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66-566: Pasca in the Chibcha language means "father's enclosure", according to Acosta Ortegón. Pasca in the time before the Spanish conquest was inhabited by the Muisca , organized in their Muisca Confederation . The southern Muisca territories were ruled from Muyquytá , the current capital. On April 6, 1536 conquistadors Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and his brother started the strenuous march into

132-499: A ction"; izhe – "street" i – open "i" as in "' i nca" – sié – "water" or "river" o – short "o" as in "b o x" – to – "dog" u – "ou" as in "y ou " – uba – "face" y – between "i" and "e"; "a" in action – ty – "singing" b – as in " b ed", or as in Spanish "ha b a"; – bohozhá – "with" ch – "sh" as in " sh ine", but with the tongue pushed backwards – chuta – "son" or "daughter" f – between

198-734: A "b" and "w" using both lips without producing sound, a short whistle – foï – "mantle" g – "gh" as in " g ood", or as in Spanish "abo g ado"; – gata – "fire" h – as in " h ello" – huïá – "inwards" ï – "i-e" as in Beelzebub – ïe – "road" or "prayer" k – "c" as in " c old" – kony – "wheel" m – "m" as in " m an" – mika – "three" n – "n" as in " n ice" – nyky – "brother" or "sister" p – "p" as in " p eople" – paba – "father" s – "s" as in " s orry" – sahawá – "husband" t – "t" as in " t ext" – yta – "hand" w – "w" as in " w ow!" – we – "house" zh – as in " ch orizo", but with

264-454: A Spanish-Muysca vocabulary and a "Catheçismo en la lengua Mosca o Chipcha" [ sic ]. It was transcribed by María Stella González and published by the Caro y Cuervo Institute in 1987. According to the researcher, this manuscript "was written at times when the language was still spoken. " González's transcription has been one of the most consulted works by modern linguists interested in

330-581: A central market square with the house of the cacique in the centre. Roads were present to connect the settlements with each other and with the surrounding indigenous groups, of which the Guane and Lache to the north, the Panche and Muzo to the west and Guayupe , Achagua and Tegua to the east were the most important. Early Amerindian settlers led a hunter-gatherer life among still extant megafauna living in cool habitats around Pleistocene lakes, of which

396-399: A dictionary of all the languages of the world This manuscript is made up of three books: the first titled "De la gramática breve de la lengua Mosca"; the second contains three titles: "Confesionarios en la Lengua Mosca chibcha" [ sic ], "Oraciones en Lengua Mosca chibcha" [ sic ] and "Catecismo breve en Lengua Mosca chibcha" [ sic ]; The third book

462-457: A grammar, a confessional in Spanish and a confessional in Muysca. For the elaboration of his work, Lugo devised a sort or type in order to express a vowel that was not part of the phonetic inventory of Spanish and that was necessary to capture if a correct pronunciation was wanted, he called it "Inverse Ipsilon" and today we know it as "The Lugo's y". In other sources it appears simply expressed with

528-477: A harsh expedition through the heartlands of Colombia in search of El Dorado and the civilisation that produced all this precious gold. The leader of the first and main expedition under Spanish flag was Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , with his brother Hernán second in command. Several other soldiers were participating in the journey, who would later become encomenderos and taking part in the conquest of other parts of Colombia. Other contemporaneous expeditions into

594-651: A loose collection of different people with slightly different languages and backgrounds. In the times before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca , the central part of present-day Colombia; the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes was inhabited by the Muisca people who were organised in a loose confederation of rulers . The central authorities of Bacatá in the south and Hunza in the north were called zipa and zaque respectively. Other rulers were

660-439: A semivocalic extension of bilabial consonants, as Adolfo Constenla presented it at the time, for example in cusmuy *[kusmʷɨ], */kusmɨ/, she considers it a phonetic characteristic and not a phonological one. The Myska alphabet consists of around 20 letters. Myska didn't have an "L" in their language. The letters are pronounced more or less as follows: a – as in Spanish "casa"; ka – "enclosure" or "fence" e – as in "

726-613: Is a language spoken by the Muisca people of the Muisca Confederation , one of the many indigenous cultures of the Americas . The Muisca inhabit the Altiplano Cundiboyacense of what today is the country of Colombia . The name of the language Muysc cubun in its own language means "language of the people", from muysca ("people") and cubun ("language" or "word"). Despite the disappearance of

