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36-872: Valentin Peter Feuerstein (1917–1999), also known as Peter Valentin Feuerstein , was a German painter and stained-glass artist who created windows for major churches in Germany, including the Ulmer Münster , the Freiburger Münster and the Überwasserkirche in Münster . Born in Neckarsteinach , Valentin Peter Feuerstein was the son of a commercial painter and grew up in a Catholic family. After he completed his apprenticeship to be

72-646: A bishop . Though the towers and all decorative elements are of stone masonry, attracting the attention of visitors, most of the walls, including the façades of the nave and choir, actually consist of visible brick. Therefore, the building is sometimes referred to as a brick church. As such, it lays claim to the rank of second- to fourth-largest, after San Petronio Basilica in Bologna and together with Frauenkirche in Munich and St. Mary's Church in Gdańsk . The tower however

108-638: A height of some 100 metres (330 ft). The suspension of the building process was due to a variety of factors which were political and religious, like the Reformation, as well as economic, since the discovery of the Americas during the voyages of Christopher Columbus 1492–1504, the Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India in 1497–99, and Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe led to an epochal shift in trade routes and commodities. One result

144-751: A painter like his father, he was drafted into the Arbeitsdienst in 1938, and afterwards into the Luftwaffe . He was posted to Munich, where he was able to study at the Akademie der Bildenden Künste München . When he spent time in Italy during World War II, he was inspired to focus on artistic painting instead of taking over his father's business. After the war, he first worked as a restoration artist . In 1948, he rediscovered an altar in Windsheim which he

180-733: A referendum in 1530/31, the citizens of Ulm converted to Protestantism during the Reformation . Ulm Minster became a Lutheran church. Despite its vast size, it is not a cathedral, as the responsible bishop of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg – member of the Evangelical Church in Germany – resides in Stuttgart . In 1543, construction work ceased at a time when the steeple had reached

216-449: Is a Lutheran church located in Ulm , State of Baden-Württemberg ( Germany ). It is the tallest church in the world . The church is the fifth-tallest structure built before the 20th century , with a steeple measuring 161.53 metres. Though it is sometimes referred to as Ulm Cathedral because of its great size, the church is not a cathedral as it has never been the episcopal see of

252-488: Is now open up to the second platform and only the uppermost portion remains off limits. The tower contains 13 bells in total and only 10 of the 13 swing. 6 bells in including the bourdon Gloriosa were cast by Heinrich Kurtz in Stuttgart 1956. Three bells serve for the clock, Leichenglocke is responsible to chime the quarter-hours, followed by the second largest bell Dominica chimes the hours. Prior to Dominica chiming

288-959: The Gothic church and focus on biblical themes. Feuerstein created windows in the Protestant Bergkirche  [ de ] in Bahlingen . In St. Michael  [ de ] in Pforzheim , which was destroyed in World War II, he created windows related to the history of the town. In 1990, Feuerstein was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany . He died in Heidelberg . Ulmer M%C3%BCnster Ulm Minster ( German : Ulmer Münster )

324-687: The 15th century. Visitors can climb the 768 steps that lead to the top of the minster's spire. At 143 m (469 ft) it gives a panoramic view of Ulm in Baden-Württemberg and Neu-Ulm in Bavaria and, in clear weather, a vista of the Alps from Säntis to the Zugspitze . The final stairwell to the top (known as the third Gallery) is a tall, spiralling staircase that has barely enough room for one person. The original parish church in Ulm

360-703: The Ulmer Münster depicts the mathematicians and physicists Nicolaus Copernicus , Galileo Galilei , Johannes Kepler , Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein . Feuerstein produced a cycle of windows at the Dom des Frankenlandes in Wölchingen , another for the Breisach Minster  [ de ] , and a third in the Überwasserkirche in Münster . The seven windows in Münster are mostly in the choir of

396-625: The assistance of Francesco di Simone, Domenico da Milano, Pagno di Lapo Portigiani and Antonio di Simone. The bell tower was designed by Giovanni da Brensa and built between 1481 and 1487. The interior houses a Madonna with Saints by Lorenzo Costa the Younger, and a Pietà by Amico Aspertini . The altar contains a 15th-century wooden crucifix. At the back, a fresco of the Madonna with St. Petronio by Marcantonio Franceschini and Luigi Quaini , cartoons by Cignani (1672). The ciborium of

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432-605: The central nave, with a main spire on the west and two steeples above the choir (29 meters (95 ft) long, 15 meters (49 ft) wide). The women of the Ulmer Assemblage would also make their contributions to the foundation works, something memorialized by 17th and 18th century composer Barbara Kluntz . Michael Parler II , who had experience from working at the Dombauhütte in Prague , assumed construction of

