35-587: Passerea is a clade of neoavian birds that was proposed by Jarvis et al . (2014). Their genomic analysis recovered two major clades within Neoaves , Passerea and Columbea , and concluded that both clades appear to have many ecologically driven convergent traits. According to Jarvis (2014), these convergences include the foot-propelled diving trait of grebes in Columbea with loons and cormorants in Passerea;
70-534: A clade (from Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos) 'branch'), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group , is a grouping of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree . In the taxonomical literature, sometimes the Latin form cladus (plural cladi ) is used rather than the English form. Clades are
105-486: A nightingale or marsh warbler . However, although many songbirds have songs that are pleasant to the human ear, this is not invariably the case. Many members of the crow family ( Corvidae ) communicate with croaks or screeches, which sound harsh to humans. Even these, however, have a song of sorts, a softer twitter that is given between courting partners. And even though some parrots (which are not songbirds) can be taught to repeat human speech, vocal mimicry among birds
140-479: A "ladder", with supposedly more "advanced" organisms at the top. Taxonomists have increasingly worked to make the taxonomic system reflect evolution. When it comes to naming , this principle is not always compatible with the traditional rank-based nomenclature (in which only taxa associated with a rank can be named) because not enough ranks exist to name a long series of nested clades. For these and other reasons, phylogenetic nomenclature has been developed; it
175-466: A bird's song. As a result, songs can vary even within a single species. Many believe that song repertoire and cognition have a direct relationship. However, a study published in 2013 has shown that cognitive abilities may not all be directly related to the song repertoire of a songbird. Specifically, spatial learning is said to have an inverse relationship with song repertoire. So for example, this would be an individual who does not migrate as far as others in
210-623: A clade can be described based on two different reference points, crown age and stem age. The crown age of a clade refers to the age of the most recent common ancestor of all of the species in the clade. The stem age of a clade refers to the time that the ancestral lineage of the clade diverged from its sister clade. A clade's stem age is either the same as or older than its crown age. Ages of clades cannot be directly observed. They are inferred, either from stratigraphy of fossils , or from molecular clock estimates. Viruses , and particularly RNA viruses form clades. These are useful in tracking
245-529: A familiar perch, other species common to grasslands will sing a familiar song each time they fly. Currently, there have been numerous studies involving songbird repertoires, unfortunately, there has not yet been a concrete evidence to confirm that every songbird species prefers larger repertoires. A conclusion can be made that it can vary between species on whether a larger repertoire is connected to better fitness. With this conclusion, it can be inferred that evolution via natural selection, or sexual selection, favors
280-424: A highly developed vocal organ, the syrinx , that enables their sonorous activity. This organ, also known as a song box, can be found where the windpipe meets diverging bronchial tubes which lead to the lungs. The organ is a solid, bony structure lined with a film of membranes which air passes through as the songbird calls. While the song boxes of songbirds vary in size and intricacy, this does not necessarily determine
315-422: A revised taxonomy based on a concept strongly resembling clades, although the term clade itself would not be coined until 1957 by his grandson, Julian Huxley . German biologist Emil Hans Willi Hennig (1913–1976) is considered to be the founder of cladistics . He proposed a classification system that represented repeated branchings of the family tree, as opposed to the previous systems, which put organisms on
350-429: A suffix added should be e.g. "dracohortian". A clade is by definition monophyletic , meaning that it contains one ancestor which can be an organism, a population, or a species and all its descendants. The ancestor can be known or unknown; any and all members of a clade can be extant or extinct. The science that tries to reconstruct phylogenetic trees and thus discover clades is called phylogenetics or cladistics ,
385-425: Is a bird belonging to the suborder Passeri of the perching birds ( Passeriformes ). Another name that is sometimes seen as the scientific or vernacular name is Oscines , from Latin oscen , "songbird". The Passeriformes contains 5,000 or so species found all over the world, in which the vocal organ typically is developed in such a way as to produce a diverse and elaborate bird song . Songbirds form one of
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#1732782442892420-465: Is a highly diverse lineage, uniting over one-third of all bird species to include (in 2015) 3,885 species ). These are divided into three major superfamilies (though not exactly corresponding to the Sibley-Ahlquist arrangement), in addition to some minor lineages. In contrast, Sibley & Alquist's "Corvida" is a phylogenetic grade and an artefact of the phenetic methodology. The bulk of
455-435: Is a significant realm of study as song abilities are continuously evolving. Males often sing to assert their dominance over other males in competition for a female, sometimes in lieu of a combative episode, and to arouse the female by announcing a readiness to mate. Though less frequent, females have also been known to sing occasionally a duet with a mate as an affirmation of their partnership. While some will sing their song from
