92-585: The Passover massacre was a suicide bombing carried out by Hamas at the Park Hotel in Netanya , Israel on 27 March 2002, during a Passover seder . 30 civilians were killed in the attack and 140 were injured. It was the deadliest attack against Israeli civilians during the Second Intifada , and one of the most severe suicide attacks Israel has ever experienced. On the evening of March 27, 2002,
184-430: A co-founder of PIJ, has advocated the idea that jihad is a personal duty. Former PIJ leader Ramadan Shalah expressed the group's reliance on martyrdom as a tactic, stating, "We have nothing with which to repel the killing and thuggery against us except the weapon of martyrdom. It is easy and costs us only our lives [...] human bombs cannot be defeated, not even by nuclear bombs ". During the Second Intifada , Fatah ,
276-613: A crackdown on followers of " deviant ideologies " (meaning ISIS and similar groups ). In 2018, members of ISIS in the Sinai "declared war" on Hamas, demanding Hamas release ISIS militants held in Gaza's prisons . Then in 2019, another suicide attack – also attributed to ISIS – directly targeted Gaza Strip police . Three police officers were killed, all three victims were allegedly members of Hamas. Gaza's Security forces responded by arresting ten people whom they suspected were members of
368-575: A declaration of their intent and a call for others to follow their example. These recordings are usually made against the backdrop of the organizational symbols and often include religious elements. Bombers are typically given disguises, such as Jewish religious clothing , Israeli military uniforms, or tourist clothing, and are instructed to target crowded public places while avoiding security checkpoints. Targets have included shopping centers, public buses, nightclubs, eateries, and places popular with teenagers and children. Final preparations include writing
460-608: A faction within Fatah formed after September 2000, emerged during the Second Intifada as a leading group in carrying out suicide attacks. In the early months of 2002, this group was responsible for over half of all suicide attacks, prompting the U.S. State Department to designate it as a Foreign Terrorist Organization in March 2002. The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades are closely linked to Fatah, with many of its members also being part of
552-405: A few targeting military objectives. Between 1994 and 2005, suicide bombings killed 735 Israelis and wounded 4,554. The majority of Palestinian suicide bombings targeting Israelis have been carried out by radical Palestinian groups, who often recruit potential bombers from outside their ranks, rather than relying on internal members. In the early 1990s, Islamist organizations such as Hamas and
644-492: A group with a high representation among suicide bombers in the Palestinian territories, reportedly said that "Martyrs give us dignity to free ourselves". This reflects the widespread sentiment among Palestinians that daily life in the occupied territories is marked by fear, despair, and constant humiliation, which provoke strong sense of justice and a desire for revenge. Cognitive psychology studies on Palestinians living in
736-505: A high level of lethality and effectiveness in its attacks, often causing more casualties than other Palestinian groups. The Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) began conducting suicide attacks between 1994 and 1997. The group's attacks primarily targeted civilians within Israel proper , including Jerusalem. The PIJ was behind the Bus 405 suicide attack in 1989, which killed 16 civilians, and
828-461: A key test of these theories. He believes these groups thought the bombings would speed up Israel's withdrawal from Gaza and the West Bank , an assessment shared by other observers and Israeli leaders, which ultimately proved correct. Critics argue that Pape overstates the success of suicide terrorism, and that the link between suicide bombing and foreign occupation is weak, as is the link with
920-508: A last resort, claiming that peaceful means to regain their homeland have been exhausted. Others argue that universal conscription in Israel blurs the line between civilians and soldiers: since every Israeli citizen has served, is serving, or will serve in the military, they are seen by terrorists as part of the military effort and therefore complicit in the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza. Another significant motivator for suicide bombers
1012-423: A message, to all the world that we are trying to fight for our own freedom against a terrorist government in Israel led by Sharon" and that Israelis "have to expect those attacks from everywhere, from every Palestinian group." Another Hamas spokesperson Abdel Aziz Rantisi said "[a]s long as there is occupation, there will be a resistance" and denied that the attack was timed to coincide with the peace initiative of
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#17327727214361104-559: A potent tactic in asymmetric warfare , designed to instill fear in Israeli society and demonstrate Palestinian resolve. Lacking the ability to directly confront Israel's superior military might, and convinced that negotiations will never lead to the creation of a Palestinian state, a significant part of the Palestinian population sees martyrdom operations as the only means of forcing Israel to meet their demands. Hamas spokesmen claimed that suicide bombings instilled significant fear among
