122-600: Peter Joseph is an American independent filmmaker and activist. He is best known for the Zeitgeist film series , which he wrote, directed, narrated, scored, and produced. He is also the founder of the related Zeitgeist Movement . Other work by Joseph includes the 2017 book The New Human Rights Movement: Reinventing the Economy to End Oppression . Joseph was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina in 1979 and attended
244-595: A vaudevillian , multimedia style event using recorded music, live instruments, and video". The film's introduction features animations, footage of war, explosions, and the September 11 attacks and audio quotes from Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche , Jordan Maxwell , and George Carlin . Part I claims the Christian religion is mainly derived from other religions, astronomical assertions, astrological myths, and other traditions. The Christ myth theory , which disputes
366-556: A $ 335 million project. Toward the end of 1961, negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner reached a stalemate. At the time, ridership on New Jersey's H&M Railroad had declined substantially—from a high of 113 million riders in 1927, to 26 million in 1958—after new automobile tunnels and bridges had opened across the Hudson River. In a December 1961 meeting between Port Authority director Austin J. Tobin and newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes ,
488-832: A 1970 account was supposed to accommodate 130,000 people. On a typical weekday, an estimated 50,000 people worked in the complex and another 140,000 passed through as visitors. The World Trade Center was so large that it had its own zip code: 10048 . The towers offered expansive views from the observation deck atop the South Tower and the Windows on the World restaurant on top of the North Tower. The Twin Towers became known worldwide, appearing in numerous movies and television shows as well as on postcards and other merchandise. It became
610-466: A 362 foot (110 m) telecommunications antenna or mast that was built on the roof in 1979 (upgraded in 1999 to accommodate DTV broadcasts). With this addition, the highest point of the North Tower reached 1,730 feet (530 m). Chicago's Willis Tower , then called Sears Tower which was finished in May 1973 , reached 1,450 feet (440 m) at the rooftop. When completed in 1973, the South Tower became
732-782: A New York icon, in the same league as the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and the Statue of Liberty . The World Trade Center was compared to Rockefeller Center , which David Rockefeller's brother Nelson Rockefeller had developed in midtown Manhattan. One World Trade Center and Two World Trade Center, commonly referred to as the Twin Towers , were designed by architect Minoru Yamasaki as framed tube structures, which provided tenants with open floor plans, uninterrupted by columns or walls. They were
854-636: A World Trade Center in New York City was first proposed in 1943. The New York State Legislature passed a bill authorizing New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey to begin developing plans for the project, but the plans were put on hold in 1949. During the late 1940s and 1950s, economic growth in New York City was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan . To help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan, David Rockefeller suggested that
976-491: A driven, if uneven, piece of propaganda , a marvel of tight editing and fuzzy thinking. Its on- camera sources are mostly conspiracy theorists, co-mingled with selective eyewitness accounts, drawn from archival footage and often taken out of context. It derides the media as a pawn of the International Bankers, but produces media reports for credibility when convenient. The film ignores expert opinion, except
1098-496: A film producer and reader in media studies at the University of Lincoln , called Zeitgeist "a fast-paced assemblage of agitprop ," an example of "unethical film-making". Chapman accused Peter Joseph of "implicit deception" through the use of standard film-making propaganda techniques. While parts of the film are, she says, "comically" self-defeating, the nature of "twisted evidence" and use of Madrid bomb footage to imply it
1220-477: A fire on February 13 , 1975; a bombing on February 26 , 1993; and a bank robbery on January 14 , 1998. These events preceded the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. During the attacks, al-Qaeda -affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets, one into each of the Twin Towers, seventeen minutes apart; between 16,400 and 18,000 people were in the Twin Towers when they were struck. The fires from
1342-509: A height of 1,377 ft (420 m). On a clear day, visitors could see up to 50 miles (80 km). An anti-suicide fence was placed on the roof itself, with the viewing platform set back and elevated above it, requiring only an ordinary railing. This left the view unobstructed, unlike the observation deck of the Empire State Building. Windows on the World, the restaurant on the North Tower's 106th and 107th floors, opened in April 1976 . It
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#17327901805501464-507: A model for the complex on January 18, 1964. The original plans called for two towers rising 1,350 feet (410 m), as well as several six-story buildings surrounding a central plaza (later the Austin J. Tobin Plaza ). These buildings were to include office space, restaurants, a hotel, exhibition space, stores, and an information center about world trade. The agency released its final model of
1586-496: A more scientific analysis", adding, "the analysis is at least on the right track". Regarding transition to the new system proposed in the film, the reviewer noted "there is no mention of how to get from here to there". In an article, in Tablet magazine, Michelle Goldberg described the film as "silly enough that at times [she] suspected it was [a] sly satire about new-age techno- utopianism instead of an example of it". She describes
1708-411: A square plan approximately 208 feet (63 m) in dimension on each side. The buildings were designed with narrow office windows 18 inches (46 cm) wide, which reflected Yamasaki's fear of heights as well as his desire to make building occupants feel secure. His design included building facades clad in aluminum-alloy. The World Trade Center was one of the most striking American implementations of
1830-410: A strong, rigid wall structure, supporting virtually all lateral loads such as wind loads, and sharing the gravity load with the core columns. The perimeter structure containing 59 columns per side was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces, each consisting of three columns, three stories tall, connected by spandrel plates. The spandrel plates were welded to the columns to create