490-550: Is almost completely restricted to songbirds, some of which (such as the lyrebirds or the aptly named mockingbirds ) excel in imitating the sounds of other birds or even environmental noises. The birds from higher altitudes have evolved thicker downs (also known as jackets) to protect themselves from colder temperatures. Their feathers have outer and inner portions, with the lower down being fluffier and warmer to provide increased warmth. Sexual selection can be broken down into several different studies regarding different aspects of
525-499: Is also used with a similar meaning in other fields besides biology, such as historical linguistics ; see Cladistics § In disciplines other than biology . The term "clade" was coined in 1957 by the biologist Julian Huxley to refer to the result of cladogenesis , the evolutionary splitting of a parent species into two distinct species, a concept Huxley borrowed from Bernhard Rensch . Many commonly named groups – rodents and insects , for example – are clades because, in each case,
560-476: Is in turn included in the mammal, vertebrate and animal clades. The idea of a clade did not exist in pre- Darwinian Linnaean taxonomy , which was based by necessity only on internal or external morphological similarities between organisms. Many of the better known animal groups in Linnaeus's original Systema Naturae (mostly vertebrate groups) do represent clades. The phenomenon of convergent evolution
595-515: Is responsible for many cases of misleading similarities in the morphology of groups that evolved from different lineages. With the increasing realization in the first half of the 19th century that species had changed and split through the ages, classification increasingly came to be seen as branches on the evolutionary tree of life . The publication of Darwin's theory of evolution in 1859 gave this view increasing weight. In 1876 Thomas Henry Huxley , an early advocate of evolutionary theory, proposed
630-489: Is still controversial. As an example, see the full current classification of Anas platyrhynchos (the mallard duck) with 40 clades from Eukaryota down by following this Wikispecies link and clicking on "Expand". The name of a clade is conventionally a plural, where the singular refers to each member individually. A unique exception is the reptile clade Dracohors , which was made by haplology from Latin "draco" and "cohors", i.e. "the dragon cohort "; its form with
665-523: The Acanthisitti of New Zealand , of which only two species remain alive today. Recent estimates indicate that songbirds originated 50 million years ago. The distribution of their basal lineages suggest that their origin and initial diversification occurred exclusively in the Australian continent and only about 40 million years ago, oscines started to colonize Eurasia , Africa , and eventually
700-457: The Americas . The song in this clade is essentially territorial, because it communicates the identity and whereabouts of an individual to other birds, and also signals sexual intentions. Sexual selection among songbirds is highly based on mimetic vocalization. Female preference has shown in some populations to be based on the extent of a male's song repertoire. The larger a male's repertoire,
735-866: The "Corvida" make up the large clade Corvides (812 species as of 2015 ), which is a sister group to the Passerida. The remaining 15 oscine families (343 species in 2015 ) form a series of basally branching sister groups to the Corvoid - Passerid clade. All of these groups, which form at least six successively branching basal clades, are found exclusively or predominantly in Australasia. Australian endemics are also prominent among basal lineages in both Corvoids and Passerids, suggesting that songbirds originated and diverged in Australia. Scrubbirds and lyrebirds, of which there are just two species of each, represent
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#1732782442892770-419: The ability to retain larger repertoires for these certain species as it leads to higher reproductive success. During times of courtship, it is said that male songbirds increase their repertoire by mimicking other species songs. The better the mimicking ability, retaining ability, and the quantity of other species mimicked has been proven to have a positive relationship with mating success. Female preferences cause
805-411: The constant improvement of accuracy and presentation of the copied songs. Another theory known as the "song-sharing hypothesis" suggests that females prefer simpler, more homogenous songs that signal a male of familiar territory. As birdsong can be broken into regional dialects through this process of mimicry, the foreign song of a newcomer suggests the lack of territorial possession. This can be costly in
840-451: The fundamental unit of cladistics , a modern approach to taxonomy adopted by most biological fields. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population , or a species ( extinct or extant ). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over
875-546: The group consists of a common ancestor with all its descendant branches. Rodents, for example, are a branch of mammals that split off after the end of the period when the clade Dinosauria stopped being the dominant terrestrial vertebrates 66 million years ago. The original population and all its descendants are a clade. The rodent clade corresponds to the order Rodentia, and insects to the class Insecta. These clades include smaller clades, such as chipmunk or ant , each of which consists of even smaller clades. The clade "rodent"
910-590: The last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic . Some of the relationships between organisms that the molecular biology arm of cladistics has revealed include that fungi are closer relatives to animals than they are to plants, archaea are now considered different from bacteria , and multicellular organisms may have evolved from archaea. The term "clade"
