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102-669: He is recognized in the scholarly community through his studies of international economic sanctions, where he is leading SPITS , the Special Program on the Implementation of Targeted Sanctions. The program deals primarily with UN economic sanctions. One of his major contributions to international peace research is the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) , which he initiated in 1978 and led until 2015. UCDP collects data on armed conflict throughout

204-440: A Ph.D. in this program. His research interest also include mediation studies and Wallensteen has experience as third party in conflicts such as those involving Papua New Guinea (Bougainville), Israel-Palestine, Nagorno-Karabakh and Cyprus. At the newly started Alva Myrdal Centre for Nuclear Disarmament, Wallensteen leads a working group on the use of sanctions for the prevention of proliferation of nuclear weapons. An edited volume

306-587: A chair for physiological botany). There were very radical attempts at reforms which were never implemented, but important changes took place. University studies had until this time been very informal in their overall organization, with the all-purpose philosophiæ magister -degree being the only one frequently conferred and many never graduating, as there was no degree applicable to their intended area of work (and well-connected aristocratic students often not graduating as they did not need to). A few professional degrees for various purposes were introduced in 1749–1750, but

408-612: A complete overhaul of its administrative structure. It required a much larger class of civil servants and educators than before. Preparatory schools, gymnasiums , were also founded during this period in various cathedral towns, notably Västerås (the first one) in 1623. Besides Uppsala, new universities were founded in more distant parts of the Swedish Realm , the University of Dorpat (present-day Tartu) in Estonia (1632) and

510-526: A history stretching back to the early-to-mid 17th century, but some of them are the result of mergers of older, smaller nations that took place in the early 19th century to facilitate the financing of building projects. The nations at Uppsala University are: Since the 1960s there is a fourteenth nation, the Skånelandens nation (referring to the Scanian lands ) which has no membership fee and exists as

612-499: A legal device to get around the compulsory membership for students who prefer not to become affiliated with the traditional nations. However, this nation was made redundant in 2010, when membership in a nation ceased to be mandatory. The Uppsala Student Union was founded in 1849 as a corporation representing all students, irrespective of nation. The pharmaceutical institute became integrated in Uppsala university during 1968 and formed

714-641: A mediator. Also the work (in Swedish) Fredens diplomater (2016) is done with Isak Svensson and the authors scrutinize some 50 Nordic mediation efforts since the time of Count Folke Bernadotte .In 2025 Cambridge University Press publishes The Peacemaking Mandate: Nordic Experiences in International Mediation , building on updated information and with a mandate focused approach to mediation. His work Quality Peace: Peacebuilding, Victory and World Order (2015) specifies his approach to

816-462: A noted educator, activist and writer on women's emancipation and suffrage. Defending a dissertation in history in 1900, she became the second woman to finish a doctorate at a Swedish university. In 1892, she founded the Uppsala Women's Student Association, which set up spex performances and other things enjoyed by male students but from which the women were excluded at the time. The members of

918-520: A significant impact on the UN conduct of targeted sanctions. In 1973 Peter Wallensteen received his Ph.D. in political science at Uppsala University with his dissertation Structure and war: On international relations, 1920-1968 . The dissertation dealt with the links between international dependencies, social order and the onset of war. It included one of the first statistically based conclusions that liberal major powers had not been at war with one another. In

1020-448: A state and a rebel group that challenges it. The UCDP defines an armed state-based conflict as: "An armed conflict is a contested incompatibility that concerns government and/or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, results in at least 25 battle-related deaths in one calendar year". The program's definition differs somewhat from other data collection programs, such as

1122-491: A strong presence in Fjärdingen , the neighbourhood around the cathedral on the western side of the river Fyris . Despite some contemporary building developments further away from the centre, Uppsala's historic centre continues to be dominated by the presence of the university. As with most medieval universities, Uppsala University initially grew out of an ecclesiastical centre. The archbishop of Uppsala had been one of

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1224-694: A time. On 20 February 2013, the university board decided that there will be four student unions at the university from July 2013 – June 2016: the Uppsala Student Union (for students at the faculties of Art, Social Sciences, Languages, Theology, Law, Educational Sciences and Medicine), the Pharmaceutical Student Union (for students at the Faculty of Pharmacy), the Uppsala Union of Engineering and Science Students (at

1326-593: A year”. Examples include actions by the governments of Sudan , Myanmar , and Syria against civilians, as well as actions of non-state organizations such as Los Zetas , al-Qaeda , and the Lord's Resistance Army against civilians. UCDP uses both printed and electronic public sources for gathering information. All sources are manually read. The main source is the Factiva Database that is composed of over 30 000 newspapers, newswires, and other sources from around