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792-533: Is an agglutinative language , characterized by roots that are usually monosyllabic or bisyllabic (to a lesser extent longer), which combine to form extensive expressions. Typologically, it is a final core language. In addition, it is an inflectional language , which means that the roots receive prefixes and suffixes. The closest living language to Muysca is Uwa . Compared to other northern Chibcha languages, Muysca presents more recent innovations. The following greetings have been taken directly from written sources from

858-595: Is part of the Chibcha linguistic family , which in turn belongs to the macro-Chibchan group. The Chibcha linguistic family includes several indigenous languages of Central America and Northwestern South America. In prehistorical times, in the Andean civilizations called preceramic , the population of northwestern South America migrated through the Darién Gap between the isthmus of Panama and Colombia. Other Chibchan languages are spoken in southern Central America and

924-606: Is the Muisca raft , together with more objects made of gold, tumbaga , ceramics and cotton displayed in the Museo del Oro in Bogotá , the ancient capital of the southern Muisca. The Muisca were a predominantly agricultural society with small-scale farmfields, part of more extensive terrains. To diversify their diet, they traded mantles, gold , emeralds and salt for fruits, vegetables, coca , yopo and cotton cultivated in lower altitude warmer terrains populated by their neighbours,

990-461: Is titled "Bocabulario de la Lengua Chibcha o Mosca" [ sic ]. It was transcribed by Diego Gómez and Diana Girlado between 2012 and 2013. These manuscripts are actually a single vocabulary, one copies the other. The first was transcribed by Quesada Pacheco in 1991 and the second by Gómez y Giraldo between 2012 and 2013 It was published in Madrid, Spain, in the year 1619. It consists of

1056-670: The iraca priest in sacred City of the Sun Sugamuxi , the Tundama of Tundama and various other caciques (chiefs). The Muisca spoke Chibcha , in their own language called Muysccubun ; "language of the people". The Muisca people, different from the other three great civilisations of the Americas; the Maya , Aztec and Inca , did not build grand stone architecture . Their settlements were relatively small and consisted of bohíos ; circular houses of wood and clay, organised around

1122-600: The New Kingdom of Granada and although their orthography is inconsistent and a little different from the known ones, these pamphlets are associated with the variety spoken in Santafé and its surroundings Because Muysc Cubun is an extinct language, various scholars as Adolfo Constenla (1984), González de Pérez (2006) and Willem Adelaar with the collaboration of Pieter Muysken (2007) have formulated different phonological systems taking into account linguistic documents from

1188-542: The Tenza Valley through Machetá , Tibiritá , Guateque , Sutatenza and Tenza , founded on San Juan ; June 24. On the same day, Hernán founded Sutatausa . Gonzalo continued northwest through La Capilla and Úmbita . He arrived in Turmequé that he founded on July 20. In August 1537 Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada entered the territories of the zaque , who ruled from Hunza . When the Spanish conquerors entered

1254-560: The humedales in Bogotá, Lake Suesca , Lake Fúquene and Lake Herrera are notable examples. Multiple evidences of late Pleistocene to middle Holocene population of the Bogotá savanna , the high plateau in the Colombian Andes, have been found to date. As is common with caves and rock shelters , Tequendama was inhabited from around 11,000 years BP, and continuing into the prehistorical, Herrera and Muisca periods, making it

1320-465: The 17th century and comparative linguistics. The proposal of Adolfo Constenla , Costa Rican teacher of the Chibcha languages, has been the basis of the other proposals and his appreciations are still valid, even more so because they were the result of the use of the comparative method with other Chibcha languages and lexicostatistics. In fact, Constenla's classification of the Chibcha languages remains

1386-411: The 17th century when the language was alive. In Muysca, the noun lacks morphemes of gender, number and case. In nouns denoting sex, it is necessary to add the corresponding name "fucha~fuhucha" or "cha". fulano fulano muysca person cha male cho good guy COP fulano muysca cha cho guy fulano person male good COP Muisca Confederation The Muisca Confederation

