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48-634: Pecos National Historical Park is a United States National Historical Park in San Miguel County, New Mexico . The park, operated by the National Park Service , encompasses thousands of acres of landscape infused with historical elements from prehistoric archaeological ruins to 19th-century ranches, to a battlefield of the American Civil War . Its largest single feature is Pecos Pueblo also known as Cicuye Pueblo ,

96-546: A Native American community abandoned in historic times. First a state monument in 1935, it was made Pecos National Monument in 1965, and greatly enlarged and renamed in 1990. Two sites within the park, the pueblo and the Glorieta Pass Battlefield , are National Historic Landmarks . Pecos National Historical Park's main unit is located in western San Miguel County, about 17 miles (27 km) east of Santa Fe and just south of Pecos . The main unit of

144-579: A bison from a zoo. Another had an entire Western town built, complete with a saloon, board sidewalks, and a dirt street. The main attraction for most tourists was the myth and adventure of the Wild West . Western ranches were likely less discriminatory, with very few ranches billing themselves as "restricted", but in the Eastern industry, that practice was common in the 1930s. In the US, guest ranches are now

192-596: A conceptual framework, whereby both new and existing park units would be examined more holistically for ways to study history such as "creating social movements and institutions," "developing the American economy," and "peopling places." In the 20th century, potential new park units have been recommended not so much on "an orderly, balanced, and comprehensive" preservation of "outstanding examples", as Chief Historian Ronald Lee put it, but on those mandated to be studied by Congress, most of whose requests are recommended against by

240-473: A long-established tradition and continue to be a vacation destination. Depending on the climate, some guest ranches are open only in the summer or winter, while others offer year-round service. Some of the activities offered at guest ranches include horseback riding, target shooting, cattle sorting, hayrides, campfire sing-alongs, hiking, camping, whitewater rafting, zip-lining, archery and fishing. College students are often recruited to work at guest ranches during

288-822: A park is not itself "historic", but can be called "historical" when it contains historic resources. It is the resources which are historic, not the park. There are 63 national historical parks. Klondike Gold Rush International Historical Park was formally established by the United States and Canada in 1998, the year of the centennial of the gold rush the park commemorates. The park comprises Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park in Washington and Alaska (above) and Chilkoot Trail National Historic Site in British Columbia. Tens of thousands of prospectors took this trail in hopes of making their fortunes in

336-498: A short period of time without needing to risk life and limb. In 1967, Marshall Sprague wrote that Griff Evans was running a dude ranch near Estes Park, Colorado by 1873, "thirty years before dude ranches were officially invented". When Isabella Bird visited Evans that year, he already had nine men and women as guests. In 1884, a dude ranch near Medora, North Dakota was owned by the Eaton brothers, businessmen from Pittsburgh. It

384-615: A standoff by militia raised in the New Mexico and Colorado Territories. Although parts of the battlefield have been compromised by highway construction, two sections of the battlefield have been preserved by the Park Service on either side of the pass. Public access to these units is limited by the National Park Service. Pecos Pueblo and an area of 341 acres (138 ha) was acquired by the state and preserved as

432-479: A state monument in 1935. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson established Pecos National Monument over the same area, and control was turned over the Park Service. In 1990 the main unit of the park was expanded to more than 6,000 acres (24 km), including a large area of ranchland and archaeologically sensitive landscapes. The two units of the Glorieta Pass Battlefield were formally added to

480-558: A time. Agriculture was no longer practised, and many ranches had no cattle. Establishments with horses for guests needed to import fodder. In turn, other ventures began to turn away from the term, advertising themselves not as a luxury resort or a dude ranch, but a working ranch with guest rooms. That trend had become evident in the 1930s but, by the 1950s, the term dude ranch had become unpopular, with most establishments advertising themselves as simply "ranches", and stressing their bona fides as real farms. Common to most of those establishments

528-503: A working ranch. By 1913, it was noted that ranchers had begun to dress as cowboys, and had introduced pageantry, such as an afternoon cattle round-up, to add to the assumed glamour of Western life. While there were guest ranches prior to the 20th century, the trend grew considerably after the end of World War I . In the early 1920s, guest ranching became popular in Texas. As one rancher near Bandera, Texas , noted: "You can run more dudes to

