Petros Garoufalias ( Greek : Πέτρος Γαρουφαλιάς , 1901 – September 17, 1984) was a Greek politician and businessman, and President of the Fix Beer Company . He was a major financial backer of Prime Minister Georgios Papandreou , under whom he served as Minister of Defense. However, in 1965 he was heavily involved in the events known as the " Apostasy ", which led to the fall of the Center Union government.
33-763: Born in Arta in 1901, Garoufalias came from a prominent family of the Arta region ; his ancestor Nikolaos Garoufalias was a member of Filiki Eteria and had fought in the Greek War of Independence in the 1820s. His father, Evangelos Garoufalias, had served as Mayor of Arta and as Member of Parliament . Garoufalias graduated from the Law School of Athens University and earned post-graduate degrees in Commercial Law and Economics in Berlin and Paris . He served as
66-548: A Member of Parliament for Arta Prefecture , and was closely associated with Georgios Papandreou . With Papandreou's help, Garoufalias was named Minister of Public Order, Minister of the Interior and Deputy Minister of National Economy (Coordination) in the centrist governments of 1950–52, under Prime Ministers Nikolaos Plastiras and Sophoklis Venizelos (Papandreou himself was Deputy Prime Minister). He married Marianthi Fix, widow of industrialist Ioannis Fix, and thus inherited
99-409: A Pyrrhic victory. It is not intended to be complete but to illustrate the concept. The term is used as an analogy in business, politics and sport to describe struggles that end up ruining the victor. Theologian Reinhold Niebuhr commented on the necessity of coercion in preserving the course of justice by warning, Moral reason must learn how to make coercion its ally without running the risk of
132-627: A local ceramic industry. After the Battle of Pelagonia in 1259, the city was occupied by the troops of the rival Greek successor state, the Empire of Nicaea , (which restored the Byzantine Empire in 1261) but was soon recovered for Epirus by John I Doukas . Another attack by the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos in 1292, by land and sea, was unsuccessful. In 1303, the city
165-590: A much larger pool of replacements, so the casualties had less impact on the Roman war effort than the losses had on the campaign of King Pyrrhus. The report is often quoted as: Ne ego si iterum eodem modo vicero, sine ullo milite Epirum revertar. If I achieve such a victory again, I shall return to Epirus without any soldier. or If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined. This list comprises examples of battles that ended in
198-520: A quote from Pyrrhus of Epirus , whose triumph against the Romans in the Battle of Asculum in 279 BC destroyed much of his forces, forcing the end of his campaign. A "Pyrrhic victory" is named after King Pyrrhus of Epirus , whose army suffered irreplaceable casualties in defeating the Romans at the Battle of Heraclea in 280 BC and the Battle of Asculum in 279 BC, during the Pyrrhic War . After
231-606: Is known for the medieval bridge over the Arachthos River , as well as for its ancient sites from the era of Pyrrhus of Epirus and its well-preserved 13th-century castle . Arta's Byzantine history is reflected in its many Byzantine churches; perhaps the best known is the Panagia Paregoretissa (Mother of God the Consoling), built about 1290 by Despot Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas . The origin of
264-546: Is linked with the GR-5 (Antirrio - Ioannina) and the GR-30 which links with Peta and Trikala . The Arachthos River flows to the west with its reservoir lying directly to the north. The present municipality Arta was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units (constituent communities in brackets): The municipality has an area of 457.248 km ,
297-664: The Fix Beer Company . George Papandreou was best man at the wedding. Garoufalias was named Greek Minister of Defense in the third Papandreou government, from February 1964 to July 1965. He clashed with the Prime Minister's son, Andreas Papandreou (also a minister in the government) over the control of the Greek military; Garoufalias took the side of the King in the events known as the " Apostasy ", which contributed to
330-512: The Battle of Achelous against the Albanian tribes that had invaded the region, meant that Arta returned to the (rather nominal) rule of Simeon Uroš, who preferred to reside in Thessaly rather than Epirus. This left Epirus open to increasing Albanian migration, who soon captured most of Epirus, except for Ioannina . In 1367 or shortly after, Arta too was captured, and became the centre of
363-649: The Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 and an outbreak of the Black Death that devastated the region, Arta with the rest of Epirus fell under the rule of the Serbian king Stefan Dušan in autumn 1347. Dushan's half-brother Simeon Uroš , who married John II Orsini's daughter Thomais Orsini , was appointed governor of Epirus. The city remained part of the new Serbian Empire until Dushan's death in 1355. Nikephoros II Orsini recovered Epirus in 1356/7, but his death in