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1452-598: The Altiplano, the oldest archaeological remains were found; in Pubenza , part of Tocaima and have been dated at 16,000 years Before Present. The Herrera Period is a phase in the history of Colombia . It is part of the Andean preceramic and ceramic , time equivalent of the North American pre-Columbian formative and classic stages and age dated by various archaeologists . The Herrera Period predates

1518-623: The Colombian fruits gulupa and curuba . The famous Muisca raft , representing the ritual of El Dorado , was found in Pasca in 1969. The raft is now part of the Gold Museum collection in Bogotá . The town contains an archaeological museum and a natural history museum. Ivan Ramiro Sosa cyclist winner of multiple races. Chibcha language Chibcha , Mosca , Muisca , Muysca (*/ˈmɨska/ *[ˈmʷɨska] ), or Muysca de Bogotá

1584-549: The Herrera Period has been uncovered on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and main archaeologists contributing to the present knowledge about the Herrera Period are scholars Ana María Groot , Gonzalo Correal Urrego , Thomas van der Hammen , Carl Henrik Langebaek Rueda , Sylvia M. Broadbent , Marianne Cardale de Schrimpff and others. The Muisca were polytheistic and their religion and mythology

1650-542: The Muisca Confederation was one of the best-organized confederations of tribes on the South American continent. Modern anthropologists , such as Jorge Gamboa Mendoza , attribute the present-day knowledge about the confederation and its organization more to a reflection by Spanish chroniclers who predominantly wrote about it a century or more after the Muisca were conquered and proposed the idea of

1716-466: The Muisca Confederation were based in the Muisca religion and mythology . The Muisca were a highly religious people with their own beliefs on the origin of the Earth and life and human sacrifices were no exception to please the gods for good harvests and prosperity. Lake Guatavita , Guatavita , was the location where the new zipa would be inaugurated. It became known with the Spanish conquerors as

1782-454: The Muisca and related indigenous groups took their language with them into the heart of Colombia where they comprised the Muisca Confederation , a cultural grouping. As early as 1580 the authorities in Charcas, Quito , and Santa Fe de Bogotá mandated the establishment of schools in native languages and required that priests study these languages before ordination. In 1606 the entire clergy

1848-456: The Muisca religion was held in Ubaque on December 27, 1563. The second bishop of Santafé, Luis Zapata de Cárdenas , intensified the aggressive policies against the Muisca religion and the burnings of their sacred sites. This formed the final nail in the coffin of the former polytheistic society. The transition to a mixed agriculture with Old World crops was remarkably fast, mainly to do with

1914-411: The Muisca was the heaviest of all four Spanish expeditions to the great American civilisations. More than 80 percent of the soldiers and horses that started the journey of a year to the northern Muisca Confederation did not survive it. Various settlements were founded by the Spanish between 1537 and 1539 . A delegation of more than 900 men left the tropical city of Santa Marta and went on

1980-563: The Muisca. Apart from agriculture, the Muisca were well developed in the production of different crafts, using the raw materials traded with surrounding indigenous peoples. Famous are the golden and tumbaga objects made by the Muisca people. Cotton mantles, cloths and nets were made by the Muisca women and traded for valuable goods, tropical fruits and small cotton cloths were used as money. The Muisca were unique in South America for having real coins of gold, called tejuelos . Mining

2046-581: The Muzo, Panche, Yarigui, Guane, Guayupe, Achagua, Tegua, Lache, Sutagao and U'wa. Trade of products grown farther away happened with the Calima , Pijao and Caribbean coastal communities around the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta . The Muisca economy was self-sufficient regarding the basic supplies , thanks to the advanced technologies of the agriculture on raised terraces by the people. The system of trade

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2112-717: The Spanish beat the zaque and the big and strong Muisca ruler was taken captive to Suesca . There he was tortured and the Spanish soldiers hoped he would reveal where he hid his precious properties. The absence of Quemuenchatocha paved the route for his nephew Aquiminzaque to succeed him as ruler of the northern Muisca, a practice common in Muisca traditions . When Quemuenchatocha was finally released from captivity in Suesca, he fled to Ramiriquí , where he died shortly after. The Spanish soldiers found gold, emeralds, silver , mantles and other valuables in Tunja. They were not able to take all