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576-419: Is not yet owned or formally developed by the National Park Service, but may eventually be owned and established as a national historic site. National historical parks tend to be larger and more complex than national historic sites. In the United States, sites are "historic", while parks are "historical". The NPS explains that a site can be intrinsically historic, while a park is a modern legal invention. As such,

624-655: The Jamestown Settlement and Yorktown battlefield in Virginia as one of the first new historical areas, and it was renamed a national historical park in 1936. It then established Morristown National Historical Park , the 1779–1780 winter encampment of the Continental Army in New Jersey, on March 2, 1933, as the first NHP: The U.S. House committee noted that the new designation was logical for

672-590: The Klondike River district of Yukon . Download coordinates as: Dude ranch A guest ranch , also known as a dude ranch , is a type of ranch oriented towards visitors or tourism . It is considered a form of agrotourism . Guest ranches arose in response to the romanticization of the American West that began to occur in the late 19th century. In 1893, as part of his Frontier Thesis , historian Frederick Jackson Turner asserted that

720-603: The National Park Service (NPS). Some federally designated sites are owned by local authorities or privately owned, but are authorized to request assistance from the NPS as affiliated areas. One property is managed by the U.S. Forest Service , Grey Towers National Historic Site . Since October 15, 1966, all historic areas, including NHPs and NHSs, in the NPS are automatically listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). There are also about 90,000 NRHP sites,

768-469: The Pueblo Revival style of architecture. Austin's heavily mortgaged endeavour failed, closing in 1933. In 1936 the ranch again became a working cattle ranch, and in 1941 it was purchased by Buddy Fogelson , a Texas oilman who married actress Greer Garson . After her husband died, Garson sold her share of the park in 1991 to a conservation group, which donated it to the Park Service. Portions of

816-533: The Towa language . The Pecos people enjoyed a rich culture with inventive architecture and beautiful crafts. They also possessed an elaborate religious life, evidenced by the remains of over 20 ceremonial subterranean kivas. Some of the kivas have diameters as large as 40 feet and are 10 feet deep, accessed by wooden ladders. Farming was a main part of their diet and staple crops included the usual beans, corn, and squash. Their location, power and ability to supply goods made

864-472: The United States frontier was demographically "closed". That, in turn, led many people to have feelings of nostalgia for bygone days, but also, given that the risks of a true frontier were gone, allowed for nostalgia to be indulged in relative safety. Thus, the person referred to as a " tenderfoot " or a " greenhorn " by Westerners was finally able to visit and enjoy the advantages of western life for

912-590: The 1920s by Tex Austin , a famous producer of rodeos . It was headquartered at the Kozlowski's Stage Stop and Tavern, a stagecoach stop on the Santa Fe Trail that had also served as a Union forces encampment before the Battle of Glorieta Pass. It was only a cattle ranch for a time before Austin converted it into a dude ranch which he promoted to Easterners. The main ranch was designed by John Gaw Meem in

960-543: The 1930s, dude ranches proliferated along with the Rocky Mountains and around Palm Springs in California. However, they were becoming rarer in Texas, where many areas were inhospitable to cattle, and stock and fodder had to be imported during the dude season. In 1935, the industry boomed, and Western railroad companies advertised destinations to paying guests. Airlines and travel bureaus also began to enter

1008-539: The 1950s, the Mission 66 program revived historic studies that had lagged during World War II and saw the creation of the National Historic Landmarks program as a method to recognize important sites. From the 1960s to 1990s, the NPS evolved from a thematic framework, in which numerous specific themes and subthemes of American history were expected to each be included in some way in the system, to

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1056-515: The East, called " dudes " in the West. In the early years, the transcontinental railroad network brought paying visitors to a local railroad depot, where a wagon or buggy would be waiting to transport people to a ranch. Experiences varied, because some ranch visitors expected a somewhat edited and more luxurious version of the " cowboy life", while others were more tolerant of the odors and timetable of

1104-706: The Eastern Dude Ranchers' Association was formed. Throughout the 1940s, business remained good, because wars in the rest of the world made foreign travel less attractive. In the 1950s, the growth leveled off, with the number of registered, bona fide dude ranches dropping to 100 in 1958. By the 1960s, especially in Arizona and California , the industry became more professional, with dude ranches becoming more like country clubs, with elegant rooms and diverse recreational amenities such as tennis courts, golf, and heated swimming pools, catering to some 200 guests at