SECTION 10
#1732765970475396-627: The Roman Republic . Despite the existence of several churches from the 9th and 10th centuries, Arta is first attested only in 1082, when the Normans under Bohemond laid siege to the city. The origin and etymology of the name is uncertain and debated. In the Komnenian period , the city flourished as a commercial centre, with links to Venice , and rose to become a bishopric by 1157. The Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela visited
429-792: The " Despotate of Arta ", until 1374 under Pjetër Losha and then Gjin Bua Shpata . The Albanian rulers managed to withstand attacks by the Angevins (sometime between 1374 and 1384), as well as by the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller Juan Fernández de Heredia in 1378, but in 1384 the city was plundered by the Ottoman Turks . From 1401/02, Carlo I Tocco , the ambitious Count of Cephalonia, began launching attacks on Arta, taking advantage of
462-513: The Albanians' infighting. Despite the Albanians' calling on Ottoman aid, in 1416 Tocco captured Arta after a long siege. Having taken control of Ioannina in 1411, Tocco thus reunited the core of the old Epirote realm, and received recognition from both the Ottomans and the Byzantine emperor. After Carlo I's death in 1429, he was succeeded by his nephew Carlo II Tocco . In 1449, the city fell to
495-708: The Byzantine period, including the palace of the Despots of Epirus, has vanished completely, but the city preserves numerous churches. The most important Byzantine church is the cathedral Church of the Paregoretissa , built ca. 1290 by Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas and his wife Anna Palaiologina Kantakouzene . Other important churches of the late Byzantine period are the Church of the Kato Panagia , built by Nikephoros I's father Michael II Komnenos Doukas , and
528-573: The Church of the Pantanassa in Filippiada . Arta has several university departments belongs to the university of Ioannina . Arta is located NNW of Antirrio , Messolongi and Agrinio , NE of Preveza , SSE of Ioannina and nearly SW of Trikala . Regular bus lines connect Arta with all bigger Greek cities. (bus to Athens departs several times a day and trip takes about 5 hours) The city
561-510: The Italian Orsini family . Nicholas was in turn murdered in 1323 by his brother John II Orsini . In 1331 Arta, as well as Leucas and other areas, were occupied by Walter VI of Brienne , and John Orsini was forced to accept Angevin suzerainty. John's death in 1335 left Epirus in the weak hands of the young Nikephoros II Orsini and his mother Anna Palaiologina , and the Byzantine emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos availed himself of
594-993: The Monastery of Saint Theodora, housing the tomb of the city's patron, Theodora of Arta . Several other churches dating to the 9th and 10th centuries also survive in and around the city: Saint Basil of the Bridge , Saint Demetrios of Katsoures in Plisioi , the Panagia Blacherna monastery , the Panagia Vryoni in Neochoraki , the Red Church in Vourgareli , the Panagia of Koronisia in Koronisia and
627-579: The Ottomans. Under Ottoman rule, the town was called in Turkish Narda . It was occupied by Venetians in 1717 and the French in 1797, but the Ottomans retook it in 1799. Several battles took place near the city during the Greek War of Independence . In 1776, the town was composed of approximately 8,000 to 10,000 Greeks , 200 Turks and 200 Jews . At the time, Arta specialized in producing wheat, wine, tobacco and shipbuilding timber. The city
660-630: The Parigoritissa and the Church of the Kato Panagia . Sometime after 1227 it received fortifications, and was the site of regional Church councils in 1213, 1219, and 1225. The 15th-century Chronicle of the Tocco describes it as "the center of a fertile agricultural region with many water buffaloes, cows, and horses". The city had trade links to Venice—a Venetian consul is attested in 1284 and 1314/19 —and Ragusa, exporting dried meat, lard, ham, furs, and indigo . Archaeological finds also attest to
693-559: The area in 1165. By the end of the 12th century, Arta probably formed a distinct fiscal district ( episkepsis ) within the wider theme of Nicopolis . After the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade , it is recorded as the pertinentia de Arta in the Partitio Romaniae treaty of 1204, and assigned to Venice. The Venetians did not take control, however, for in 1205 Michael I Komnenos Doukas came to
SECTION 20