1196-419: A region heavily affected by conflict, many Palestinians are driven by personal losses and seek to avenge the deaths or injuries of close friends or family members. Revenge is a powerful motivator, often expressed during funeral processions and reflected in the personal testimonies of bombers who admit that avenging fallen loved ones was a primary reason for their actions. Interviews conducted by Brym and Araj with
1288-515: A regional hospital, Laniado had established a trauma center and emergency protocol in the wake of suicide bombings and terrorist attacks in the Netanya area during the Second Intifada . In addition to medical teams, the hospital benefited from the volunteerism of Hasidim living in Kiryat Sanz, who donated blood, carried stretchers, and otherwise assisted the medical staff. According to
1380-609: A selective process where potential candidates are chosen based on their religious commitment, loyalty, and ability to maintain secrecy. Palestinian groups prefer to identify and approach individuals who have already demonstrated strong ideological alignment. Recruiters often target students and young people in mosques, universities, social activities, and in Israeli prisons. Candidates are scrutinized for their ability to handle psychological pressure, their personal and family backgrounds, and their criminal records. The training for suicide bombers typically lasts from several weeks to months and
1472-475: A senior Hamas member, admitted that he had been trained in Iran to prepare for attacks against Israeli targets. According to Assaf Moghadam, as the mission approaches, candidates typically disappear from their homes and families to avoid detection. They undergo final intensive training and briefings about their specific attack. In the days before the mission, candidates often record a final message, which may include
1564-735: A testament to "Palestinian innovative genius" ( abqariyyat al-ibda' al-filastini ), showcasing their perceived creativity and strategic ingenuity in the ongoing conflict. The first major attack by Hamas occurred on April 13, 1994, at the Hadera bus station suicide bombing , killing five people, as retribution for the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre by Baruch Goldstein in February. A significant escalation in Hamas' suicide bombing campaign followed
1656-517: A tradition in Islam and amplified by Islamist leaders. This glorification has encouraged Palestinians to undertake "martyrdom operations" against Israelis, depicted as acts of bravery in contrast to the perceived cowardice of Westerners, including Israelis, who are seen as reluctant to sacrifice their lives. This belief is echoed in statements by figures like the mufti of Jerusalem, Ekrima Sa'id Sabri , and Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh , who have contrasted
1748-463: A widespread culture of martyrdom , the struggle for national liberation, a drive to seek revenge for the death or injury of a loved one, or a response to the real or perceived humiliation associated with Israeli occupation . The involvement of secular groups like Fatah in organizing suicide attacks indicates that religious fervor is not the sole determinant. Religious motives play a significant role among Palestinian suicide bombers, particularly in
1840-457: A will, performing religious rites, and finalizing operational details. Bruce Hoffman notes that Palestinian suicide bombings have been strategically employed to provoke a response from Israel that can be used for propaganda. Hamas used suicide attacks to provoke an aggressive response from Israel, aiming to present its violence as defensive and superior to that of rival Palestinian groups. This approach seeks to garner international sympathy for
1932-459: Is a personal duty ( fard ayn ), rather than a communal obligation ( fard kifaya ). They use the term shaheed (martyr) for suicide attackers, distinguishing these acts from ordinary suicide, which is forbidden in Islam . The term derives from shaheda , meaning "to witness," and refers to those who die bearing witness to their faith. Hamas, in particular, sees martyrdom as a crucial part of Palestinian identity and mobilization, portraying it as
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#17327727214362024-519: Is attacking a legitimate target." Former Hamas leader Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi , reacting to the 2001 Dolphinarium discotheque massacre , stated that Palestinians "will never approve of the occupation of [their] homeland." Another key motivator for suicide bombers is the desire for revenge, driven by "perceptions of personal harm, unfairness, and injustice, as well as the anger, indignation, and hatred associated with such perceptions". Students from middle-class backgrounds at An-Najah National University ,
2116-421: Is considered by some as the first Palestinian suicide attack in Israel. The group's first notable attack occurred on November 11, 1994, when a PIJ member used a bicycle bomb to kill three Israelis. On January 22, 1995, PIJ carried out one of the deadliest attacks in Israeli history with dual bombings at Beit Lid junction , resulting in the deaths 20 Israeli soldiers and 1 civilian. During the initial 21 months of