1152-623: The Interior , but most have been authorized by acts of Congress . In 1937, the first NHS was created in Salem, Massachusetts , in order to preserve and interpret the maritime history of New England and the United States. There is one National Historic Area in the US park system, a unique designation given to the Aleutian World War II National Historic Area . There is one International Historic Site in

1200-444: The NPS developed criteria for nationally significant historic sites in the late 1930s, it aimed to identify unique sites that could each tell a broad story and would fit together to cover all aspects of American history. Surveys of sites were guided by themes and chronologies to ensure a diverse and comprehensive selection of those most representative of different eras and geographies, with less political influence over site selection. In

1248-692: The NPS's mandate. In 1935, Congress passed the Historic Sites Act ( Pub. L.   49–666 ), which established that "it is a national policy to preserve for public use historic sites, buildings and objects of national significance for the inspiration and benefit of the people of the United States." This expanded upon the Antiquities Act of 1906, which gave the President the ability to order "the protection of objects of historic and scientific interest." The Historic Sites Act directed

1296-461: The NPS. A 1973 NPS publication outlined policies for administration of historical areas, which were distinct from its natural and recreational areas. This included not only NHSs and NHPs but also national military parks, national battlefields, national battlefield parks, national battlefield sites, national memorials, and some national monuments; at that time there were 178 such areas, and management focused on "maintaining and where necessary restoring

1344-555: The National Park Service to survey historic sites which may be of national significance, as well as restore and acquire properties. The Historic American Buildings Survey began to document the country's architectural heritage and identify buildings for potential protection. Initially the Secretary of the Interior could designate national historic sites, though this did not include funding for acquition or administration without congressional action. Salem Maritime National Historic Site

1392-796: The Pecos a major trade center in the eastern part of the Puebloan territory, connecting the Pueblos to the Plains cultures such as the Comanche. There are seven distinct periods of their occupancy beginning with the Preceramic Period (11,500 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.) Ancestral Puebloan Paleo-Indians . Emigration of Pecos people to other areas, encroachment of Hispanic settlers in the area, outbreaks of smallpox , and problems with Plains Indians caused

1440-517: The US park system, a unique designation given to Saint Croix Island , Maine, on the New Brunswick border. The title, given to the site of the first permanent French settlement in America, recognizes the influence that it has had on both Canada and the United States. The NPS does not distinguish among these designations in terms of their preservation or management policies. The following site

1488-613: The acre in these hills than you can cattle." Dude wrangling was profitable, and vacationers were easier to handle than stock, although some wranglers considered dudes ornerier than livestock. Around that time, competition with ever-larger and more professional cattle operations possibly contributed to that trend. In 1923, a dude ranch opened in Hawaii, modeled after those in Wyoming. In 1926, the Dude Ranchers Association

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1536-523: The act of confining game to guarantee a kill as practiced on some ranches is controversial and considered unsporting (see fair chase ). The introduction of non-native species on ranches is more controversial because of concerns that these "exotics" may escape and become feral , modify the natural environment, or spread previously unknown diseases. Advocates of hunting ranches argue in turn that they help protect native herds from over-hunting, provide important income for locals and nature conservation, and that

1584-472: The area and set a new precedent, with comparison to the national military parks , which were then in the War Department. The park's establishment allowed the NPS to have an administrative historical program with professional historians. President Franklin D. Roosevelt reorganized the agency to also oversee memorials and military parks with historic significance later in 1933, substantially broadening

1632-491: The business in that period. The University of Wyoming began to offer a degree in recreational ranching, and one could take a four-year course in dude wrangling. Most of the patrons hailed from New York at the time but, as the trips became more popular and less affluent people began to become interested, there was an economic incentive to establish lower-cost dude ranches in the East, including in New York State. In 1943,

1680-552: The historic Santa Fe Trail run through all units of the park. This rutted wagon trail was one of the major routes by which the American Southwest grew in the 19th century. The Battle of Glorieta Pass was fought March 26–28, 1862 in the mountain pass west of Pecos Pueblo, along the route of the Old Santa Fe Trail. Confederate forces were en route to take Union-controlled Fort Union , and were fought to