2178-428: The Spanish. Hunza was located in a valley not as green as the Bogotá savanna . The advantage of the Spanish weaponry and the use of the horses quickly beat the Muisca warriors. When Gonzalo arrived at the main bohío of Quemuenchatocha, he found the Muisca ruler sitting in his throne and surrounded by his closest companions. All men were dressed in expensive mantles and adorned with golden crowns. On August 20, 1537,

2244-465: The age of the Muisca people , who inhabited the Altiplano Cundiboyacense before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca and postdates the lithic formative stage and prehistory of the eastern Andean region in Colombia . The Herrera Period is usually defined as ranging from 800 BCE to 800 AD, although some scholars date it as early as 1500 BCE, considered as the "Early Herrera Period". Ample evidence of

2310-510: The battle at Funza , on the Bogotá savanna , April 20, 1537. The arrival of the Spanish conquerors was revealed to Tisquesusa by the mohan Popón, from the village of Ubaque . He told the Muisca ruler that foreigners were coming and Tisquesusa would die "bathing in his own blood". When Tisquesusa was informed of the advancing invasion of the Spanish soldiers, he sent a spy to Suesca to find out more about their army strength, weapons and with how many warriors they could be beaten. The zipa left

2376-505: The capital Bacatá and took shelter in Nemocón which directed the Spanish troops to there, during this march attacked by more than 600 Muisca warriors. When Tisquesusa retreated in his fort in Cajicá he allegedly told his men he would not be able to combat against the strong Spanish army in possession of weapons that produced "thunder and lightning". He chose to return to Bacatá and ordered

2442-433: The capital to be evacuated, resulting in an abandoned site when the Spanish arrived. In search for the Muisca ruler the conquistadores went north to find Tisquesusa in the surroundings of Facatativá where they attacked him at night. Tisquesusa was thrusted by the sword of one of De Quesada's soldiers but without knowing he was the zipa he let him go, after taking the expensive mantle of the ruler. Tisquesusa fled hurt into

2508-439: The community were mummified and the mummies were not buried, yet displayed in their temples , in natural locations such as caves and even carried on their backs during warfare to impress their enemies. Their art is the most famous remnant of their culture, as living spaces, temples and other existing structures have been destroyed by the Spanish who colonised the Muisca territories. A primary example of their fine goldworking

2574-438: The fertility of the lands of the Altiplano permitting European crops to grow there, while in the more tropical areas the soil was not so much suited for the foreign crops. In 1555, the Muisca of Toca were growing European crops as wheat and barley and sugarcane was grown in other areas. The previously self-sustaining economy was quickly transformed into one based on intensive agriculture and mining that produced changes in

2640-644: The grapheme y . Recently, a couple of doctrinal texts of the Muysca language were discovered in the Bodleian Library, which were sewn into the final part of an anonymous grammar of the Quechua language, published in Seville in 1603. The first of them is a brief Grammar, and the second a brief Christian Doctrine. These pamphlets are considered the earliest known texts of the General Language of

2706-830: The inner highlands of Colombia. With 209 men he arrived on March 12, 1537, in Guachetá . From there he led his army to conquer the villages of the Muisca on the Bogotá savanna . One of his captains, Juan de Céspedes , reached Pasca in July 1537, founding modern Pasca on July 15. It was the last village of the Muisca to be conquered before heading south into the domain of the Sutagao . Main economical activities in Pasca are livestock farming and agriculture , predominantly papa criolla , other potatoes , peas , onions , bunching onions , tree tomatoes , beans , carrots , cabbage , lettuce , tomatoes , corn , blackberries , coriander and

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2772-552: The lake in the shape of snakes. According to Muisca myths, the Tequendama Falls , outside Soacha , was the site where the first zipa Meicuchuca lost his lover who turned in a snake and disappeared in the waters of the Bogotá River . El Infiernito , close to the present town of Villa de Leyva was a sacred site where the Muisca erected structures based on astronomical parameters . The conquest of

2838-459: The language in the 17th century (approximately), several language revitalization processes are underway within the current Muisca communities. The Muisca people remain ethnically distinct and their communities are recognized by the Colombian state. Important scholars who have contributed to the knowledge of the Chibcha language include Juan de Castellanos , Bernardo de Lugo , José Domingo Duquesne and Ezequiel Uricoechea . The Muysca language