2208-795: Is designed to prepare candidates practically, mentally and spiritually. It begins with rigorous indoctrination, involving classes on specific Quranic and Hadith teachings about martyrdom and the afterlife , as well as exposure to anti-Israeli propaganda. Candidates also undergo spiritual purification through fasting, extensive prayer, and seeking forgiveness for past sins. The process also includes psychological conditioning , with evaluations to ensure candidates are not clinically depressed or suicidal but are genuinely committed. Practical training includes handling and assembling explosive devices, performing detonations, and practicing escape routes, often through simulated missions to ensure familiarity with procedures and equipment. The planning of suicide attacks
2300-573: Is executed with utmost secrecy and strict compartmentalization. This detailed process involves gathering intelligence, procuring weapons—often smuggled from Egypt or Iran—and organizing logistics. The planning is divided into specific roles: organizational leadership sets strategic goals, operators manage the selection and preparation of bombers, and aides handle material acquisition and logistical support. In some cases, foreign countries have been involved in training and planning Palestinian suicide bombings. For instance, after his arrest in 1996, Hasan Salama,
2392-500: Is the "seeking retribution for suffering" bomber, which they identified as a major prototype of Palestinian suicide bombers. Palestinian suicide bombings have been interpreted as a political and military strategy rather than acts driven solely by individual motivations. From this perspective, they are viewed as deliberate actions by organised groups under military occupation , aimed at forcing occupiers to withdraw by causing heavy casualties and drawing media attention, or at strengthening
2484-500: Is the financial and social support provided to their families following the attack. Suicide bombers' families often receive substantial cash payments, ranging from $ 1,000 to several thousand dollars, from organizations such as Hamas or the PIJ, and occasionally from external supporters. In 2002, Iraqi president Saddam Hussein reportedly offered up to $ 25,000 to the families of Palestinian suicide bombers. This financial support, combined with
2576-505: Is the promise of rewards in the afterlife, as described in Islamic teachings and various hadiths . These rewards include forgiveness of sins, protection from hell, a crown of glory, marriage to seventy-two virgins ( houris ), and the ability to extend these privileges to seventy relatives. These promises create a strong incentive for individuals to undertake martyrdom, viewing it as a way to trade their limited earthly possessions for
2668-443: Is the strategic military objectives of terrorist organisations: "There is strong evidence that Islamic fundamentalism has not been the driving force behind Palestinian suicide terrorism". According to Pape, suicide bombing is effective: "The main reason that suicide terrorism is growing is that terrorists have learned that it works". He argues that the suicide campaigns by Hamas and Islamic Jihad against Israel in 1994-1995 provide
2760-541: The 1948 displacement and the Israeli occupation , renders martyrdom a compelling choice. Bombers are also motivated by a desire for revenge, personal pride and honor, and the promise of spiritual and material rewards in the afterlife. Public support for suicide bombers is reflected in cultural practices such as mass funerals, the naming of public spaces after bombers, and promotion through social media, written media, education, and children's programs. Suicide bombings in
2852-693: The Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades as a response. During a television broadcast on the Palestinian TV channel, Arafat praised the Palestinian people for the current popular uprising against Israel , but stressed that "We are against killing civilians on both sides". Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah condemned it, while also commenting that "I will add to this by saying to the Israeli people that if their government stopped its methods of violence and destruction, and agreed to real peace, we will not hesitate in accepting that Israel live in peace with
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2944-920: The Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades and the PFLP . The majority of suicide bombings targeting Israelis have been organized by Palestinian nationalist groups, initially led by Islamist organizations and then adopted by more secular groups. These organizations typically recruit bombers from outside their own ranks, rather than relying on internal members. Suicide bombs were later used by a smaller number of Palestinians in anti-nationalist groups. Hamas , through its military wing Al-Qassam Brigades , has been responsible for numerous suicide attacks since 1993. The group has conducted more suicide attacks and caused more Israeli casualties than any other Palestinian group. Hamas presents both practical and doctrinal justifications for suicide bombings. Practically, they emphasize
3036-772: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and was recruited by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a cadet around the same time. One of Meir's first postings was as Consul and Administration Officer at the Israeli Embassy in Washington, D.C. He was a member of the negotiating team that drafted the Egypt–Israel peace treaty in 1979, one year after the Camp David Accords were signed. As Director of