1428-533: Is also used in a number of other disciplines, including public health, business and economics, migration and diasporas, as well as in studies that focus on agriculture, biodiversity and fisheries to name a few examples. UCDP is prominently used by the United Nations , and serves as a main data source in high profile reports by organizations in the UN family including UN/WB, the World Bank , and

1530-567: Is often substantial collateral damage in the form of civilians killed in crossfire, indiscriminate bombings etc. All deaths - military as well as civilian - incurred in such situations, are counted as battle-related deaths. Fatality figures may be substantially lower than other stated estimates as UCDP data does not include fatalities from disease and/or war-time epidemics, or combine casualty figures between different types of armed conflicts. The UCDP Non-State Conflict Dataset contains information on communal and organized armed conflict where none of

1632-736: Is possible to find information about specific countries, conflicts and years of interest by using the intuitive world maps. A user can download ready-made datasets on organized violence and peacemaking from the UCDP Dataset Download Center , as well as customized data selections of the user´s choice. There is also a public API where users can access UCDP data in a machine-readable format. The program divides armed conflict into three categories: "state-based conflict", "non-state conflict", and "one-sided violence". State-based conflict refers to what most people intuitively perceive as "war"; fighting either between two states, or between

1734-484: Is published annually in the Journal of Peace Research . The UCDP also makes its data publicly available through its interactive website, UCDP website . The UCDP began recording information on ongoing violent conflicts in the 1980s. It became clear that more systematic and global data on armed conflicts was necessary for conducting research in the expanding academic discipline of peace and conflict studies. Initially,

1836-624: Is the oldest university in Sweden and the Nordic countries still in operation. Initially founded in the 15th century, the university rose to significance during the rise of Sweden as a great power at the end of the 16th century and was then given relative financial stability with a large donation from King Gustavus Adolphus in the early 17th century. Uppsala also has an important historical place in Swedish national culture, and identity for

1938-423: Is the prorector . There are (also since 1999) three vice rectors, each heading one of the three "disciplinary domains" (Arts and Social Sciences, Medicine and Pharmacy, and Science and Technology) into which the nine faculties are divided. Each faculty has a faculty board and is headed by a dean ( dekanus ). The position of dean is held part-time by a professor of the faculty. Through the division of faculties and

2040-526: Is updated annually by UCDP. The UCDP Dyadic Dataset is a dyad-year version of the UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset. A dyad consists of two opposing actors in an armed conflict where at least one party is the government of a state. The dataset is updated annually by UCDP. This dataset contains information on the number of battle-related deaths in the conflicts from that appear in the UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset. The dataset

2142-458: Is updated annually by UCDP. One-sided violence is defined by UCDP as “The use of armed force by the government of a state or by a formally organized group against civilians which results in at least 25 deaths in a year.” Uppsala University Uppsala University ( UU ) ( Swedish : Uppsala universitet ) is a public research university in Uppsala , Sweden . Founded in 1477, it

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2244-465: Is updated annually. Typically, battle-related deaths occur in what can be described as "normal" warfare involving the armed forces of the warring parties. This includes traditional battlefield fighting, guerrilla activities (e.g. hit-and-run attacks / ambushes) and all kinds of bombardments of military units, cities and villages etc. The targets are usually the military itself and its installations, or state institutions and state representatives, but there

2346-554: The Landsmannschaften which existed at some of the German universities visited by Swedish students. In Sweden, nations exist only in Uppsala and Lund . The nations were originally seen as subversive organisations promoting less virtuous aspects of student life, but in 1663 the consistory made membership in a nation legal, each nation being placed under the inspectorship of a professor. The current thirteen nations all have

2448-799: The SIPRI Yearbook in 1988-2017, and data on non-state conflicts appeared in the Human Security Report in 2004-2013. Data are also disseminated via the UCDP website . UCDP operates and continuously updates its online database (UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia), an interactive database, that offers a web-based system for visualizing, handling and downloading data on armed conflicts and organized violence, free of charge. The website offers information on several aspects of armed conflict such as conflict dynamics, groups, actors, third party involvement, and conflict resolution and peace agreements. It

2550-485: The Correlates of War Project, which only counts conflicts where at least 1 000 deaths have been recorded during one calendar year. In UCDP, an armed conflict of this magnitude is labelled as having the intensity level of "war", whilst armed conflicts that reap between 25 and 999 battle-related deaths are seen as having the intensity of a "minor" armed conflict. Non-state conflicts are those conflicts in which none of