1952-409: A utility shaft that ran vertically between floors. Areas at the furthest extent of the fire were extinguished almost immediately; the original fire was put out in a few hours. Most of the damage was concentrated on the 11th floor, fueled by cabinets filled with paper, alcohol-based fluid for office machines, and other office equipment. Fireproofing protected the steel and there was no structural damage to
2074-400: Is a 2007 film by Peter Joseph presenting a number of conspiracy theories . The film assembles archival footage , animations , and narration. Released online on June 18, 2007, it soon received tens of millions of views on Google Video , YouTube , and Vimeo . According to Peter Joseph, the original Zeitgeist was not presented in a film format, but was a "performance piece consisting of
2196-587: Is a 2008 film produced and directed by Peter Joseph , and is a sequel to the 2007 film, Zeitgeist: The Movie . It premiered at the 5th Annual Artivist Film Festival in Los Angeles, California on October 2, 2008. The film begins and ends with excerpts from a speech by Jiddu Krishnamurti . The remainder of the film is narrated by Peter Joseph and divided into four parts, which are prefaced by on-screen quotations from Krishnamurti, John Adams , Bernard Lietaer , and Thomas Paine , respectively. Part I covers
2318-492: Is being built with six new skyscrapers and several other buildings, many of which are complete. A memorial and museum to those killed in the attacks, a new rapid transit hub , and an elevated park have opened. The memorial features two square reflecting pools in the center marking where the Twin Towers stood. One World Trade Center , the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere at 1,776 feet (541 m) and
2440-645: Is of the London bombings amount to "ethical abuse in sourcing". She finishes her analysis with the comment: "Thus, legitimate questions about what happened on 9/11, and about corruption in religious and financial organizations, are all undermined by the film's determined effort to maximize an emotional response at the expense of reasoned argument." Alex Jones , American radio host, conspiracy theorist and executive producer of Loose Change , stated that film segments of Zeitgeist are taken directly from his documentary Terrorstorm , and that he supports "90 percent" of
2562-491: Is our world", and "The revolution is now". List of Interviewees Zeitgeist: Moving Forward received "Best Political Documentary" in 2011 from the Action on Film International Film Festival . A The Socialist Standard review said the film's use of animation and humour gave it a "well rounded feel", though it criticized the "shaky economic analysis" in the second part of the film, saying " Karl Marx had already undertaken
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#17327901805502684-405: Is presented that pollution , deforestation , climate change , overpopulation , and warfare are all created and perpetuated by the socioeconomic system. Various poverty statistics are shown that suggest a progressive worsening of world culture . The final scene of the film shows a partial view of Earth from space, followed by a sequence of superimposed statements; "This is your world", "This
2806-462: The 1993 World Trade Center Bombing Memorial fountain. The plaza was pervaded by Muzak background music that came from installed loudspeakers. For many years, the Plaza was often beset by brisk winds at ground level owing to the Venturi effect between the two towers. Some gusts were so strong that pedestrians' travel had to be aided by ropes. In 1997 Tony May opened an Italian restaurant in
2928-527: The Bush administration , and globalization —there are more than enough factual injustices in this world to be going around without having to invent fictional ones". Ivor Tossell in The Globe and Mail cited it as an example of how modern conspiracy theories are promulgated, though he praised its effectiveness: The film is an interesting object lesson on how conspiracy theories get to be so popular ... It's
3050-584: The Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC , 5 WTC , 6 WTC , and 7 WTC . The complex contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m ) of office space and, prior to its completion, was projected to accommodate an estimated 130,000 people. The core complex cost about $ 400 million (equivalent to $ 2.31 billion in 2023). The idea was suggested by David Rockefeller to help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan, and his brother Nelson , then New York's 49th governor, signed
3172-561: The Skeptics Society , mentioned Zeitgeist in an article in Scientific American on skepticism in the age of mass media and the postmodern belief in the relativism of truth. He argues that this belief, coupled with a "clicker culture of mass media," results in a multitude of various truth claims packaged in " infotainment units", in the form of films such as Zeitgeist and Loose Change . Jane Chapman ,
3294-714: The Synod of the Diocese of Sydney, severely criticized Part I of the film, stating that it has no basis in serious scholarship or ancient sources, and that it relies on amateur sources that recycle frivolous ideas from one another, commenting that "[i]t is extraordinary how many claims it makes which are simply not true". Similar conclusions were reached by Dr. Mark Foreman of Liberty University . In Tablet magazine, journalist Michelle Goldberg criticized Zeitgeist: The Movie as being "steeped in far-right , isolationist, and covertly anti-Semitic conspiracy theories," writing that
3416-462: The University of North Carolina and The New School . In 2009, he founded The Zeitgeist Movement, a self-described "sustainability advocacy organization". It was originally started as the "activist arm" of an organization called The Venus Project , launched by Jacque Fresco in 1994. In 2011, the two organizations separated. Joseph's work with the movement and the Zeitgeist film trilogy has been
3538-446: The economic need for private property , money , and the inherent inequality between agents in the system. Also seen critically is the need for cyclical consumption in order to maintain market share , resulting in wasted resources and planned obsolescence . According to the movie, the current monetary system will result in default or hyperinflation at some future time. Part III: Project Earth As with Zeitgeist: Addendum ,
3660-476: The framed-tube structural system used in the twin towers. The Port Authority's Engineering Department served as foundation engineers , Joseph R. Loring & Associates as electrical engineers , and Jaros, Baum & Bolles (JB&B) as mechanical engineers . Tishman Realty & Construction Company was the general contractor on the World Trade Center project. Guy F. Tozzoli , director of