468-547: The church in 1381 and continued work on the nave, which had originally been conceived as a triple-aisled hall church with approximately equal height and width. From 1387 to 1391, Heinrich III Parler managed construction as head of the Bauhütte. Then in 1392 Ulrich Ensingen , associated with Strasbourg Cathedral , was appointed master builder. It was Parler's plan to construct the Ulm Minster's 150 meters (490 ft) spire,

504-485: The church, the adjacent Curia of Sancti Ambrosii was demolished, together with the majority of one of the city's burgs, including at least eight churches and towers. The first stone of construction was laid on 7 June 1390 under the supervision of architect Antonio di Vincenzo . Works lasted for several centuries: after the completion of the first version of the facade, in 1393 the first pair of side chapels were begun. The series were completed only in 1479. The third bay

540-425: The first regularly paid instrumentalists were added in the late sixteenth century, and in the seventeenth century San Petronio was renowned for its sacred instrumental and choral music, with its two great organs, completed in 1476 by Lorenzo da Prato and 1596 by Baldassarre Malamini, both still in remarkably original condition; the library remains a rich archival repository. Three successive maestri di cappella marked

576-657: The first two pillars and two triangular pylons for the dome, the work was halted. According to legend, Pope Pius IV halted the "megalomaniac dream" and instead encouraged the construction of the Archiginnasio of Bologna . The basilica is a large church measuring 132 metres long, 66 metres wide, and 47 metres tall, and is described as the "most imposing" church in Bologna. The facade was designed by Domenico da Varignana and started in 1538 by Giacomo Ranuzzi. However, it remains unfinished. The main doorway ( Porta Magna )

612-412: The great age of music at San Petronio: Maurizio Cazzati (1657–71), Giovanni Paolo Colonna (1674–95) and Giacomo Antonio Perti (1696–1756). The current maestro, since 1996, is the harpsichordist Sergio Vartolo who has revitalised the cappella with a series of recordings for Naxos, Tactus, Brilliant Classics and Bongiovanni. Tenor Giuseppe Marsigli ( fl.  1677  – c.  1727 )

648-545: The highest of any church. In order to balance its proportions, the nave was now to be much taller than the Parlers had intended, making a noticeable difference in height between the chancel and nave. The church was consecrated on 25 July 1405. In 1446, Ulrich's son Matthäus took over construction and finished the choir vault in 1449 and the vault over the northern nave in 1452. When he died in 1463, his own son, Moritz , took over construction. Himself dying in 1471, he completed

684-592: The hours, a small bell called the Schlagglocke in the octagon also calls the hours. Only 9 of the 10 main bells swing electronically, this is because one of them known as the Schwörglocke rings only on Oath Monday via hand. The Schwörglocke is also the oldest bell in the Minister. In Germany, the bells are always numbered from largest to smallest, Bell 1 is always the tenor or bourdon . (kg) While

720-445: The main altar was built in 1547 by Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola . The fifteenth-century wooden choir was completed by Agostino de 'Marchi . The vaulting and decoration of the central nave is by Girolamo Rainaldi , who completed them in 1646–1658. The nave contains twenty-two side chapels: Bologna was a principal centre of Baroque music in Italy. The musical organisation had been officially instituted by Pope Eugenius IV in 1436;

756-411: The meridian line and every day is different as to position and size. The position of the projected image along the line allows to determine accurately the daily altitude of the sun at noon, from which Cassini was able to calculate with unprecedented precision astronomical parameters such as the obliquity of the ecliptic , the duration of the tropical year and the timing of equinoxes and solstices . On

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792-467: The near 10,000 inhabitants of the city decided to finance construction themselves. On 30 June 1377, Mayor Ludwig Krafft laid the first stone, the foundation stone, of the new church. This church, whose design would be given to Heinrich Parler , the architect of Holy Cross Minster in Schwäbisch Gmünd . The first plan was to build a stepped hall church with aisles as wide and almost as high as

828-516: The other hand, the size of the projected sun's image, and in particular its rate of variation during the year, allowed Cassini the first experimental verification of Kepler's laws of planetary motion . Cassini and Domenico Guglielmini published an illustrated account of how the meridian line was accomplished in 1695. In 2002 five men were arrested on suspicions of planning to blow up the basilica. The men were allegedly connected to Al Qaeda . Again in 2006, plans by Islamist terrorists to destroy

864-428: The structural damage by reinforcing the foundation of the west tower and demolishing the heavy aisle vaults and replacing them with vaults of half widths, which afforded rows of additional columns dividing each of the aisles in two. Although catastrophe had been avoided, the walls were left without their buttresses for 350 years and the northern wall of the nave bulges outward by 27 centimeters (11 in) even today. In