#1732765970475726-529: The city's name is quite uncertain. It is either derived from a corruption of the river Arachthos , or from the Latin word "artus" (narrow), or from the Slavic word "balta" (swamp). The first settlement in the area of the modern city dates to the 9th century B.C. Ambracia was founded as a Corinthian colony in the 7th century B.C. In 294 BC, after 43 years of semi-autonomy under Macedonian suzerainty, Ambracia
759-469: The city, succeeded its previous Byzantine governor, and quickly established a new principality, which is known by historians as the Despotate of Epirus . Arta remained the capital of the new principality for most of its history, and flourished as a result. The city experienced considerable building activity, with the renovation of older churches and the construction of new ones, most notably the Church of
792-458: The confederates in Italy backward. On the other hand, as from a fountain continually flowing out of the city, the Roman camp was quickly and plentifully filled up with fresh men, not at all abating in courage for the loss they sustained, but even from their very anger gaining new force and resolution to go on with the war. In both Epirote victories, the Romans suffered greater casualties, but they had
825-597: The downfall of the government, a deep political crisis and, eventually, to the imposition of the dictatorial Regime of the Colonels . In his 1982 book "Greece and Cyprus: Tragic Mistakes, Lost Opportunities, February 19, 1964 – July 15, 1965", Garoufalias claimed that the Greek Army division that was secretly dispatched to Cyprus in 1964 was his idea, an opinion vociferously rejected by Andreas Papandreou , who maintained that Garoufalias's role on Cyprus
858-402: The latter battle, Plutarch relates in a report by Dionysius : The armies separated; and, it is said, Pyrrhus replied to one that gave him joy of his victory that one other such victory would utterly undo him . For he had lost a great part of the forces he brought with him, and almost all his particular friends and principal commanders; there were no others there to make recruits, and he found
891-414: The municipal unit 47.493 km . Handball Basketball Football Volleyball Pyrrhic victory A Pyrrhic victory ( / ˈ p ɪr ɪ k / PIRR -ik ) is a victory that inflicts such a devastating toll on the victor that it is tantamount to defeat. Such a victory negates any true sense of achievement or damages long-term progress. The phrase originates from
924-651: The opportunity to occupy and annex Epirus. Byzantine rule was unpopular, and in 1339 a revolt broke out, with Arta joining it, under a certain Nicholas Basilitzes. Andronikos III and his commander-in-chief, John Kantakouzenos , campaigned in person in Epirus and captured the rebel fortresses one by one, either by siege or through negotiations. By the end of 1340, Byzantine rule was restored, and John Angelos took his seat as imperial governor in Arta. Aided by
957-551: The wettest cities in Greece . The modern city is on the site of ancient Ambracia . Remains of the classic era include the ancient walls, the ruins of an ancient temple of Apollo , a small theatre, and remnants of the southwest cemetery. The town's fortifications, including the Castle of Arta , were built by Michael I Komnenos Doukas in the early 13th century, but their present form is largely post-Byzantine. Secular architecture from
990-516: Was besieged for a month by the Angevins under Charles II of Naples . In 1313, much of the city was destroyed in a great fire. In the next year, Byzantine troops under the pinkernes John attacked Epirus, including Arta. In 1318, the last male-line descendant of Michael I, Thomas I Komnenos Doukas , was assassinated by his nephew, the Count of Cephalonia Nicholas Orsini , and Epirus passed to
1023-648: Was finally annexed to the Greek Kingdom in 1881 with the Convention of Constantinople . In March 1944, most of the Jewish community (384 members at the time) was arrested by the Nazis and deported to the extermination camps . Arta has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csa ) with hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters. Like much of Western Greece , it receives plenty of precipitation, making it one of
Petros Garoufalias - Misplaced Pages Continue
1056-518: Was given to Pyrrhus , king of the Molossians and of Epirus , who made it his capital, using Ambracia as a base to attack the Romans . Pyrrhus managed to achieve great but costly victories against the Romans, hence the phrase " Pyrrhic victory " which refers in particular to an exchange at the Battle of Asculum . Nevertheless, Pyrrhus found the time and means to adorn his capital with a palace, temples and theatres. In 146 BC, Ambracia became part of
1089-412: Was very limited, and that he merely followed orders, without even being invited to the most important meetings. Garoufalias died on September 17, 1984, aged 83. Arta, Greece Arta ( Greek : Άρτα ) is a city in northwestern Greece and capital of the regional unit of Arta , which is part of Epirus region. The city was known in ancient times as Ambracia ( Ancient Greek : Ἀμβρακία ). Arta
#474525