3782-577: The historicity of Jesus , asserts that Jesus is a literary and astrological hybrid, nurtured by political forces and opportunists. Part I was influenced by the work of Acharya S . Part II alleges that the September 11 attacks were either orchestrated or allowed to happen by elements within the United States government in order to generate mass fear, justify the War on Terror , provide a pretext for
Peter Joseph - Misplaced Pages Continue
3904-480: The 107th floor to the top of the buildings were designed to support a tall communication antenna on top of each building. Only 1 WTC (North Tower) actually had a spire antenna fitted, which was added in May 1979. The truss system consisted of six trusses along the long axis of the core and four along the short axis. This truss system allowed some load redistribution between the perimeter and core columns and supported
4026-432: The 1960s by Bangladeshi-American structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan , was a new approach that allowed more open floor plans than the traditional design that distributed columns throughout the interior to support building loads. Each of the World Trade Center towers had 236 high-strength, load-bearing perimeter steel columns which acted as Vierendeel trusses . The perimeter columns were spaced closely together to form
4148-422: The 3 Zeitgeist movies as "a series of 3 apocalyptic cult documentaries. Zeitgeist: The Movie (2007) started the chain of events leading to the formation of the Zeitgeist movement. The group advocates transition from the global money -based economic system to a post-scarcity economy or resource -based economy. VC Reporter's Shane Cohn summarized the movement's charter as: "Our greatest social problems are
4270-608: The 9/11 conspiracy theories "are bait used to attract viewers from the 9/11 Truth movement and others who embrace conspiracist thinking to the idiosyncratic antireligion views of the videographer and the world of right-wing antisemitic theories of a global banking conspiracy". Jay Kinney questioned the accuracy of its claims and the quality of its arguments, describing it as agitprop and propaganda . At times, according to Kinney, "Zeitgeist engages in willful confusion by showing TV screen shots of network or cable news with voice-overs from unidentified people not associated with
4392-584: The Greatest Bar on Earth and Cellar in the Sky (reopened after Labor Day ) replaced the original restaurant offshoots. In 1999, Cellar in the Sky was changed into an American steakhouse and renamed as Wild Blue. In 2000 (its last full year of operation), Windows on the World reported revenues of $ 37 million, making it the highest-grossing restaurant in the United States. The Skydive Restaurant, which
4514-582: The JACC Theater in Los Angeles on January 15, 2011, at the Artivist Film Festival , was released in theaters and online. As of November 2014, the film had over 23 million views on YouTube. The film is arranged in four parts, each containing interviews, narration and animated sequences. The film begins with an animated sequence narrated by Jacque Fresco . He describes his adolescent life and his discontinuation of public education at
4636-481: The North Tower within Tobin Plaza for musicians and performers. These series of concerts and events were called "CenterStage at the World Trade Center". At the center of the plaza stood the monumental sculpture The Sphere by German artist Fritz Koenig . The world's largest bronze sculpture of modern times was surrounded by a fountain. The site had other sculptures such as Ideogram , Cloud Fortress , and
4758-517: The Port Authority announced the selection of Minoru Yamasaki as lead architect and Emery Roth & Sons as associate architects. Yamasaki devised the plan to incorporate twin towers. His original plan called for the towers to be 80 stories tall, but to meet the Port Authority's requirement for 10,000,000 square feet (930,000 m ) of office space, the buildings would each have to be 110 stories tall. The Port Authority publicly presented
4880-600: The Port Authority build a World Trade Center there. Plans for the use of eminent domain to remove the shops in Radio Row bounded by Vesey , Church , Liberty , and West Streets began in 1961 when the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was deciding to build the world's first world trade center . They had two choices: the east side of Lower Manhattan , near the South Street Seaport ; or
5002-450: The Port Authority leased operation of the observatory to Ogden Entertainment, which decided to renovate it. On April 30, 1997, the Top of the World tour reopened after renovations were finished. Attractions added to the observation deck included 24 video monitors, which provided descriptions of 44 points of interest in six languages; a theater showing a film of a simulated helicopter tour around
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5124-540: The Port Authority offered to take over the H&;M Railroad. They also decided to move the World Trade Center project to the Hudson Terminal building site on the west side of Lower Manhattan, a more convenient location for New Jersey commuters arriving via PATH . With the new location and the Port Authority's acquisition of the H&M Railroad, New Jersey agreed to support the World Trade Center project. As part of
5246-489: The Port Authority would make annual PILOTs for the portion of the World Trade Center leased to private tenants. In subsequent years, the payments would rise as the real estate tax rate increased. In May 1967, the New York City Planning Commission approved several changes to the street grid that would allow the Port Authority to begin acquiring land for the complex. On September 20 , 1962,
5368-525: The Port Authority's approved plans to privatize the World Trade Center in the late 1990s, they sought to lease it to a private entity in 2001. Bids for the lease came from Vornado Realty Trust ; a joint bid between Brookfield Properties Corporation and Boston Properties ; and a joint bid by Silverstein Properties and the Westfield Group . Privatizing the World Trade Center would add it to
5490-409: The Port Authority's chief engineer, John M. Kyle Jr., involved digging a trench, and as excavation proceeded, filling the space with a slurry consisting of a mixture of bentonite and water, which plugged holes and kept groundwater out. When the trench was dug out, a steel cage was inserted and concrete was poured in, forcing the slurry out. It took fourteen months for the slurry wall to be completed. It