3128-502: The Islamic nation " and that "nothing will deter them except for us voluntarily detonating ourselves in their midst". The interchangeable use of terms like "Israeli," "Jew," and "Zionist" underscores a hatred that likely serves as an additional personal motivation for suicide attacks. Since the early 1990s, and particularly with the onset of the Second Intifada, martyrdom has become increasingly glorified among Palestinians , driven by
3220-570: The Palestinian Authority sponsored a soccer tournament, Tulkarm Shahids Memorial Soccer Championship Tournament of the Shahid Abd Al-Baset Odeh [ ar ] , describing the perpetrator as a " shahid " ("martyr"). 71% of Palestinians polled about the tournament approved of naming it in honor of the bomber. ‡ indicates the terrorist attack which caused the greatest amount of Israeli casualties during
3312-594: The Palestinian Authority 's security forces. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), a secular Marxist–Leninist faction originating from the PLO, carried out a limited number of suicide attacks during the Second Intifada. Under George Habash's leadership, the PFLP's rejection of suicide attacks led to a decline in support. However, after shifting to suicide terrorism and adopting jihadist rhetoric in 2001,
3404-598: The Palestinian Authority . Terrorism scholar Mia Bloom argues that in Israel/Palestine, "the bombings became a method of recruitment for militant Islamic organizations within the Palestinian community. They serve at one and the same time to attack the hated enemy (Israel) and give legitimacy to outlier militant groups who compete with the Palestinian Authority (PA) for leadership of the community". She observes that support for suicide bombings
3496-651: The Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) adopted this strategy in response to the Oslo Accords , which had elevated the PLO 's position and sidelined these Islamist groups. During the Second Intifada, suicide attacks against Israel intensified and gained widespread Palestinian support, leading to the development of a martyrdom cult . This led to its adoption by other groups such as the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades and Fatah's Tanzim , which sought to leverage
3588-410: The Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), leading them to adopt similar procedures for selecting and training suicide bombers. Among Palestinians, suicide bombings are commonly referred to as "martyrdom operations" ( Arabic : عمليات استشهادية , romanized : 'amaliyyāt istišhādiyya ). This term is used by both radical Islamist groups such as Hamas, as well as more secular organizations such as
3680-610: The RAND Corporation found that nearly 60% of suicide bombers recruited by Hamas and Islamic Jihad had education beyond high school, whereas less than 15% of the general adult male Palestinian population did. Additionally, these bombers were significantly less likely to come from impoverished backgrounds compared to their peers. Many Palestinian suicide bombers are motivated by nationalist sentiments, joining groups like Hamas, PIJ, and Fatah to fight perceived injustices and defend their land against what they see as encroachment by
3772-559: The Saudi government at the Beirut Summit , an initiative rejected by Hamas. Israeli government spokesman Gideon Meir related to the attack saying "what we had tonight was a Passover massacre" and added "There is no limit to Palestinian barbarism." Palestinian Authority officials "strongly condemned" the attack. Palestinian President Yasser Arafat personally ordered the arrests of militants associated with Hamas, Islamic Jihad , and
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3864-555: The Tamil Tigers primarily targeted military objectives or high-profile civilian figures and employed a specialized unit known as the Black Tigers specifically for these operations. Among Palestinians, suicide attacks are typically followed by demonstrations of support, the distribution of pamphlets, and large funerals attended by hundreds or thousands of supporters. Instead of grieving, families are encouraged to celebrate
3956-542: The " Zionist entity ". This sense of injustice associated with the 1948 displacement and the Israeli occupation , drives their willingness to die for their cause. The significance of land and home in Palestinian culture , combined with the feeling of humiliation and frustration, fuels their resolve. Nationalist fervor is also linked to the concept of "national Jihad," which aims to bolster Palestinian identity and pride through "resistance". Suicide bombings are viewed as
4048-495: The "Zionist occupiers". They celebrated the notion that life in Israel had become akin to "hell" and argued that these attacks undermined the Zionist goal of a secure haven for Jews, and led to doubts about Israel's future as well as substantial emigration. Influential Islamic scholar Yusuf al-Qaradawi stated that "The Palestinian who blows himself up is a person who is defending his homeland. When he attacks an occupier enemy, he
4140-493: The 1990s and 2000s had an unexpected and severe impact on Israel's home front , profoundly affecting Israeli society and hardening attitudes towards Palestinians as potential peace partners in a two-state solution . The bombings contributed to Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon 's decision to construct the West Bank barrier inside and around the West Bank. Since the 1980s, suicide terrorism has emerged in various parts of
