, Wikana, Suripno, Amir Sjarifuddin, and Alimin), with Musso serving as

18270-475: Was active. Numerous examples of anti-communist resentment also occurred, for instance during the Indonesian killings of 1965–1966 , PKI-organised squatters' movements and campaigns against foreign businesses in Sumatra's plantations provoked quick reprisals against Communists. Repression against alleged PKI members and sympathizers continued for several years. As late as 1976 mass lay-offs of former members of

18415-468: Was also formed in almost the same period. During the Japanese occupation , Residentie Sumatra's Westkust changed its name to Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shu . On the basis of military geo-strategy, the Kampar area was separated from Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shu and incorporated into the territory of Rhio Shu . At the beginning of Indonesian independence in 1945, the West Sumatra region was incorporated in

18560-573: Was also one of the causes of political instability in Solo which was the base of the Senopati Division. FDR's power started to diminish after several cases of murdering and kidnapping of "leftist officers." Kreutzer provides examples of kidnapping and murdering cases in weeks before the Madiun Affair: "On September 1, two members of Solo's PKI were kidnapped and later interrogated about the activities and organization of PKI in Solo. On

18705-449: Was attacked. Solo, the second city of the Republic after Jogjakarta, became the scene of a complex conflict between the government and leftist groups during the first two weeks of September. Solo was now dominated by the pro-government rightists, which made Madiun the FDR's last important stronghold since Yogyakarta and Solo were controlled by the Indonesian Republic, and Surabaya was under Dutch control. However, anti-communist groups and

18850-479: Was based on two priorities: the implementation of the Renville Agreement and the rationalization of the Indonesian army. The Sajap Kiri (without Sjahrir's faction) gradually went into opposition. In the beginning, it tried to get a place in the government by showing a willingness to cooperate. However, its attempt failed when it faced the bitter reality that there were no faction members included in

18995-720: Was buried in the Mangga Dua cemetery. After the fall, the influence and prestige of the kingdom of Pagaruyung remained high, especially among Minangkabau people who were overseas. One of Pagaruyung's royal heirs was invited to become a ruler in Kuantan , Malaysia. Likewise when Raffles was still on duty in the Malay Peninsula , he met Pagaruyung's relatives who were in Negeri Sembilan , and Raffles intended to appoint Yang Dipertuan Ali Alamsyah who he considered to be

19140-670: Was chosen by the anak nagari (nagari residents) democratically in direct elections for 6 years in office. West Sumatra Province is subdivided into twelve regencies and seven autonomous cities, which lie outside any regency. The regencies and cities are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The cities and regencies are together sub-divided into 179 districts ( kecamatan ) and thence into 1,265 villages ( kelurahan and desa ) as at 2023. The coastal cities and regencies include 219 offshore islands (large enough to have names), of which 111 comprise

19285-474: Was expected to leave only 57,000 regular troops at the end. On May 15, 1948, the TNI Masjarakat, or laskar , one of the principal bases of FDR's strength, was demobilized. Western-oriented and pro-government military officers wanted a smaller, more disciplined, and more trustworthy army under their leadership. They viewed TNI masjarakat as a less well-trained and -educated military organization that

19430-603: Was given to Residentie Atjeh . Then in 1914, Gouvernement Sumatra's Westkust , was demoted to Residentie Sumatra's Westkust , and added the Mentawai Islands region in the Indian Ocean into Residentie Sumatra's Westkust, and in 1935 the Kerinci region was also incorporated into Residentie Sumatra's Westkust. After the breakdown of the Gouvernement Sumatra's Oostkust , the Rokan Hulu and Kuantan Singingi regions were given to Residentie Riouw , and Residentie Djambi

19575-820: Was included in the latter category and in March 1970 the Democratic Development Group ( Kelompok Persatuan Pembangunan ) was formed, consisting of the Murba Party, Indonesian National Party (PNI), the League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence (IPKI), the Catholic Party and the Indonesian Christian Party (Parkindo). The Murba Party took part in the 1971 parliamentary election . The party got 48,126 votes nationwide (0.1%), and failed to win any seats. On 10 January 1973