2904-657: The language. Three documents from the Biblioteca Real de Palacio are compendiums of the Muysca language and are part of the so-called Mutis Collection, a set of linguistic-missionary documents of several indigenous languages of the New Kingdom of Granada and the Captaincy General of Venezuela , collected by Mutis , due to the initial wishes of the Tsarina of Russia Catherine the Great , who wanted to create

2970-458: The mobility of the indigenous people was prohibited and the people gathered in resguardos . The formerly celebrated festivities in their religion disappeared. Specific times for the catechesis were controlled by laws, as executed in royal dictates in 1537, 1538 and 1551. The first bishop of Santafé, Juan de los Barrios , ordered to destroy the temples of the Muisca and replace them with Catholic churches. The last public religious ceremony of

3036-522: The most accepted. In The languages of the Andes they present a phonologic chart based on the orthography developed during the colonial period, which diverges in some aspects from that used in Spanish according to the needs of the language. In his book Aproximación al sistema fonológico de la lengua muisca , González presents the following phonological table (González, 2006:57, 65, 122). González does not present approximants, although she considers [w] as

3102-467: The mountains and died of his wounds there. His body was only discovered a year later because of the black vultures circling over it. When Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada found out the caciques were conspiring against him, he sent out several expeditions of soldiers. His captain Juan de Céspedes went south to found Pasca on July 15, 1537. Hernán was sent north and Gonzalo himself went northeast, to search for

3168-531: The mythical Land of Gold El Dorado . There he did not find golden cities, but emeralds , the Muisca were extracting in Chivor and Somondoco . First foundation was Engativá , presently a locality of Bogotá, on May 22, 1537. Passing through Suba , Chía , Cajicá , Tocancipá , Gachancipá , Guatavita and Sesquilé , he arrived in Chocontá , founding the modern town on June 9. The journey went eastward into

3234-474: The oldest site of Colombia, together with El Abra (12,500 BP), located north of Zipaquirá and Tibitó , located within the boundaries of Tocancipá (11,740 BP). The oldest human remains and the oldest complete skeleton were discovered at Tequendama and has been named "Hombre del Tequendama" or Homo Tequendama . Other artefacts have been found in Gachalá (9100 BP), Sueva ( Junín ) and Zipacón . Just west of

3300-494: The outskirts of Hunza and found a hill with poles were bodies were dangling, they named it Cerro de la Horca ("Gallow Hill"). At the time of the conquest Quemuenchatocha was the zaque and he ordered his men to not submit to the European invaders or show them the way to his bohío . He sent messengers to the Spanish conquistadors with valuable peace offers. While this was happening, Quemuenchatocha had hidden his treasures from

3366-412: The precious pieces and many were secretly taken away by the Muisca, using folded deer skins. They hid the valuables in nearby hills. Not only the Spanish settlers had lost large percentages of their men due to warfare and diseases. The assessed corregimientos of the province of Tunja between 1537 and 1636 shows a decline of the total Muisca population between 65 and 85%. Epidemics were the main cause of

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3432-402: The production of salt and golden ornaments. The people used a decimal counting system, based on the digits of the hand. Their system went from 1 to 10 and for higher numerations they used the prefix quihicha or qhicha , which means "foot" in their Chibcha language Muysccubun . Eleven became thus "foot one", twelve "foot two", etc. As in the other pre-Columbian civilizations, the number 20

3498-475: The rapid reduction in population. Various have been reported and many undescribed in the first twenty years of contact. After the foundation of Bogotá and the installation of the new dependency of the Spanish Crown, several strategies were important to the Spanish conquerors. The rich mineral resources of the Altiplano had to be extracted, the agriculture was quickly reformed, a system of encomiendas

3564-472: The site of El Dorado where the new zipa was covered in gold dust and installed as the new ruler of the southern Muisca. In the legends of the Muisca, humankind originated in Lake Iguaque , Monquirá , when the goddess Bachué came out from the lake with a boy in her arms. When the boy grew, they populated the Earth. They are considered the ancestors of the human race. Finally, they disappeared unto