4232-643: The 2000s Palestinian suicide attacks Palestinian suicide attacks , also known as Palestinian suicide bombings , involve the use of suicide bombings by Palestinian groups in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict , predominantly targeting Israeli civilians. This tactic is also referred to as Palestinian suicide terrorism . It emerged in the 1990s and reached its peak during the Second Intifada (2000–2005). Attacks occurred at various locations, including shopping centers, public buses, transit stations, cafes, nightclubs, and restaurants, with only
4324-749: The Lebanese experiment before our eyes... It was a great model of which we are proud." Fathi Shiqaqi , founder of the PIJ, said he developed a plan for "exceptional" martyrdom operations based on Hezbollah's theological justifications. PIJ leader Ramadan Shalah acknowledged that the group's suicide bombings were influenced by Hezbollah's 1983 bombings. Comparing Palestinian bombings to those carried out by other groups highlights several differences in tactics and target selection. Palestinian suicide attacks predominantly aimed at civilians and were often conducted by newly recruited members. In contrast, in Sri Lanka,
4416-519: The Muslim willingness to die with the Jewish preference for life. Martyrdom brings elevated status in Palestinian society, where honor and dignity are highly valued. This is reinforced by a cult of martyrdom , with martyrs celebrated through posters, leaflets, and large rallies. For many young Palestinians, this glorification offers a path to significant social status and recognition. Another motivator
4508-546: The Muslims fight the Jews and kill them, and until the Jews hide behind rocks and trees when the call is raised: 'Oh Muslim, here is a Jew hiding! Come and kill him.'" The group contends that suicide bombings establish a "balance of fear" ( tawazun ra'b ) against Israel by inflicting significant casualties and psychological distress on Israelis, despite the group's own military limitations. Additionally, Hamas frames these attacks as
4600-663: The PFLP conducted another suicide attack in the settlement of Ariel, injuring 15 people. In 2017 and 2019, during the Sinai insurgency , there were suicide bombings in the Gaza Strip by local ISIS sympathizers. ISIS are a global extremist group, with an ideology that fundamentally opposes the Palestinian nationalism of Hamas and the other groups above. In 2017 two Hamas government border guards were killed while attempting to intercept an ISIS suicide bomber at Rafah Crossing . The Hamas government responded to that bombing with
4692-526: The Second Intifada (September 2000 to June 2002), PIJ was responsible for approximately 20% of all successful suicide attacks, killing at least 28 Israelis and injuring 213. The number of attacks by PIJ increased over time, peaking with the Megiddo Junction bus bombing in June 2002, which killed 17 Israelis. The Ideology of the PIJ was influenced by Islamist thinker Sayyid Qutb . Fathi Shiqaqi ,
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#17327727214364784-646: The Tanzim and the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades to provide a secular alternative to Islamist groups like Hamas and PIJ. The Tanzim , the armed wing of Fatah, was involved in significant violence, particularly following Ariel Sharon 's visit to the Temple Mount . The Tanzim's first major suicide attack occurred on January 17, 2002, in Hadera , killed six people and wounded 33 at a bat mitzvah children celebration. The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades ,
4876-748: The Training Division in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, his responsibilities included training of diplomats. Meir served as Deputy Director-General for media and public affairs in the Israeli Foreign Ministry until November 2006. Previously he was Minister Plenipotentiary (Deputy Chief of Mission ) at the Israeli embassy in London . Meir was appointed Israel's ambassador to Italy in July 2006, succeeding Ehud Gol . He
4968-522: The West Bank and Gaza report that "members of different militant groups often attribute their own violent acts to personal or collective humiliation experienced at the hands of their oppressors". Political scientist Hilal Khashan argues that collective Palestinian frustration, exacerbated by failed peace initiatives and Israel's military dominance, has fostered a suicidal mentality among impoverished Palestinians, particularly in refugee camps , and led to increased support for radical political Islam . In
5060-511: The assassination of bombmaker Yahya Ayyash in January 1996. This led to a surge in attacks until late 1997. During the initial 21 months of the Second Intifada (September 2000 to June 2002), Hamas was responsible for approximately 43% of all suicide attacks against Israelis, killing 161 and injuring over 1,100. Ganor writes that from 2000 to 2005, Hamas orchestrated 92 out of 155 total terrorist attacks. Moghadam notes that Hamas has demonstrated
5152-615: The attack to an explosives expert for examination, and Nasser Yatiya, who helped transport the explosive belts, were tried and convicted together in an Israeli military court in April 2003 and handed 29 life sentences. Nasser Yatiya was released in the Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange in 2011. Muhammad Taher, who prepared the explosive charges, was killed in a clash with Israeli Shayetet 13 naval commandos in June 2003. On 26 March 2008 Hamas commander Omar Jabar, suspected of helping organize