2652-753: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) . UCDP data is an integral part of the World Bank’s World Development Indicators , where it is the only indicator for measuring armed conflict and its levels of intensity, and the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) program. The data is used by numerous Swedish and foreign government agencies and by many international NGOs, e.g. Save the Children International , Small Arms Survey and GapMinder . UCDP data are included in

2754-678: The Global Peace Index of the Institute for Economics and Peace , and the Mo Ibrahim Foundation makes use of UCDP data for its index that assesses the quality of governance in African countries . UCDP data is frequently used by journalists. Some of the largest media outlets in Sweden recurrently interview UCDP staff, and UCDP data is regularly published in, among others, Dagens Nyheter , Svenska Dagbladet , and

2856-915: The Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) in Norway. Additionally, UCDP works closely with the Violence Early-Warning System (ViEWS) project at Uppsala University, Sweden, as well as with Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) and the Quality of Government Institute (QoG) , both based at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. UCDP was part of the European Network for Conflict Research (ENCoRE), a network funded by Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) of

2958-608: The Royal Academy of Turku in Finland (1640). After the Scanian provinces were taken from Denmark, Lund University was founded in 1666. Instrumental in the reforms of the early 17th-century Swedish state was the long-dominant Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna , who had spent his own student days in German universities and who for the last years before his death was also chancellor of the university. King Gustavus Adolphus showed

3060-475: The Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala . The Queen, who would eventually declare her abdication in the great hall of Uppsala Castle , visited the university on many occasions; in 1652 she was present at an anatomical demonstration arranged at the castle for the young physician Olaus Rudbeck . Rudbeck, one of several sons of Johannes Rudbeckius , a former Uppsala professor who became Bishop of Västerås ,

3162-559: The South Asian countries: India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Bangladesh , Maldives and Afghanistan , on the national and international level, with Ferdinando Sardella , Faculty of Theology, serving as the Forum's director. The university library holds about 5.25 million volumes of books and periodicals (131,293 shelf meters), 61,959 manuscripts, 7,133 music prints, and 345,734 maps and other graphic documents. The holdings of

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3264-410: The nations , corporations of students traditionally according to the province of origin (not strictly upheld now, for practical reasons). The system of dividing students into nations according to origin can ultimately be traced back to the nations at the medieval University of Paris and other early medieval universities, but the Uppsala nations appear only about 1630–1640, most likely under influence of

3366-485: The rector magnificus , who was elected for a semester at the time; the latter position circulated among the professors, each of whom sometimes held it several times. During the late 16th and early 17th centuries (and perhaps even earlier), the university was located in the old chapter house parallel to the south side of the cathedral, later renamed the Academia Carolina . In 1622–1625 a new university building

3468-499: The Association were the first woman to wear student caps in public, an important sign of their status. Elsa Eschelsson (1861–1911) was the first Swedish woman to finish a law degree and the first to become a "docent," but was not permitted to even hold the position of acting professor despite being formally qualified for this in everything but her sex. After years of conflicts with the professor of civil law A. O. Winroth, who wrote

3570-797: The European Union, which included all the leading research institutes in Europe that conduct quantitative and data driven research on armed conflict. UCDP also had a long-standing cooperation with the Human Security Report Project (HSRP) in Vancouver, Canada during the years that the project was running. Hundreds of scholars have used the UCDP's data for research. Aside from being widely used in research on peace and conflict at universities both in Sweden and abroad, UCDP data

3672-463: The Faculty of Pharmacy at Uppsala University, and the pharmaceutical educations moved to Uppsala university during 1972. At the same time, the Pharmaceutical Student Union (Pharmaceutical Association of Uppsala Students) became a Student Union at Uppsala University. The students at the faculty of Pharmacy were also exempt from compulsory membership in the nations, but most pharmacy students belonged to one. However, they were obliged to take up membership in

3774-432: The Faculty of Science and Technology), and Rindi (the union for students at Campus Gotland). In February 2016, two additional associations were given the status as student unions: Uppsala Business & Economics Students Association (for students of economics) and Uppsala Law Student Associations (for students of law). Thus, there are now six student unions at Uppsala university. The University's Royal Academic Orchestra

3876-558: The Hägerström Lectures was taken by Stig Kanger, Chair Professor of Theoretical Philosophy at Uppsala University, from 1968 until his death in 1988. The idea was to invite a distinguished philosopher for a week to give a series of five open lectures unified by a common theme, and provide an opportunity for teachers and students at the Department of Philosophy in Uppsala to meet the guest for informal discussions. The series