19720-471: Was initially led jointly by the princes or datuk in the nagari , then during the Dutch East Indies government one of the princes was chosen to become the guardian of the Nagari. Then in running the government, the nagari guardians are assisted by a number of jorong or jorong guardians, but now assisted by the nagari secretary and civil servants depending on the needs of each nagari . This nagari guardian

19865-523: Was married to Raden Wijaya , the king of Majapahit , as well as the heir to the Singhasari kingdom, while Dara Jingga was married to Adwayawarman . Jayanagara was born from the marriage of Raden Wijaya and Dara Petak, who would become the second king of Majapahit, while Adityawarman was born from the marriage of Dara Jingga and Adwayawarman; he later became king of the Pagaruyung Kingdom . Hindu - Buddhist influence in western Sumatra emerged around

20010-488: Was mounting tension between the Sukarno-Hatta and FDR leaders. Some FDR leaders decided to be independent from Musso. On September 20, 1948, they declared their willingness to reconcile with the Indonesian government. In the evening, Colonel Djoko Sujono, Military Commandant in the Madiun, broadcasts over the radio that what happened in Madiun was not a coup but an attempt to correct the government's policy, which "led

20155-640: Was previously incorporated in the South Sumatra Regency of Kerinci , was incorporated into Jambi Province as a separate regency. Likewise, the Kampar , Rokan Hulu and Kuantan Singingi areas are designated as part of Riau Province. Communism in Sumatra has historically had an influence in the politics and society of Sumatra . Padang , Pariaman , Silungkang , Sawah Lunto , Alahan Panjang and Suliki of West Sumatra have been cited as areas which were particularly active in communism. During

20300-452: Was still Indonesia Raya . The Indonesian government seemed to ignore some FDR leaders' attempt to end the conflict. They used the small revolt to "crack down the Indonesian left." The military operation was led by Colonel Gatot Soebroto and Nasution , and they promised to settle the mess within two weeks. Hatta insisted to curb the rebellion and seize Madiun as soon as possible before the Dutch started to intervene. The government started

20445-544: Was strongly associated with communist organizations. The government wanted the Army to be led by professional officers who had undergone serious military training. Two pro-government military organizations, West Java Siliwangi Division and the Corps Polisi Militer (CPM, Military Police Corp), were officially acknowledged and given legal status. The demobilization of TNI masjarakat meant the influence of FDR in

20590-520: Was the Prime Minister and Minister of Defense). To their surprise, the village was already occupied by the battalion of the Sungkono Division led by Major Sabarudin. On October 28, the government arrested 1,500 men of the last rebel military unit. Musso was shot dead three days later when he hid in a restroom and refused to surrender. His body was brought to Ponorogo, set on display for public view, and set ablaze. A month later, on November 29, Djoko Sujono and Maruto Darusman were arrested. Sjarifuddin faced

20735-401: Was the state in the Eastern Bloc with whom it felt closest affinity but with the PKI-Soviet in 1963, the Murba Party reoriented itself towards building relations with the Soviet Union instead. Once it was clear that PKI had sided with the Chinese Communist Party in the Sino-Soviet split , one sector of the Murba Party began to negotiate with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union regarding

20880-423: Was then still controlled by the Dutch). In addition, there were at least 200,000 excess troops but an inadequate number of arms and munitions for them. To anticipate the critical problems (economic, military, and political) emerging from that situation, Hatta and his cabinet immediately decided to embark upon a rationalization program. At the initial stage of reorganization, there were 160,000 troops left. This program

21025-404: Was to promote Musso's political ideas. Other PKI leaders remained in Jogjakarta to try to negotiate with PNI and Masjumi leaders to form a new cabinet, which would include FDR's representatives. The situation in the FDR was still chaotic even after the unification of several political forces. For instance, some members of the PKI and the Partai Sosialis in Bojonegoro opposed the decision made during

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