5244-658: The attack, was arrested in Tulkarem by IDF troops of the Nahshon Battalion . In March 2013 he was convicted over his role and sentenced to 30 years in prison. In September 2009, Muhammad Harwish, a senior Hamas militant and a planner of the Passover Massacre, was arrested by the Border Police's elite Yamam counter-terror squad in his home village along with an aide, Adnan Samara. In 2003,
5336-404: The attack. For unknown reasons it was not used and passed to Abbas al-Sayyid [ ar ] instead. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack. The bomber was identified as Abdel-Basset Odeh [ ar ] (Abd Al-Baset Odeh), a 25-year-old from the nearby West Bank city of Tulkarm . Hamas spokesman Osama Hamdan said that "This is a trial (attempt) to send a letter, to send
5428-648: The bombing set the peace process back but vowed to continue. In his response to the Arab Peace Initiative adopted at the Arab League's summit in Beirut , Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel Shimon Peres noted that "... the details of every peace plan must be discussed directly between Israel and the Palestinians, and to make this possible, the Palestinian Authority must put an end to terror,
5520-406: The cell who arranged the attack. Martyrdom among Palestinian suicide bombers is often driven by a combination of religious beliefs, nationalistic sentiment, and personal incentives. Individual motivations for becoming a suicide bomber may stem from various factors, including the desire to attain expected rewards in the afterlife , economic or social benefits for family members, the influence of
5612-612: The deaths of their loved ones. Additionally, streets, schools, and public squares are often named in honor of the deceased martyrs. The culture of martyrdom is deeply embedded, evident in various forms including naming sports tournaments after suicide bombers or featuring dramas about figures like the bomb maker Yahya Ayyash . Palestinian organizations have used various methods to promote their activities, including displaying posters of suicide bombers in communities, sharing videos and photos of martyrs on social media, employing imams to incite violence in mosques, integrating such messages into
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#17327727214365704-400: The democratic nature of the occupying countries. They propose alternative explanations, such as the inter-group competition (or "outbidding") theory. The outbidding theory suggests that competing political organisations use suicide bombings to show their commitment to the cause and gain popular support. Unlike Pape's view of suicide bombings as a direct tool of coercion against the state,
5796-453: The education system, and organizing summer camps where children receive training in weapon use and survival skills. Victor notes that Palestinian children as young as six often express a wish to become martyrs, although they may not fully comprehend its significance. By twelve, they usually have a clearer understanding and are more committed to the idea. Gideon Meir Gideon Meir ( Hebrew : גדעון מאיר ; 1947 – 15 February 2021)
5888-439: The elevated social status bestowed upon the family due to the martyrdom of their member, leads to significant improvements in their living conditions and public standing. However, while economic hardship can drive some Palestinians to seek martyrdom, it alone does not fully explain the phenomenon. Economic deprivation has been a long-standing issue, and some suicide bombers come from relatively affluent families. Claude Berrebi of
5980-400: The eve of the Jewish holiday of Passover and during the traditional seder meal, a Palestinian bomber named Abdel-Basset Odeh [ ar ] (also known as Abd Al-Baset Odeh) approached the Park Hotel in the Israeli coastal city of Netanya . Disguised as a woman, he had shaved his mustache and beard and used a wig and makeup. Carrying a suitcase with a ten-kilogram bomb, Odeh entered
6072-481: The families and friends of Palestinian suicide bombers suggest that these individuals do not exhibit higher levels of depression than what is typically observed in the general population. Research by Kimhi and Even identifies four profiles of Palestinian suicide bombers. One type is the "exploited suicide bomber," driven by personal crises or a desire to atone for perceived sins such as extramarital relationships, homosexuality, or cooperation with Israel. Another profile
6164-619: The following day launched the large-scale counter-terrorism operation Operation Defensive Shield in the West Bank which took place between 29 March and 10 May. Qeis Adwan, head of the suicide bombing network responsible for the massacre , was killed by IDF forces on 5 April 2002 during Operation Defensive Shield, after the IDF and the Yamam caught him in Tubas , some 70 kilometers north of Jerusalem . An armored IDF Caterpillar D9 bulldozer toppled
6256-556: The group as a "significant evolution." The first among them was Reem Riyashi , a young mother of two, who carried out the Erez Crossing bombing in January 2004. Several scholars observed that the recruitment of female suicide bombers by Palestinian groups was driven by the need to bypass Israeli security measures and checkpoint barriers. There have also been reports of Palestinian women who, under psychological or physical coercion, were driven to carry out suicide attacks due to