3978-426: The Pharmaceutical Student Union, an organisation having the same role as the nations and Uppsala Student union at the rest of the university. The compulsory membership in a student union was abolished on 1 July 2010; however, the unions will still be representing organisations in the university boards and committees. The status as a student union will be decided upon by the university board for periods of three years at

4080-522: The Protestant universities in Germany, especially Wittenberg . There is some evidence of academic studies in Uppsala during the 16th century; the Faculty of Theology is mentioned in a document from 1526, King Eric XIV appointed Laurentius Petri Gothus (later archbishop) rector of the university in 1566, and his successor and brother John III appointed several professors in the period 1569–1574. At

4182-513: The Skyttean chair in Eloquence and Government which still exists. The university received a stable structure with its constitution of 1626. The head of the university was to be the chancellor , and his deputy was the " pro-chancellor " (always the archbishop ex officio ). The immediate rule was the responsibility of the consistory , to which belonged all the professors of the university, and

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4284-588: The Swedish establishment: in historiography , religion, literature, politics, and music. Many aspects of Swedish academic culture in general, such as the white student cap , originated in Uppsala. It shares some peculiarities, such as the student nation system, with Lund University and the University of Helsinki . Uppsala belongs to the Coimbra Group of European universities and to the Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities . It has ranked among

4386-509: The Uppsala University Choral Centre was inaugurated in 2000. The centre arranges courses in choral directing. Uppsala universitets Körcentrum Like many cities, there is a shortage of housing in Uppsala, a problem which has existed for many years. Both native Swedes and foreign students are finding it difficult to find accommodation when first enrolling on the university. This problem is however not as bad as it

4488-600: The addition of a previously independent school of Pharmacy as a new faculty, the traditional four-faculty organization of European universities has evolved into the present nine faculties. The disciplinary domains and their faculties are as depicted below. Uppsala University also hosts the Forum for South Asia Studies , a collaborative academic effort by its six faculties: Theology, Law, History and Philosophy, Social Sciences, Languages, and Educational Sciences. The Forum aims to facilitate and promote research and education related to

4590-457: The characteristic cupola for which the building is today known. A gifted scientist, architect and engineer, Rudbeck was the dominant personality of the university in the late 17th century who laid some of the groundwork for Linnaeus and others, but he is perhaps more known today for the pseudohistorical speculations of his Atlantica , which consumed much of his later life. When large parts of Uppsala burned down in 1702, Gustavianum, which contained

4692-511: The collection of manuscripts and music include, among other things, the Gothic Bible manuscript Codex Argenteus . The most widely recognized building of the university library is Carolina Rediviva , the "revived Carolina," thus named in reference to Academia Carolina (see illustration), which held the university library from the earliest times until 1691, when it was moved to the upper floor of Gustavianum, where it miraculously survived

4794-399: The conditions after a war. The topic is continued in the edited volume Understanding Quality Peace (2019, with Madhav Joshi). Uppsala Conflict Data Program The Uppsala Conflict Data Program ( UCDP ) is a data collection program on organized violence, based at Uppsala University in Sweden. The UCDP is a leading provider of data on organized violence and armed conflict, and it is

4896-581: The context in which they are published, and reports are traced back to the primary source to establish reliability. UCDP staff members manually codes approximately 10 000-12 000 events on an annual basis. This is one of UCDP's core dataset and it is the most disaggregated one. The GED covers individual events of organized violence (the phenomena of lethal violence occurring at a given time and place). These events are sufficiently fine-grained to have several spatial and temporal locators, such as place name, administrative division, and geographic coordinates down to

4998-436: The earliest hospital, founded in Uppsala in 1302, and much later merged with the university clinic. This was used for 400 years until the great fire of 1702 which destroyed large parts of central Uppsala. A new hospital, which later became the Uppsala county hospital, was built in its place but was moved out of the town in 1811. The first clinic with the specific intention to facilitate the practical education of medical students

5100-484: The end of the century, the situation had changed, and Uppsala became a bastion of Lutheranism, which Duke Charles, the third of the sons of Gustavus Vasa to eventually become king (as Charles IX ) used to consolidate his power and eventually oust his nephew Sigismund III Vasa from the throne. The Uppsala Synod in 1593 established Lutheran orthodoxy in Sweden, and Charles and the Council of state gave new privileges to

5202-416: The era. He also modified Gustavianum , designed a new conservatory for Linnaeus' botanical garden and built the new Consistory house, which was to be the administrative core of the university. Another magnificent royal donation was that of the large baroque garden of the castle, given by Gustav III to the university when it was obvious that the old botanical garden was insufficient. A large new conservatory