900-404: The time: instead, with its length of 66.8 metres (219 ft) it is one of the largest astronomical instruments in the world, allowing measurements that were for the time uniquely precise. The sun light, entering through a 27.07 mm (1.066 in) hole placed at a 27.07 m (88.8 ft) height in the church wall, projects an elliptical image of the sun, which at local noon falls exactly on

936-465: The town square (Münsterplatz) were severely hit and some 80% of the medieval centre of Ulm was destroyed. A 500 kg-bomb falled at 01 March 1945 in the choir-room of the minster, but it did not explode. Due to renovation work, the Minster Tower had been closed after the first platform (70m) and parts of the nave have been closed to visitors since March 2023, however as of August 2024 the tower

972-505: The vaulting over the nave and constructed the sacrament house , finally making the church a basilica according to Ulrich's plan. In 1477, Matthäus Böblinger took over and made changes to the plans of the church but especially to the main tower and in doing so caused the church's first major structural threat: the heavy vaults of the wide aisles and high nave burdened the columns with too much lateral force at different heights. A new master builder, Burkhart Engelberg of Augsburg , tackled

1008-481: The walls of the choir, the side aisles and the tower were constructed of brick , the upper levels of the nave are ashlar , using sandstone from Isny im Allgäu . Limestone from the nearby Swabian Jura was used in small quantities. Works of art San Petronio, Bologna In 1388, the Consiglio Generale dei Seicento prepared the construction of the church as a civic temple. To make room for

1044-593: Was a singer in San Petronio's choir for 50 years in addition to having a career as an opera singer and as a court musician to the Duke of Mantua . The church hosts also a marking in the form of a meridian line inlaid in the paving of the left aisle in 1655; it was calculated and designed by the astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini , who was teaching astronomy at the University . A meridian line does not indicate

1080-511: Was able to attribute to Tilman Riemenschneider . Feuerstein focused on stained-glass windows for churches, making his first window in 1955 for a funeral chapel in his hometown, titled "Die Engel des Jüngsten Gerichts" (The angels of the Last Judgment). In a long career, he created around 840 windows in 139 locations, including five windows for the Ulmer Münster (1979–1986) and a rosette at the Freiburger Münster (1971). A 1985 window in

1116-413: Was built at the gate of the city outside the walls, and this caused much trouble for the citizens of the city in the 14th century's conflicts that involved Ulm, as demonstrated by Emperor Charles IV 's siege of the city. This parish church had also been subordinated to Reichenau Monastery by Charlemagne in 813, and the denizens of Ulm wanted a new, independent church inside the city's walls. To this end,

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1152-443: Was built in 1441–1446. Its construction was delayed by the cardinal Baldassarre Cossa , who sold the construction material of the basilica and kept the money. In 1514, Arduino degli Arriguzzi was chosen as the architect to construct the dome. His proposal included a large dome resting upon the width between the side aisles, which necessitated larger transepts and apses. The project was considered too complicated, and after building

1188-402: Was completed, changing the available medieval plan in making it about ten metres taller. Finally, on 31 May 1890 the building was completed. A devastating air raid hit Ulm on 17 December 1944, which destroyed virtually the entire town west of the church to the railway station and north of the church to the outskirts. The church itself was barely damaged. However, almost all the other buildings of

1224-776: Was decorated by Jacopo della Quercia of Siena with scenes from the Old Testament on the pillars , eighteen prophets on the archivolt , scenes from the New Testament on the architrave , and a Madonna and Child , Saint Ambrose and Saint Petronius on the tympanum . It is flanked by two side doors, with Alfonso Lombardi's Resurrection on the left and Amico Aspertini's Deposition on the right. The central nave covering and apse shooting were completed in 1663, designed by Girolamo Rainaldi and directed by Francesco Martini. The lower naves are enclosed by rectilinear walls. The first two windows were designed by Antonio with

1260-410: Was economic stagnation and a steady decline, preventing major public expenditure. In 1817, the interior frescos were covered by painting the walls grey. In 1844, construction work resumed. After a phase of repairs lasting until 1856, the central nave was stabilized by the addition of flying buttresses. Then the small steeples beside the choir were built – without medieval plans. At last, the main steeple

1296-493: Was mainly built from sandstone. Ulm Minster was begun in the Gothic architecture of the Late Middle Ages but the building was not completed until the late 19th century after a hiatus of centuries. When work ceased in the 16th century all of the church except the towers and some outer decorations were complete, unlike at Cologne Cathedral , where less than half of the work had been done before construction halted in

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