6348-407: The group's position against rival organisations. Political scientist Robert Pape argues that suicide attacks are not driven by religious fundamentalism , but are a rational strategy used by weaker groups against democratic states to force the withdrawal of troops from occupied territories these groups see as their homeland. While religion can be used as a recruitment tool, the main motivation
6440-500: The group's support levels quickly recovered. Under the leadership of Secretary General Ahmad Sa'adat (2001 to present), the PFLP were responsible for several notable incidents, including the assassination of Israeli Minister of Tourism Rehavam Ze'evi . On February 16, 2002, the PFLP executed a suicide bombing at a mall in Karnei Shomron , resulting in 2 Israeli deaths and 29 injuries. Approximately three weeks later,
6532-459: The harm and deterrence these attacks inflict on Israeli society. Doctrinally, they glorify martyrdom as the pinnacle of jihad and Islamic belief . The old 1988 Hamas Covenant ( revised in 2017 ) articulated the group's goal, stating, "Israel will exist and will continue to exist until Islam will obliterate it, just as it obliterated others before it". Additionally, Article 7 of the 1988 Covenant declares, "The time [of Redemption] will not come until
6624-469: The horrifying expression of which we witnessed just last night in Netanya." The attack was perceived in Israel as the high point of a bloody month in which more than 135 Israelis, mostly civilians, were killed in terror attacks. Following the Passover massacre attack the Israeli government declared a state of emergency, ordered the immediate recruitment of 20,000 reservists in an emergency call-up, and in
6716-401: The hotel's dining room, where approximately 250 civilians were celebrating the seder. At 19:30 ( GMT +2) the suicide bomber detonated the explosive device he was carrying. The force of the explosion instantly killed 28 civilians and injured about 140 people, of whom 20 were injured severely. Two of the injured later died from their wounds. Some of the victims were Holocaust survivors . Most of
6808-445: The house where he was hiding, after he was given a chance to surrender and refused. One of the two chief planners of the attack, Qais Adwan, a Hamas member who was involved in numerous attacks in which a total of 77 people were killed, was killed in a shootout with the IDF during Operation Defensive Shield. In May 2002, Israeli forces arrested the other chief planner, Abbas al-Sayyid [ ar ] . On 22 September 2005, al-Sayed
6900-460: The indictment filed in the Tel Aviv court, the initial plot for the Passover massacre included the use of cyanide ; 4 kg of cyanide had been bought and prepared for a chemical attack. Tarak Zidan had been recruited to Hamas , and during 1997 he researched the use of chlorine and other nerve agents to be used in terror attacks. In 2002, 4 kg of chlorine had been bought and packed for
6992-550: The luxurious rewards promised in paradise. Reports indicate that many are convinced of these rewards, which significantly influences their willingness to undertake martyrdom. Reportedly, there has been at least one case of a suicide bomber taking steps, like wrapping toilet paper around their genitals, to preserve their ability to enjoy these rewards. Palestinian media has framed martyrdom in terms of marriage to virgins, further solidifying this expectation. Some Islamic theologians and jurists, including Yusuf al-Qaradawi , who hosted
7084-421: The outbidding theory interprets suicide bombings as a form of "domestic political signaling": a way of sending a powerful political message within one's own political community. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict illustrates this outbidding process, with groups such as Hamas and Islamic Jihad using suicide bombings to capture the Palestinian imagination and compete for leadership not only with each other but also with
7176-553: The perceived dishonor they brought upon their families. The influence of Hezbollah , a Lebanese Shia organization, is evident in the suicide attacks conducted by both Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ). Both groups adopted Hezbollah's procedures for selecting and training suicide bombers, including psychological preparation, writing farewell letters, and making videotapes. Khaled Meshal , Hamas's political leader, stated in July 2000, "We always have
7268-517: The primary faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) led then by Yasser Arafat , was a major player in the use of suicide terrorism. During the initial 21 months of the Second Intifada (September 2000 to June 2002), Fatah has been responsible for nearly a third of all suicide attacks and became the most active organization in terms of the number of attacks on Israelis. The group's strategy involved leveraging
7360-648: The recruitment practices of groups like Hamas and PIJ , which seek deeply religious individuals. Central to this motivation is the Islamist interpretation of Jihad , which encompasses Jihad al-nafs (the internal struggle for self-control) and Jihad bi al-saif (armed struggle or "holy war"). Islamist groups dismiss the former as heretical and emphasize the latter as the true "Greater Jihad," supporting their view with Quranic verses that equate warfare with religious duty. Hamas and PIJ maintain that jihad in Palestine