5612-560: The Twin Towers, the plan for the World Trade Center complex included four other low-rise buildings, which were built in the early 1970s. The 47-story 7 World Trade Center building was added in the 1980s, to the north of the main complex. Altogether, the main World Trade Center complex occupied a 16-acre (65,000 m ) superblock . The World Trade Center complex housed more than 430 companies that were engaged in various commercial activities. The complex hosted 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m ) of office space, which according to
5734-658: The U.S. Although its design was initially criticized by New Yorkers and architectural critics, the Twin Towers became an icon of New York City. It had a major role in popular culture , and according to one estimate was depicted in 472 films. The Twin Towers were also used in Philippe Petit 's tightrope-walking performance on August 7, 1974. Following the September 11 attacks, mentions of the complex in various media were altered or deleted , and several dozen "memorial films" were created. The World Trade Center experienced several major crime and terrorist incidents, including
5856-569: The United States during the twentieth century are highlighted as part of this alleged agenda, started by specifically engineered events, including the sinking of the RMS Lusitania , the attack on Pearl Harbor , and the Gulf of Tonkin Incident . The film asserts that such wars serve to sustain conflict in general and force the U.S. government to borrow money, thereby increasing the profits of
5978-401: The World Trade Center towers could be subjected to and structural response to those forces. Experiments also were done to evaluate how much sway occupants could comfortably tolerate; however, many subjects experienced dizziness and other ill effects. One of the chief engineers Leslie Robertson worked with Canadian engineer Alan G. Davenport to develop viscoelastic dampers to absorb some of
6100-578: The World Trade Department at the Port Authority, and Rino M. Monti, the Port Authority's Chief Engineer, oversaw the project. As an interstate agency, the Port Authority was not subject to the local laws and regulations of the City of New York, including building codes . Nonetheless, the World Trade Center's structural engineers ended up following draft versions of New York City's new 1968 building codes. The framed-tube design, introduced in
6222-535: The Zeitgeist movement as "the first Internet-based apocalyptic cult". World Trade Center (1973%E2%80%932001) The original World Trade Center ( WTC ) was a complex of seven buildings in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City . Built primarily between 1966 and 1975, it was dedicated on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001. At
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#17327901805506344-553: The age of 14 and describes his early life influences. Part I: Human Nature Human behavior and the nature vs. nurture debate is discussed, which Robert Sapolsky refers to as a " false dichotomy ." Disease , criminal activity , and addictions are also discussed. The overall conclusion of Part I is that social environment and cultural conditioning play a large part in shaping human behavior . Part II: Social Pathology John Locke and Adam Smith are discussed in regard to modern economics . The film critically questions
6466-476: The architectural ethic of Le Corbusier and was the seminal expression of Yamasaki's gothic modernist tendencies. He was also inspired by Islamic architecture , elements of which he incorporated in the building's design, having previously designed Saudi Arabia's Dhahran International Airport with the Saudi Binladin Group . A major limiting factor in building height is the issue of elevators;
6588-413: The area held several blocks of electronics stores, with Cortlandt Street as its central axis. The used radios, war surplus electronics (e.g., AN/ARC-5 radios), junk, and parts were often piled so high they would spill out onto the street, attracting collectors and scroungers. According to a business writer, it also was the origin of the electronic component distribution business. The idea of establishing
6710-440: The attacks, some from smoke inhalation. Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman and four other individuals were later convicted for their involvement in the bombing, while Yousef and Eyad Ismoil were convicted for carrying out the bombing. According to a presiding judge, the conspirators' chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the North Tower and send it crashing into the South Tower, toppling both skyscrapers. Following
6832-609: The bathtub began in late 1967. Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968 , and construction on the South Tower was under way by January 1969 . The original Hudson Tubes , which carried PATH trains into Hudson Terminal, remained in service during the construction process until 1971, when a new station opened. The topping out ceremony of 1 WTC (North Tower) took place on December 23 , 1970, while 2 WTC's ceremony (South Tower) occurred on July 19 , 1971. Extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up
6954-409: The bombing, floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to restore the structural support they provided to columns. The slurry wall was in peril following the bombing and the loss of the floor slabs that provided lateral support against pressure from Hudson River water on the other side. The refrigeration plant on sublevel B5, which provided air conditioning to the entire World Trade Center complex,
7076-493: The book and generally in an interview on Telesur . Film Television Music videos Zeitgeist (film series) Zeitgeist is a series of three documentary films released between 2007 and 2011 that present a number of conspiracy theories , as well as proposals for broad social and economic changes. The films, Zeitgeist: The Movie (2007), Zeitgeist: Addendum (2008) and Zeitgeist: Moving Forward (2011) are all directed by Peter Joseph . Zeitgeist: The Movie
7198-427: The city called "Manhattan Magic"; a model of Manhattan with 750 buildings; a Kodak photo booth and two gift shops. The 107th-floor also featured a subway -themed food court that featured Sbarro Street Station and Nathan's Famous Hot Dogs with a dining area that simulated Central Park . Weather permitting, visitors could ride two short escalators up from the 107th-floor viewing area to an outdoor platform at
7320-402: The city's tax rolls and provide funds for other Port Authority projects. On February 15 , 2001, the Port Authority announced that Vornado Realty Trust had won the World Trade Center lease, paying $ 3.25 billion for the 99-year lease. Vornado outbid Silverstein by $ 600 million though Silverstein upped his offer to $ 3.22 billion. However, Vornado insisted on last minute changes to