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5304-605: The faculties of theology and the licentiate degree in Law were made accessible for women. The first female student in Sweden was Betty Pettersson (1838–1885), who had already worked as a private tutor for several years when she took "studentexamen" in 1871. With a royal dispensation, she was allowed to enter university in Uppsala in 1872, the year before studies at the Philosophical faculty would actually be made generally available to women. She studied modern European languages and

5406-603: The first systematic studies of the efficacy of sanctions. It outlined the conditions under which such sanctions were likely to succeed. Wallensteen has continued to be engaged in the study of sanctions. In 2001-2003 he led the Stockholm Process initiated by the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs for the benefit of the UN . This project focused on the conditions for making targeted sanctions more effective. It had

5508-511: The globe. As a minimum, for each country, UCDP uses at least one of the global newswires ( AFP , Reuters , AP , Xinhua , or Agencia EFE ) in addition to BBC Monitoring . Additional sources include newly published books, case studies, journals like Africa Research Bulletin , research reports, documents of international and multinational organizations, publications by NGOs such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International , and documents of fighting parties. Sources are evaluated according to

5610-461: The great city fire of 1702. In the mid-18th century, there were plans to move it back to Academia Carolina or a new building in the same spot. The building was demolished in 1778 to make place for a new library, but this was never built and the area next to the cathedral where it stood is today a lawn. The present Carolina Rediviva was built in a different place and completed in 1841. The present university library system comprises 19 branches, including

5712-528: The leading researchers associated with the UCDP is Professor Peter Wallensteen that founded and led the program since its initiation until 31 July 2015. After this Wallensteen continued to serve as a Senior Advisor for the UCDP. The UCDP is based at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research of Uppsala University in Sweden. The program is led by Associate Professor Magnus Öberg, and employs approximately 10 to 15 research assistants and researchers. A number of scholars and Ph.D. candidates are also affiliated with

5814-399: The level of individual villages, as well as start and end dates, disaggregated to single, individual days. The dataset is updated annually by UCDP. The UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset is a joint project between the UCDP and PRIO that records armed conflicts from 1946 that result in a minimum of 25 battle-related deaths and in which at least one actor is the government of a state. The dataset

5916-456: The main Swedish radio broadcaster, Sveriges Radio . In addition, UCDP is often used and referred to in international media regarding armed conflicts and organized violence, for instance in the BBC , The Guardian , and The Washington Post , as well as in some of the major international news agencies, such as Agence France-Presse (AFP) and Reuters . In 2016, UCDP was listed by The Guardian as one of

6018-770: The male choir Orphei Drängar , founded in 1853, and the Academy Chamber Choir of Uppsala, founded in 1957. A number of other choirs and orchestras are affiliated with the nations. An important name in the recent history of the choirs is Eric Ericson , who was the conductor of both Orphei Drängar and the Chamber Choir. In honour of Ericson, the FöreningsSparbanken endowed the Eric Ericson Chair in Choral Directing, and

6120-470: The most important sees in Sweden proper since Christianity first spread to this region in the ninth century. Uppsala had also long been a hub for regional trade and had contained settlements dating back into the deep Middle Ages . As was also the case with most medieval universities, Uppsala had initially been chartered through a papal bull . Uppsala's bull, which granted the university its corporate rights,

6222-468: The oldest ongoing data collection project for civil war, with a history of almost 40 years. UCDP data are systematically collected and have global coverage, comparability across cases and countries, and long time series. Data are updated annually and are publicly available, free of charge. Furthermore, preliminary data on events of organized violence in Africa is released on a monthly basis. The UCDP's data

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6324-422: The oncology clinic at Uppsala University Hospital . Such an accelerator and its gantries costs between $ 60 million and $ 100 million, and makes Uppsala University Hospital one of the approximately 40 centres in the world to provide such cancer treatment. The Hägerström Lectures are a yearly series of talks by prominent philosophers hosted by the Department of Philosophy at Uppsala University. The initiative for

6426-624: The one in the Carolina building. The Uppsala Academic Hospital or Akademiska sjukhuset , which functions as a teaching hospital for the Faculty of Medicine and the Nursing School, is run by the Uppsala County Council in cooperation with the university. As of 2003 , the hospital had 7,719 employees and as of 2004 1,079 places for patients. The university hospital is actually older than the university, as it goes back to

6528-476: The paper on "Om tjenstehjonsförhållandet" and with the university board, she died in 1911 from an overdose of sleeping powder. According to the constitution of 1809, only "native Swedish men" could be appointed to higher civil servant positions, including professorships. This was changed in 1925, and the first woman to hold a professorial chair at Uppsala University was Gerd Enequist , appointed professor of human geography in 1949. Hildegard Björck who studied at