7452-546: The rest of the nations in the region." Kofi Annan , United Nations Secretary General stated that he condemned suicide bombings against Israeli civilians as morally repugnant. President of the United States George W. Bush condemned the attack and called on Yasser Arafat and the Palestinian Authority to do everything in their power to stop the terrorist killing. US Secretary of State Colin Powell stated that
7544-467: The tactic to enhance their own standing. In Palestinian society, suicide bombings are commonly referred to as "martyrdom operations". For many Palestinian suicide bombers, martyrdom represents a fulfillment of religious duty, driven by an Islamist interpretation of Jihad that equates martyrdom with a sacred obligation. This perspective, combined with an animosity toward Jews and a response to perceived national humiliation and injustice associated with
7636-565: The terrorists and critique the Israeli reaction, thereby shaping both public opinion and international support. Islamic groups initially excluded women from active participation in suicide bombings. However, this changed during the Second Intifada as groups like the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades began to utilize female suicide bombers . By 2003, Palestinian Islamic Jihad took responsibility for two female bombers. Eventually, Hamas also recognized female martyrs, in what has been described by
7728-544: The ultimate act of jihad and devotion to Islam. Islamist groups often frame violence, including suicide bombings, as a defensive Jihad against perceived threats from Israel and the West. This rhetoric has escalated to calls for violence against Jews more broadly. During the Second Intifada , Sheikh Ibrahim Madhi, in a sermon at the Sheikh Ijlin Mosque in Gaza , declared that the Jews are "the greatest enemies of
7820-435: The victims were senior citizens (70 and over). The oldest victim was 90 and the youngest was 20 years old. A number of married couples were killed, as well as a father together with his daughter. One of the victims was a Jewish tourist from Sweden who was visiting Israel for Passover. Seventy-three of the 140 injured in the attack were evacuated to Laniado Hospital in neighboring Kiryat Sanz, Netanya . Although established as
7912-477: The weekly TV show Sharia and Life on Al-Jazeera , have condemned terrorist attacks by Al-Qaeda and similar groups, but not Palestinian suicide bombings against Israeli civilians. Yusuf al-Qaradawi argues that Israel is a militarized state that has, since its founding, seized Palestinian land and displaced its people through persecution, torture, and humiliation. He uses the " doctrine of necessity " to justify Palestinian guerrilla warfare and martyrdom operations as
8004-708: The world, beginning with high-profile incidents in Lebanon . The first modern attack occurred in the 1981 Iraqi Embassy in Beirut by the Islamic Dawa Party , followed by Hezbollah 's 1983 Beirut barracks bombings . This tactic has since been employed in countries such as India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kenya, Lebanon, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Turkey, the UK, the US, and Yemen. Hezbollah's attacks specifically influenced Palestinian groups such as Hamas and
8096-679: Was also given responsibility for the embassy in Malta . He was noted for sustaining strong bilateral relations between Italy and its Jewish community throughout his tenure. He posthumously bestowed the Righteous Among the Nations on Martino Michelone, a priest in Moransengo who sheltered a Jewish family during World War II , in May 2011. Meir served as ambassador until July 2011, when he
8188-619: Was an Israeli diplomat. He served as its ambassador to Italy from 2006 until 2012. He was noted for being part of the negotiating team that drafted the Egypt–Israel peace treaty in 1979. Meir was born in Jerusalem in 1947. His paternal ancestors came from Fulda , Hesse-Nassau , Prussia , Germany . Meir served in the Israel Defense Forces from 1965 to 1967, and fought in the Six-Day War . He went on to study at
8280-835: Was appointed head of the Foreign Ministry's public affairs directorate. He was succeeded by Naor Gilon . On 24 November 2019, Meir wrote on Twitter that the Nazi camps in Poland could not have been built without the cooperation of the Polish people. He earlier criticized the Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance in 2018, stating that Israel had a duty to Holocaust survivors to stand up for remembrance of
8372-426: Was convicted of the Passover attack and also of ordering the May 2001 bombing of a Netanya mall. He received 35 life sentences for each murder victim and additional time for those who were wounded. Fathi Khatib, who transported the bomber to his target, Mohand Sharim, who financed the operation and helped hide the bomber, Muammar Abu Sheikh, who recruited the bomber to Hamas and transferred the explosive belts used in
8464-661: Was lower during periods of optimism for peace, such as during the Oslo process and the early PA elections , but as the peace process stalled and the PA's credibility waned, backing for militant groups increased. Bloom concludes that Israeli efforts to weaken the PA unintentionally strengthened more militant groups. She also argues that Israel's targeted killings of terrorist leaders may benefit these groups by creating "nationalist myths, martyrs, and cults of personality". Recruitment for suicide missions by Palestinians groups generally involves
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