7442-586: The completion of the Sears Tower in 1973. They were not surpassed until the construction of the Burj Khalifa , which opened in 2010. The towers were also the world's tallest twin towers until 1996, when the Petronas Towers opened. Each tower had a total mass of around 500,000 tons. The original World Trade Center had a five-acre (two-hectare) plaza around which all of the buildings in
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#17327901805507564-459: The complex in March 1966. Despite public criticism over the height of the 110-story twin towers, Yamasaki & Associates and Emery Roth & Sons made only relatively minor changes to the plans, which were released in May 1966. The revised plans called for the twin towers and four additional low-rise structures to surround the central plaza. Yamasaki's design for the World Trade Center called for
7686-404: The complex, including the twin towers, were centered. World Trade Center officials had wanted the plaza to be a "contemplative space" or a Zen garden . In 1982, the plaza was renamed after Port Authority's late chairman, Austin J. Tobin, who authorized the construction of the original World Trade Center. During the summer, the Port Authority installed a portable stage, typically backed up against
7808-444: The conditions it claims to address, as problems are only solved if there is money to be made. The film looks at Fresco's proposal of a resource-based economy, which puts environmental friendliness, sustainability and abundance as fundamental societal goals. He goes on to discuss technology which he sees as the primary driver of human advancement, and he describes politics as being unable to solve any problems. Part IV suggests that
7930-467: The construction of the World Trade Center took place on August 5 , 1966. The site of the World Trade Center was located on filled land with the bedrock located 65 feet (20 m) below. To construct the World Trade Center, it was necessary to build a " bathtub " with a slurry wall around the West Street side of the site, to keep water from the Hudson River out. The slurry method selected by
8052-518: The construction process, and the first tenants moved into the North Tower on December 15, 1970 , while it was still under construction, while the South Tower began accepting tenants in January 1972 . The complex had 111 tenants with a combined 1,800 employees by late 1971. When the Twin Towers were completed, the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $ 900 million. The ribbon-cutting ceremony took place on April 4 , 1973. In addition to
8174-468: The course. Windows on the World was forced to close following the 1993 World Trade Center bombing as the explosion damaged receiving areas, storage and parking spots used by the restaurant complex. On May 12, 1994, the Joseph Baum & Michael Whiteman Company won the contract to run the restaurants after Windows's former operator, Inhilco , gave up its lease. After its reopening on June 26, 1996,
8296-576: The curtailment of civil liberties , and produce economic gain. It asserts that the U.S. government had advance knowledge of the attacks, that the military deliberately allowed the planes to reach their targets, and that World Trade Center buildings 1, 2, and 7 underwent a controlled demolition . Part III states that the Federal Reserve System is controlled by a small cabal of international bankers who conspire to create global calamities to enrich themselves. Three wars involving
8418-443: The deal, including a shorter 39-year lease, which the Port Authority considered nonnegotiable. Vornado later withdrew and Silverstein's bid for the lease to the World Trade Center was accepted on April 26 , 2001, and closed on July 24 , 2001. On September 11, 2001 , Islamist terrorists hijacked two commercial airliners and crashed them into the Twin Towers. One group led by Mohamed Atta crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into
8540-447: The deal, the Port Authority renamed the H&M "Port Authority Trans-Hudson", or PATH for short. To compensate Radio Row business owners for their displacement, the Port Authority gave each business $ 3,000 without regard to how long the business had been there or how prosperous it was. The Port Authority began purchasing properties in the area for the World Trade Center by March 1965, and demolition of Radio Row began in March 1966. It
8662-501: The design to stack local elevators within the same elevator shaft. Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower, the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently. This increased the amount of usable space on each floor from 62 to 75 percent by reducing the number of elevator shafts. Altogether, the World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators. The structural engineering firm Worthington, Skilling, Helle & Jackson worked to implement Yamasaki's design, developing
8784-431: The direct results of our economic system". Joseph created a political movement that, according to The Daily Telegraph , dismisses historic religious concepts as misleading and embraces a version of sustainable ecological concepts and scientific administration of society. The group describes the current socioeconomic system as structurally corrupt and inefficient in the use of resources. Michelle Goldberg described
8906-450: The film borrowed from the work of Eustace Mullins , Lyndon LaRouche , and radio host Alex Jones, and that it portrays a cabal of international bankers purportedly ruling the world. In an interview with TheMarker , Joseph said that while the film does mention bankers it does not seek to blame any individual or group of individuals. He argued they are merely a product of a socioeconomic system in need of change. Chip Berlet wrote that
9028-430: The film presents a "resource-based economy" as advocated by Jacque Fresco discussing how human civilization could start from a new beginning in relation to resource types, locations, quantities, to satisfy human demands; track the consumption and depletion of resources to regulate human demands and maintain the condition of the environment. Part IV: Rise The current worldwide situation is described as disastrous. A case
9150-465: The film. Skeptic magazine's Tim Callahan, criticizing the parts of the film on the origins of Christianity, wrote that "some of what it asserts is true. Unfortunately, this material is liberally—and sloppily—mixed with material that is only partially true and much that is plainly and simply bogus." Chris Forbes, Senior lecturer in Ancient History of Macquarie University and member of