3630-445: The tongue to the back – zhysky – "head" The accentuation of the words is like in Spanish on the second-last syllable except when an accent is shown: Bacata is Ba-CA-ta and Bacatá is Ba-ca-TA. In case of repetition of the same vowel, the word can be shortened: fuhuchá ~ fuchá – "woman". In Chibcha, words are made of combinations where sometimes vowels are in front of the word. When this happens in front of another vowel,

3696-423: The unknown interior of the Andes, all searching for the mythical land of gold, were starting from later Venezuela , led by Bavarian and other German conquistadors and from the south, starting in the previously founded Kingdom of Quito in later Ecuador . The first phase of the conquest was ended by the victory of the few conquistadors left over Tisquesusa , the last zipa of Bacatá , who fell and died after

3762-409: The vowel changes as follows: a - uba becomes oba – "his (or her, its) face" a - ita becomes eta – "his base" a - yta becomes ata – "his hand" (note: ata also means "one") Sometimes this combination is not performed and the words are written with the prefix plus the new vowel: a-ita would become eta but can be written as aeta , a-uba as aoba and a-yta as ayta Muysca

3828-417: Was a loose confederation of different Muisca rulers ( zaques , zipas , iraca , and tundama ) in the central Andean highlands of what is today Colombia before the Spanish conquest of northern South America . The area, presently called Altiplano Cundiboyacense , comprised the current departments of Boyacá , Cundinamarca and minor parts of Santander . According to some Muisca scholars

3894-621: Was an important source of income for the Muisca, who were called "Salt People" because of their salt mines in Zipaquirá , Nemocón and Tausa . Like their western neighbours, the Muzo —who were called "The Emerald People"—they mined emeralds in their territories, mainly in Somondoco . Carbon was found throughout the region of the Muisca in Eocene sediments and used for the fires for cooking and

3960-440: Was closely connected with the natural area they were inhabiting. They had a thorough understanding of astronomical parameters and developed a complex luni - solar calendar ; the Muisca calendar . According to the calendar they had specific times for sowing, harvest and the organisation of festivals where they sang, danced and played music and drank their national drink chicha in great quantities. The most respected members of

4026-459: Was installed and a main concern of the Spanish was the evangelisation of the Muisca. On October 9, 1549, Carlos V sent a royal letter to the New Kingdom directed at the priests about the necessity of population reduction of the Muisca. The indigenous people were working in the encomiendas which limited their religious conversion. To speed up the process of submittance to the Spanish reign,

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4092-612: Was much larger than previously thought and that in fact there was a Chibcha dialect continuum that extended throughout the Cordillera Oriental from the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy to the Sumapaz Páramo . The quick colonization of the Spanish and the improvised use of traveling translators reduced the differences between the versions of Chibcha over time. Since 2008 a Spanish–Muysc cubun dictionary containing more than 3000 words has been published online. The project

4158-403: Was ordered to provide religious instruction in Chibcha. The Chibcha language declined in the 18th century. In 1770, King Charles III of Spain officially banned use of the language in the region as part of a de-indigenization project. The ban remained in law until Colombia passed its constitution of 1991 . Modern Muisca scholars as Diego Gómez have claimed that the variety of languages

4224-529: Was partly financed by the University of Bergen , Norway. The sources of the Muysca language are seven documents prepared in the first decade of the 17th century and are considered a legitimate and reliable documentary set of the language. Manuscript 158 of the National Library of Colombia has a Grammar, an annex called "Modos de hablar en la lengua Mosca o Chipcha" [ sic ],

4290-578: Was special. It was the total number of all body extremities; fingers and toes. The Muisca used two forms to express twenty: "foot ten"; quihícha ubchihica or their exclusive word gueta , derived from gue , which means "house". Numbers between 20 and 30 were counted gueta asaqui ata ("twenty plus one"; 21), gueta asaqui ubchihica ("twenty plus ten"; 30). Larger numbers were counted as multiples of twenty; gue-bosa ("20 times 2"; 40), gue-hisca ("20 times 5"; 100). The Muisca script consisted of hieroglyphs , only used for numerals. The sacred sites of

4356-399: Was well established providing both the higher social classes and the general population abundances of gold, feathers, marine snails, coca, yopo and other luxury goods. Markets were held every four to eight days in various settlements throughout the Muisca Confederation and special markets were organised around festivities where merchants from far outside the Andes were trading their goods with

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