945-518: The latter term coined by Ernst Mayr (1965), derived from "clade". The results of phylogenetic/cladistic analyses are tree-shaped diagrams called cladograms ; they, and all their branches, are phylogenetic hypotheses. Three methods of defining clades are featured in phylogenetic nomenclature : node-, stem-, and apomorphy-based (see Phylogenetic nomenclature§Phylogenetic definitions of clade names for detailed definitions). The relationship between clades can be described in several ways: The age of
980-432: The more females a male individual attracts. It is not to be confused with bird calls that are used for alarms and contact and are especially important in birds that feed or migrate in flocks. While almost all living birds give calls of some sort, well-developed songs are only given by a few lineages outside the songbirds. And still, not all songbirds proffer a call that is distinctly melodious. Songbirds do, however, possess
1015-1505: The proposed relationships between bird clades of Passerea. This consensus phylogeny of birds is based on phylogenomic data, reflecting a recent phylogenomic supertree analysis per Stiller et al. (2024). Opisthocomiformes ( hoatzins ) [REDACTED] Gruiformes ( rails and cranes ) [REDACTED] Charadriiformes ( waders , gulls , and relatives) [REDACTED] Caprimulgiformes ( nightjars ) [REDACTED] Nyctibiiformes ( potoos ) [REDACTED] Steatornithiformes ( oilbirds ) [REDACTED] Podargiformes ( frogmouths ) [REDACTED] Aegotheliformes ( owlet-nightjars ) [REDACTED] Apodiformes ( swifts , treeswifts and hummingbirds ) [REDACTED] Phaethontiformes ( tropicbirds ) [REDACTED] Eurypygiformes ( sunbitterns and kagus ) [REDACTED] Gaviiformes ( loons and divers ) [REDACTED] Procellariiformes ( albatrosses , shearwaters , and petrels ) [REDACTED] Sphenisciformes ( penguins ) [REDACTED] Ciconiiformes ( storks ) [REDACTED] Suliformes ( frigatebirds , gannets , cormorants , and darters ) [REDACTED] Pelecaniformes ( pelicans , herons and ibises ) [REDACTED] Strigiformes ( owls ) [REDACTED] Accipitriformes ( vultures , kites , hawks , and eagles ) [REDACTED] Coliiformes ( mousebirds ) [REDACTED] Leptosomiformes ( cuckoo rollers ) [REDACTED] Clade In biological phylogenetics ,
1050-413: The songbird's ability to voice their song. Researchers believe this has more to do with the length of the windpipe. Other birds (especially non-passeriforms) sometimes have songs to attract mates or hold territory, but these are usually simple and repetitive, lacking the variety of many oscine songs. The monotonous repetition of the common cuckoo or little crake can be contrasted with the variety of
1085-636: The species but has a better song repertoire. This suggests an evolutionary trade-off between possible alleles. With natural selection choosing traits best fit for reproductive success, there could be a trade-off in either direction depending on which trait would produce a higher fitness at that time period. Song repertoire can be attributed to male songbirds as it is one of the main mechanisms of courtship. Song repertoires differ from male individual to male individual and species to species. Some species may typically have large repertoires while others may have significantly smaller ones. Mate choice in female songbirds
Passerea - Misplaced Pages Continue
1120-702: The spread of viral infections . HIV , for example, has clades called subtypes, which vary in geographical prevalence. HIV subtype (clade) B, for example is predominant in Europe, the Americas and Japan, whereas subtype A is more common in east Africa. Songbird Menuridae Atrichornithidae Climacteridae Ptilonorhynchidae Maluridae Meliphagidae Dasyornithidae Pardalotidae Acanthizidae Pomatostomidae Orthonychidae Cnemophilidae Melanocharitidae Callaeidae Notiomystidae Corvides Passerida See text A songbird
1155-537: The two major lineages of extant perching birds (~4,000 species), the other being the Tyranni (~1,000 species), which are most diverse in the Neotropics and absent from many parts of the world. The Tyranni have a simpler syrinx musculature, and while their vocalizations are often just as complex and striking as those of songbirds, they are altogether more mechanical sounding. There is a third perching bird lineage,
1190-1577: The wading-feeding trait of flamingos in Columbea with ibises and egrets in Passerea; and pigeons and sandgrouse in Columbea with shorebirds (killdeer) in Passerea. For Jarvis (2014), these long-known trait and morphological alliances suggest that some of the traditional nongenomic trait classifications are based on polyphyletic assemblages. Passerea was not recovered in other studies. Cladogram of Passerea relationships based on Jarvis et al. (2014) with some clade names after Yuri et al. (2013) and Kimball et al. 2013. ( hummingbirds , swifts ) [REDACTED] ( cuckoos ) [REDACTED] ( bustards ) [REDACTED] ( turacos ) [REDACTED] ( hoatzin ) [REDACTED] ( rails & cranes ) [REDACTED] ( shorebirds ) [REDACTED] ( loons , penguins , herons , pelicans , storks , etc.) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] ( sunbittern , kagu ) [REDACTED] ( tropicbirds ) [REDACTED] (New World vultures ) [REDACTED] ( eagles , hawks , Old World vultures , & kin) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] ( owls ) [REDACTED] ( mousebirds ) ( cuckoo-roller ) ( trogons ) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] ( hornbills , hoopoe , & wood hoopoes ) [REDACTED] ( kingfishers ) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] ( woodpeckers , toucans , & kin) ( seriemas & terror birds ) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] ( falcons ) [REDACTED] ( parrots ) [REDACTED] ( songbirds & kin) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The following cladogram illustrates
1225-531: The wake of territorial conflicts between disparate songbird populations and may compel a female to prefer a male spouting a familiar song of the area. Sibley and Alquist divided songbirds into two " parvorders ", Corvida and Passerida (standard taxonomic practice would rank these as infraorders ), distributed in Australo-Papua and Eurasia respectively. Subsequent molecular studies, however, show this treatment to be somewhat erroneous. Passerida
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