9272-523: The fire and was criminally charged. The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26, 1993, at 12:17 p.m. A Ryder truck filled with 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of explosives (planted by Ramzi Yousef ) detonated in the North Tower's underground garage. The blast opened a 100 ft (30 m) hole through five sublevels, with the greatest damage occurring on levels B1 and B2 and significant structural damage on level B3. Six people were killed and 1,042 others were injured in
9394-497: The first film was famous for alleging that the attacks of September 11 were an inside job, the second, "was all but empty of such conspiratorial notions, directing its rhetoric and high production values toward posing a replacement for the evils of the banking system and a perilous economy of scarcity and debt". Zeitgeist: Moving Forward is the third installment in Peter Joseph 's Zeitgeist film series. The film premiered at
9516-497: The floors. The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns and were on 6 foot 8 inch (2.03 m) centers. The top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the core columns on the interior side. The floors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with viscoelastic dampers that helped reduce the amount of sway felt by building occupants. Hat trusses (or "outrigger trusses") located from
9638-485: The handful of experts who agree with it. And yet, it's compelling. It shamelessly ploughs forward, connecting dots with an earnest certainty that makes you want to give it an A for effort. Filipe Feio, reflecting upon the film's Internet popularity in Diário de Notícias , stated that "[f]iction or not, Zeitgeist: The Movie threatens to become the champion of conspiracy theories of today". Michael Shermer , founder of
9760-420: The impacts were intensified by the planes' burning jet fuel, which, along with the initial damage to the buildings' structural columns, ultimately caused both towers to collapse . The attacks killed 2,606 people in and around the towers, as well as all 157 on board the two aircraft. Falling debris from the towers, combined with fires in several surrounding buildings that were initiated by falling debris, led to
9882-557: The international bankers. The film also claims that the Federal Income Tax is illegal . Part III also alleges a secret agreement to merge the United States, Canada and Mexico into a North American Union as a step toward the creation of a single world government . The film speculates that under such a government, every human could be implanted with an RFID chip to monitor individual activity and suppress dissent. The first film received almost universal condemnation from
10004-574: The lead building for the new complex, completed construction in May 2013 and opened in November 2014. The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River . The shoreline was in the vicinity of Greenwich Street , which is closer to the site's eastern border. It was on this shoreline, close to the intersection of Greenwich and the former Dey Street , that Dutch explorer Adriaen Block 's ship, Tyger , burned to
10126-453: The legislation to build it. The buildings at the complex were designed by Minoru Yamasaki . In 1998, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey decided to privatize it by leasing the buildings to a private company to manage. It awarded the lease to Silverstein Properties in July 2001 . During its existence, the World Trade Center symbolized globalization and the economic prosperity of
10248-400: The main buildings of the World Trade Center. Construction of the North Tower at One World Trade Center began in 1966 with the South Tower at Two World Trade Center. When completed in 1972, 1 World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for two years, surpassing the Empire State Building after its 40-year reign. The North Tower stood 1,368 feet (417 m) tall and featured
10370-581: The media, though it also "attracted massive interest" from the public. The newspaper The Arizona Republic described Zeitgeist: The Movie as "a bramble of conspiracy theories involving Sept. 11, the international monetary system, and Christianity" saying also that the movie trailer states that "there are people guiding your life and you don't even know it". A review in The Irish Times wrote that "these are surreal perversions of genuine issues and debates, and they tarnish all criticism of faith,
10492-429: The modular pieces off-site at the fabrication shop. Adjacent modules were bolted together with the splices occurring at mid-span of the columns and spandrels. The spandrel plates were located at each floor, transmitting shear stress between columns, allowing them to work together in resisting lateral loads. The joints between modules were staggered vertically so that the column splices between adjacent modules were not on
10614-465: The morning of August 7, 1974, Philippe Petit performed a high-wire walk between the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center. For his unauthorized feat 1,312 feet (400 m) above the ground, he rigged a 440-pound (200 kg) cable and used a custom-made 30-foot-long (9.1 m), 55-pound (25 kg) balancing pole. He performed for 45 minutes, making eight passes along the wire. Though Petit
10736-584: The most powerful banks in the Federal Reserve System, the major news networks, the military, energy corporations, all political systems; and joining, and supporting The Zeitgeist Movement. Zeitgeist: Addendum won the 2008 Artivist Film Festival 's award for best feature ("Artivist Spirit" category). Originally, the film was uploaded-released on Google Video . The current video posting on YouTube surpassed 5 million views by late 2013. Alan Feuer of The New York Times noted that while
10858-469: The news programs. If one weren't paying close attention, the effect would be to confer the status and authority of TV news upon the words being spoken. Even when quotes or sound bites are attributed to a source, there's no way to tell if they are quoted correctly or in context." In June 2013, Peter Joseph directed the music video for " God Is Dead? " by Black Sabbath , using extensive imagery from Zeitgeist: The Movie and its sequels. Zeitgeist: Addendum
10980-484: The north of the superblock. Beneath the World Trade Center complex was an underground shopping mall . It had connections to various mass transit facilities, including the New York City Subway system and the Port Authority's PATH trains. One of the world's largest gold depositories was located underneath the World Trade Center, owned by a group of commercial banks. The 1993 bombing detonated close to
11102-564: The partial or complete collapse of all the WTC complex's buildings, including 7 World Trade Center , and caused catastrophic damage to 10 other large structures in the surrounding area. The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months, during which the remains of the other buildings were demolished. On May 30, 2002, the last piece of WTC steel was ceremonially removed. A new World Trade Center complex