6630-481: The parties is a government of a state. The dataset is updated annually by UCDP. A non-state armed conflict is defined by UCDP as “The use of armed force between two organized armed groups, neither of which is the government of a state, which results in at least 25 battle-related deaths in a year.” The UCDP One-sided Violence Dataset is an actor-year dataset with information on intentional attacks on civilians by governments and formally organized armed groups. The dataset

6732-415: The patronage of the university chancellor Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie , Rudbeck was made full professor in 1660, was elected rector for two terms, despite his youth, and started a revision of the work of the other professors and a building spree with himself as an architect. His most significant remaining architectural work is the anatomical theatre, which was added to Gustavianum in the 1660s and crowned with

6834-853: The period 2016-2021 he was the Inspector of the Västmanlands-Dala Nation (a student club with 5 000 members). He was a member of the Advisory Council of the Folke Bernadotte Academy , Stockholm, 2017-2023. Since 2021 he is the Vice Chair of the Alva Myrdal Center for Nuclear Disarmament, Uppsala University. Early in his career Wallensteen had published on economic sanctions , notably in the Journal of Peace Research in 1968 in one of

6936-399: The program collected data only on so-called "armed conflicts", defined as fighting exceeding 25 battle-related deaths between two actors of which at least one was a state. In later years, the data collection grew, and the program began collecting data on "non-state conflicts" (where neither actor is a state) and "one-sided violence" (where an organized actor attacks unarmed civilians). One of

7038-474: The program. In addition to collecting data, the program disseminates knowledge on trends and dynamics of armed conflict to the public via lectures at academic and government forums, as well as through participating in conferences and exhibitions such as the Swedish Forum for Human Rights. UCDP is part of several important collaborations, for instance the extensive and well-established collaborations with

7140-419: The radical suggestion of binding students to a single program of study adapted to a particular profession was never implemented. The reforms of this era have been compared to those of the 1960s and 1970s (Sten Lindroth). Although it took some time after the fire of 1702, Uppsala Cathedral and Uppsala Castle were both eventually restored, both by Carl Hårleman , perhaps the most important Swedish architect of

7242-528: The right to study and complete degrees at the faculties of Medicine in Uppsala and Lund and at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. A common view was that female sensitivity and compassion would make women capable of working as physicians, but their right to work was still restricted to private practice. Women's rights to higher education were extended in 1873 when all degrees except those in

7344-430: The student nations and student unions. However, the student housing is insufficient to accommodate all students. About 40,000 students are eligible to live in the 11,000 available rooms and apartments. Because of the low rent in these apartments and the general lack of housing in Uppsala the student apartments are highly attractive and many try to hold on to the contracts as long as possible even after graduating. Some of

7446-547: The top ten best sources of data for international development research, among such sources as the UNDP’s Human Development Index and the International Monetary Fund’s data site and reports. Since 1993, a list of all armed conflicts and a brief description of the major developments and trends in organized violence appears annually in the Journal of Peace Research . UCDP data was published in

7548-424: The university a keen interest and increased the professorial chairs from eight to thirteen in 1620, and again to seventeen in 1621. In 1624 the king donated "for all eternity" all his own inherited personal property in the provinces of Uppland and Västmanland , some 300 farms, mills and other sources of income. The king's former private tutor, Johan Skytte , who was made chancellor of the university in 1622, donated

7650-416: The university also have three representatives in the consistory; these members have the right to speak but not any right to vote. Since the last reorganization in 1999, the university has had a separate body called the academic senate , which is a wider, but mostly advisory group representing teaching staff/researchers and students. The executive head of the university is the rector magnificus , whose deputy

7752-491: The university became the first Swedish woman to receive an academic degree. The governing board of the university is the consistory , with representatives of the faculties as well as members representing the students and non-academic employees (three professors and three students), and ten university outsiders appointed by the Swedish government . All these members in the consistory have the right to vote. The unions active at

7854-508: The university clinic, and a new building was inaugurated in 1867 on the hill below Uppsala Castle to the southeast. From this building, which is still in use, the present hospital complex has grown. The Svedberg Laboratory (named after Theodor Svedberg ) is a university facility that contains the Gustaf Werner cyclotron , which is used for research as well as for proton therapy for the treatment of cancer with close cooperation with

7956-423: The university has activities or which are significantly connected to its history are listed below. Some of the historic buildings in central Uppsala have had to be retired, as their protected status has made it impossible to make modifications necessary to meet requirements to adjust to the needs of students with disabilities. Up until June 2010, students at Uppsala University were obliged to become members of one of

8058-496: The university library and its many valuable manuscripts, escaped the fire; local lore has it that the ageing Rudbeck stood on the roof directing the work of fighting the fire. The early part of the 18th century was still characterized by the combination of Lutheran orthodoxy and classical philology of the previous century, but eventually, a larger emphasis on sciences and practically useful knowledge developed. The innovative mathematician and physicist Samuel Klingenstierna (1698–1765)

8160-512: The university on 1 August of the same year. Theology still had precedence, but in the privileges of 1593, the importance of a university to educate secular servants of the state was also emphasized. Three of the seven professorial chairs which were established were in Theology; of the other four, three were in Astronomy, Physics (or general natural sciences) and Latin eloquence. A fourth chair

8262-425: The very last session of the estate parliament in 1865 in a motion from Carl Johan Svensén, a member of the farmers' estate. The reception was mixed, with the most negative views coming from the clergy. In the following years, the issue continued to be debated at the universities. In 1870, it was decided to let women take the secondary school examination (" studentexamen ") that gave the right to entry at universities and

8364-494: The volume Peter Wallensteen: A Pioneer in Making Peace Researchable (Springer 2021) brings together 32 different articles, chapters and original texts on a set of peace research topics. Together with Isak Svensson, Wallensteen has written The Go-Between: Jan Eliasson and Styles of Mediation (2010), which is an analysis of situations in which the Swedish leading diplomat Jan Eliasson has been involved as

8466-582: The warring parties is a state. Examples of non-state conflicts include the Fatah–Hamas conflict, inter-ethnic group conflicts such as the Lou Nuer – Murle conflict, and inter- cartel violence in the Mexican Drug War . One-sided violence is defined as: "The use of armed force by the government of a state or by a formally organized group against civilians which results in at least 25 deaths in

8568-426: The world's 100 best universities in several international rankings. The university has nine faculties distributed over three disciplinary domains: Humanities and Social Sciences, Medicine and Pharmacy, and Science and Technology. As of 2020 , it had approximately 52,000 registered students at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels and 2,200 PhD students. Architecturally, Uppsala University has traditionally had

8670-880: The world, and has become a leading data provider on organized violence. In 2011 the program was specifically awarded by APSA, the American Political Science Association. At Uppsala University he chaired the University Committee for the Holmdahl Prize in Human Rights (2014-2023) and at the Regina Theatre, Uppsala, he conducted its regular sessions Philosophy Tea (2014-2021) together with lecturer Daniel Ogden, discussing authors, practitioners and philosophers concerned with issues of peace, war and justice. For

8772-524: The years 1972-1999 Wallensteen was directing the Department of Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University, i.e. from its inception until it had a full teaching and research program. He was one of the pioneers in this discipline in the country. When he was appointed to the Dag Hammarskjöld Chair in 1985 the Department could start the first research education program in peace and conflict research. By 2020 more than 50 persons had received

8874-749: Was Konrad Marc-Wogau, Kanger’s predecessor as Chair in Theoretical Philosophy at Uppsala University (1946-1968). The list of speakers since then includes several of the most eminent and influential philosophers of the last half century in a broad range of areas of specialization, including Julia Annas , Alonzo Church , Donald Davidson , Peter Geach , Ian Hacking , Christine Korsgaard , Saul Kripke , John McDowell , Martha Nussbaum , Hilary Putnam , Judith Jarvis Thomson , Willard Van Orman Quine , Wlodek Rabinowicz, Amartya Sen , Patrick Suppes , Kendall Walton , Timothy Williamson and Georg Henrik von Wright . The buildings and locations where

8976-479: Was also named as the university's Chancellor and was charged with maintaining the rights and privileges of the university and its members. The turbulent period of the reformation of King Gustavus Vasa resulted in a drop in the already relatively insignificant number of students in Uppsala, which was seen as a centre of Catholicism and potential disloyalty to the Crown. Swedish students generally travelled to one of

9078-460: Was approximately 150. In 1600 the first post-reformation conferment of degrees took place. In the same year, the antiquarian and mystic Johannes Bureus designed and engraved the seal of the university, which is today used as part of the logotype. The medieval university had mainly been a theology school. The aspirations of the emergent new great power of Sweden demanded a different kind of learning. Sweden both grew through conquests and went through

9180-403: Was built by the architect Louis Jean Desprez . Additional grounds adjacent to the baroque garden have since been added. The old garden of Rudbeck and Linnaeus was largely left to decay but was reconstructed in the years between 1918 and 1923 according to the specifications of Linnaeus in his work Hortus Upsaliensis from 1745. The issue of women's right to study at universities was raised during