11224-431: The plaza next to 4 World Trade Center called "Gemelli". The following year, he opened another restaurant in an adjacent place called "Pasta Break". On June 9, 1999, the outdoor plaza reopened after undergoing $ 12 million in renovations. This involved replacing marble pavers with over 40,000 gray and pink granite stones, as well as adding benches, planters, food kiosks, and outdoor dining areas. Although most of
11346-544: The plaza. 6 World Trade Center , at the northwest corner, housed the United States Customs Service . 5 World Trade Center was located at the northeast corner above the PATH station, and 4 World Trade Center , located at the southeast corner, housed the U.S. Commodities Exchange . In 1987, construction was completed on a 47-floor office building, 7 World Trade Center , located to
11468-421: The primary reason for what the film sees as society's social values ("warfare, corruption, oppressive laws, social stratification, irrelevant superstitions, environmental destruction, and a despotic, socially indifferent, profit oriented ruling class") is a collective ignorance of "the emergent and symbiotic aspects of natural law". The film advocates the following actions for achieving social change: boycotting of
11590-579: The process of fractional-reserve banking as illustrated in Modern Money Mechanics , by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago . The film suggests that society is manipulated into economic slavery through debt-based monetary policies by requiring individuals to submit for employment in order to pay off their debt. Part II includes an interview with John Perkins , author of Confessions of an Economic Hitman , who says he
11712-408: The restaurant two out of four stars, signifying a "very good" quality. In his 2009 book Appetite , William Grimes wrote that, "At Windows, New York was the main course". In 2014, Ryan Sutton of Eater.com compared the now-destroyed restaurant's cuisine to that of its replacement, One World Observatory . He said, "Windows helped usher in a new era of captive audience dining in that the restaurant
11834-400: The same floor. Below the 7th floor to the foundation, there were fewer, wider-spaced perimeter columns to accommodate doorways. The core of the towers housed the elevator and utility shafts, restrooms, three stairwells, and other support spaces. The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet (27 by 41 m) and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of
11956-404: The second floor, visitors were required to pass through security checks added after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing . They were then sent to the 107th-floor indoor observatory at a height of 1,310 feet (400 m) by a dedicated express elevator, which could be only accessed by entering the core. The exterior columns were narrowed to allow 28 inches of window width between them. In 1995,
12078-400: The second tallest building in the world at 1,362 feet (415 m). Its rooftop observation deck was 1,362 ft (415 m) high and its indoor observation deck was 1,310 ft (400 m) high. Each tower stood over 1,350 feet (410 m) high, and occupied about 1 acre (4,000 m ) of the total 16 acres (65,000 m ) of the site's land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki
12200-421: The site. The ship, believed to be a Hudson River sloop , was found just south of where the Twin Towers stood, about 20 feet (6.1 m) below the surface. Later, the area became New York City's Radio Row , which existed from 1921 to 1966. The neighborhood was a warehouse district in what is now Tribeca and the Financial District . Harry Schneck opened City Radio on Cortlandt Street in 1921, and eventually,
12322-505: The space in the World Trade Center complex was off-limits to the public, the South Tower featured a public glass-enclosed observation deck on the 107th floor called Top of the World and an open-air deck with the height of 110 stories. The observation deck opened in December 1975 and operated from 9:30 a.m. to 11:30 p.m. (June to August) and from 9:30 a.m. – 9:30 p.m. (September to May). After paying an entrance fee in
12444-638: The subject of national media attention, including articles in The New York Times , The Palm Beach Post , VC Reporter , and TheMarker . Since 2011, Joseph has supported the Occupy movement . In 2012, he created the satirical miniseries Culture in Decline , which challenges various contemporary cultural phenomena. In March 2017, BenBella Books published The New Human Rights Movement , authored by Joseph. Abby Martin discussed his views in
12566-472: The sways. These viscoelastic dampers, used throughout the structures at the joints between floor trusses and perimeter columns along with some other structural modifications, reduced the building sway to an acceptable level. In March 1965, the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site. Demolition work began on March 21 , 1966, to clear thirteen square blocks of low rise buildings in Radio Row for its construction. Groundbreaking for
12688-434: The taller the building, the more elevators are needed to service it, requiring more space-consuming elevator banks. Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system with two " sky lobbies "—floors where people could switch from a large-capacity express elevator to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section. This system, inspired by the local-express train operation used in New York City's subway system, allowed
12810-539: The time of their completion, the 110-story-tall Twin Towers , including the original 1 World Trade Center (the North Tower) at 1,368 feet (417 m), and 2 World Trade Center (the South Tower) at 1,362 feet (415.1 m), were the tallest buildings in the world ; they were also the tallest twin skyscrapers in the world until 1996, when the Petronas Towers opened. Other buildings in the complex included
12932-438: The tower. In addition to fire damage on the 9th through the 14th floors, the water used to extinguish the fire damaged a few of the floors below. At that time, the World Trade Center had no fire sprinkler systems . On March 12, 1981, the Port Authority announced a $ 45 million plan to install sprinklers throughout the World Trade Center. A disgruntled custodian, 19 year old Oswald Adorno, was discovered to have deliberately started
13054-454: The tower. The large, column-free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses. The floors supported their own weight as well as live loads , providing lateral stability to the exterior walls and distributing wind loads among the exterior walls. The floors consisted of 4-inch (10 cm) thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck. A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported
13176-549: The transmission tower. The framed-tube design, using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed-on fire-resistant material, created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind compared to traditional structures, such as the Empire State Building that has thick, heavy masonry for fireproofing of steel structural elements. During the design process, wind tunnel tests were done to establish design wind pressures that
13298-403: The vault. Seven weeks after the September 11 attacks, $ 230 million in precious metals was removed from basement vaults of 4 WTC. This included 3,800 100-Troy-ounce 24 carat gold bars and 30,000 1,000-ounce silver bars. On February 13, 1975, a three-alarm fire broke out on the North Tower's 11th floor. It spread to the 9th and 14th floors after igniting telephone cable insulation in
13420-471: The waterline in November 1613, stranding him and his crew and forcing them to overwinter on the island. They built the first European settlement in Manhattan . The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended beginning in 1797 and was discovered during excavation work in 1916. The remains of a second eighteenth-century ship were discovered in 2010 during excavation work at
13542-510: The west side, near the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (H&M) station, Hudson Terminal . Initial plans, made public in 1961, identified a site along the East River for the World Trade Center. As a bi-state agency, the Port Authority required approval for new projects from the governors of both New York and New Jersey . New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner objected to New York getting
13664-452: Was a 180-seat cafeteria on the 44th floor of 1 WTC conceived for office workers, was also operated by Windows on the World. In its last iteration, Windows on the World received mixed reviews. Ruth Reichl , a New York Times food critic, said in December 1996 that "nobody will ever go to Windows on the World just to eat, but even the fussiest food person can now be content dining at one of New York's favorite tourist destinations". She gave
13786-533: Was a destination in itself, rather than a lazy by-product of the vital institution it resided in." Five smaller buildings stood on the 16-acre (65,000 m ) block. One was the 22-floor hotel, which opened at the southwest corner of the site in 1981 as the Vista Hotel ; in 1995, it became the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC). Three low-rise buildings (4 WTC, 5 WTC, and 6 WTC), which were steel-framed office buildings, also stood around
13908-438: Was asked, "Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one 220-story building?" His tongue-in-cheek response was: "I didn't want to lose the human scale." Architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable criticized the design of the twin towers when they were first announced, saying: "Here we have the world's daintiest architecture for the world's biggest buildings." The twin towers had more floors (at 110) than any other building before
14030-555: Was charged with criminal trespass and disorderly conduct, he was later freed in exchange for performing for children in Central Park . On February 20, 1981, an Aerolíneas Argentinas airliner was guided away by air traffic controllers after radar signals indicated it was on a collision course with the North Tower (1 WTC). The aircraft, which departed from José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport in Guayaquil , Ecuador, and
14152-564: Was completely demolished by the end of the year. Approval was also needed from New York City Mayor John Lindsay and the New York City Council . Disagreements with the city centered on tax issues, and the New York City Planning Commission wanted the Port Authority to increase its payments in lieu of taxes (PILOT) to the city government. On August 3 , 1966, an agreement was reached whereby
14274-527: Was developed by restaurateur Joe Baum at a cost of more than $ 17 million. As well as the main restaurant, two offshoots were located at the top of the North Tower: Hors d'Oeuvrerie (offered a Danish smorgasbord during the day and sushi in the evening) and Cellar in the Sky (a small wine bar ). Windows on the World also had a wine school program run by Kevin Zraly , who published a book on
14396-407: Was heavily damaged. After the bombing, the Port Authority installed photoluminescent pathway markings in the stairwells. The fire alarm system for the entire complex needed to be replaced because critical wiring and signaling in the original system were destroyed. A memorial to the victims of the bombing, a reflecting pool , was installed with the names of those who were killed in the blast. It
14518-585: Was involved in the subjugation of Latin American economies by multinational corporations and the United States government, including involvement in the overthrow of Latin American heads of state. Perkins sees the US as a corporatocracy in which maximization of profits is the first priority. Part III introduces futurist Jacque Fresco and The Venus Project and asserts a need to move away from current socioeconomic paradigms. Fresco states that capitalism perpetuates
14640-492: Was later destroyed following the September 11 attacks. The names of the victims of the 1993 bombing are included in the National September 11 Memorial & Museum . In January 1998, a DeCavalcante crime family member Ralph Guarino gained maintenance access to the World Trade Center. He arranged a three-man crew for a heist that netted over $ 2 million from a Brinks delivery to the North Tower's 11th floor. On
14762-529: Was necessary before the excavation of material from the interior of the site could begin. The 1,200,000 cubic yards (920,000 m ) of excavated material were used (along with other fill and dredge material) to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street to form Battery Park City . The Port Authority awarded $ 74 million in contracts to various steel suppliers in January 1967, and excavation of
14884-508: Was scheduled to land at nearby JFK Airport , was flying at a much lower altitude than regulations recommended. The 1995 PCA world chess championship was played on the 107th floor of the South Tower. On February 8, 2000, a worker was crushed to death and another was injured by an industrial cooling unit. Slow leasing was a hallmark of the old World Trade Center complex. The Twin Towers suffered high vacancy rates for decades. The complex achieved 95% occupancy only in mid-2001. Following
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