9282-519: Was built east of the cathedral, the so-called Gustavianum , named after the reigning king. In the 1630s, the total number of students was about one thousand. Queen Christina was generous to the university, gave scholarships to Swedish students to study abroad and recruited foreign scholars to Uppsala chairs, among them several from the University of Strasbourg , notably, the philologist Johannes Schefferus (professor Skytteanus), whose little library and museum building at St Eriks torg now belongs to

9384-399: Was founded in 1627. Its main purpose is to play at academic ceremonies but holds concerts on other occasions as well. Its leader has the title of director musices . The position has been held by composers such as Wilhelm Stenhammar , Hugo Alfvén and Lars-Erik Larsson . Affiliated with the university are three choirs, the mixed Uppsala University Choir ( Allmänna Sången ), founded in 1830,

9486-526: Was given to Ericus Jacobi Skinnerus, who was also appointed rector, but whose discipline was not mentioned in the charter. Of the professors, several were taken over from the Collegium regium Stockolmense in Stockholm, which had been functioning for a few years but closed in 1593. An eighth chair, in Medicine, was established in 1595 but received no appointee for several years. In 1599 the number of students

9588-630: Was inaugurated in 1971 and named in honor of the former Chair in Practical Philosophy (1911-1933), Axel Hägerström , the founding father of the Uppsala School of ethics and the jurisprudential movement known as Scandinavian Legal Realism. The Hägerström Lectures were held annually until 2009, biannually between 2009 and 2022, and have been held annually again since 2022. From 2017 onward, the number of lectures each year has been reduced from five to three. The first Hägerström Lecturer

9690-461: Was issued by Pope Sixtus IV in 1477 and established several provisions. Among the most important of these was that the university was officially given the same freedoms and privileges as the University of Bologna . This included the right to establish the four traditional faculties of theology , law ( Canon Law and Roman law ), medicine, and philosophy, and to award the bachelor's, master's, licentiate, and doctoral degrees. The archbishop of Uppsala

9792-499: Was made a professor in 1728, the physicist and astronomer Anders Celsius in 1729, and Carl Linnaeus was made professor of medicine with botany in 1741. The university was not immune to the parliamentary struggle between the parties known as the "Hats" and the "Caps," with the former having a preference for hard sciences and practical knowledge. The Hat government then in power established a chair in economics ( Œconomia publica ) in 1741 and called Anders Berch as its first incumbent. This

9894-558: Was published in 2024. Lately, he has been concerned with the notion of “quality peace” to understand the conditions after a war that will not lead to a resumption of armed conflict. Wallensteen’s most widely read book is Understanding Conflict Resolution which in 2023 saw its sixth edition and has been translated into Arabic and Korean. His book Peace Research: Theory and Practice from 2011 reprints 13 of Wallensteen’s earlier articles and has unique overviews of different areas of peace research. It has been translated into Chinese. Similarly

9996-569: Was sent for a year to the progressive Leiden University in the Netherlands. Returning in 1654, he received an assistantship in Medicine 1655 and had already gone to work on a program for improving aspects of the university. He planted the first botanical garden , the one which would eventually be tended by Carl Linnaeus and is kept today as a museum of 18th-century botany under the name Linnéträdgården ("the Linnaean Garden "). With

10098-653: Was the Nosocomium Academicum , founded in 1708 and located at the Oxenstierna Palace at Riddartorget beside the cathedral (see illustration above). The building (the former residence of the president of the Royal Chancellery Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna ) today houses the Faculty of Law. The present Akademiska sjukhuset was founded in 1850 as an organizational merger of the county hospital and

10200-603: Was the first professorship in economics outside Germany, and possibly the third in Europe (the first chairs having been established in the Martin Luther University of Halle and European University Viadrina in 1727). In 1759, following a donation, another chair in the economy was established, the Borgströmian professorship in "practical economy," which meant the practical application of the natural sciences for economic purposes (it eventually developed into

10302-440: Was the first woman in Sweden to complete an academic degree when she finished a film. kand. in 1875. She became the first woman to be employed as a teacher in a public school for boys. The first woman in Sweden to complete a doctoral degree was Ellen Fries (1855–1900), who entered Uppsala university in 1877 and became a PhD in history in 1883. Other female students of this period include Lydia Wahlström (1869–1954) who later became

10404-458: Was with several major housing construction projects having been completed after 2010. There has never been a custom in Sweden for the universities to arrange housing for students, in fact, universities are by law not allowed to own housing. Students are expected to set their own living accommodations on the private market. To make it easier for students to find moderately priced housing, special student rooms and student apartments have been built by

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