1728-585: The historical integrity of structures, sites and objects significant to the commemoration or illustration of the historical story". But because most units contained a combination of natural, historic, and recreational lands, the General Authorities Act of 1970 made all areas equal within the National Park System ; separate policy manuals for each were replaced in 1975 with one that would tailor policies in each park respective to

1776-511: The large majority of which are neither owned nor managed by the NPS. Of these, about 2,600 have been designated at the highest status as National Historic Landmark (NHL) sites. After its founding in 1916, the National Park Service initially oversaw sites of primarily scenic and natural significance, including national parks and national monuments . Historians soon began recommending preservation of sites relating to human history. Congress created Colonial National Monument in 1930 to protect

1824-434: The park also protects the remains of Mission Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula de los Pecos , a Spanish mission near the pueblo built in the early 17th century. A 1.25-mile (2 km) self-guiding trail begins at the nearby visitor center and winds through the ruins of Pecos Pueblo and the mission church. Pecos was visited by expeditionaries with Francisco Vásquez de Coronado in 1540. The Spanish mission church

1872-536: The park in 1993. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, the area has an oceanic climate , abbreviated "Cfb" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded was 100 °F (37.8 °C) on June 26, 1994 and July 18, 2023, while the coldest temperature recorded was −29 °F (−33.9 °C) on February 1, 1951. National Historical Park As of 2024, there are 63 NHPs and 85 NHSes. Most NHPs and NHSs are managed by

1920-520: The park preserves the ruins of Pecos Pueblo , known historically as Cicuye (sometimes spelled Ciquique), the "village of 500 warriors". The first Pecos pueblo was one of two dozen rock-and-mud villages built in the valley around AD 1100 in the prehistoric Pueblo II Era . Within 350 years the Pueblo IV Era Pecos village had grown to house more than 2,000 people in its five-storied complex. The people who lived at Cicuye/Pecos Pueblo spoke

1968-594: The purpose of zones within. National historic sites are generally federally owned and administered properties, though some remain under private or local government ownership. There are currently 86 NHSs, of which 76 are official NPS units, 9 are NPS affiliated areas, and one is managed by the United States Forest Service . Derived from the Historic Sites Act of 1935, a number of NHSs were established by United States Secretaries of

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2016-741: The site to decline. The last 17 (or 20) inhabitants abandoned Pecos Pueblo in 1838, moving to the Jemez Pueblo , the only other Pueblo which spoke the Towa language. The historical Pecos people produced, used or traded seven types of ceramic ware during their occupancy of the area. These are known as Rio Grande Greyware (plain and corrugated), Pajarito White Ware, Rio Grande Glaze Ware , Historic polychromes, Historic plain ware, White Mountain Red Ware, and Plains Apache Ware. Many of these were decorated with black, red or polychrome designs. The main unit of

2064-571: The summer months. Common jobs offered to students include housekeeping, wrangling, staffing dining rooms and offices, or babysitting. A number of working ranches have survived lean financial times by taking in paying guests for part of the year. Some guest ranches cater to hunters . Some feature native wildlife such as whitetail deer , mule deer , bison or elk . Others feature exotic species imported from other regions and nations such as Africa and India . While many traditional ranches allow hunters and outfitters on their land to hunt native game,

2112-661: Was built in 1619. A traditional kiva was built in front of the church during the Pueblo Revolt in 1680 as a rejection of the Christian religion brought by Spanish colonists. However, when the Spanish returned in 1692, the Pecos community stayed on friendly terms with them, and a new, smaller church was built in 1717. Another part of the park is the Forked Lightning Ranch, a cattle ranch established in

2160-645: Was founded in Billings, Montana , to represent the needs of this rapidly growing industry. Advertisements during that era were often aimed at the monied classes, and stressed the beauty of the natural scenery, the healthiness of being outdoors, and the wildlife. Recently established national parks in the area were an added tourist attraction. During the Great Depression the industry continued to expand, likely as an alternative income source for real cattle ranches which were experiencing financial troubles. In

2208-476: Was likely fostered by the collapse of the free-range cattle industry in the late 1880s. Too many ranchers shared the open plains with vast herds of cattle, and in the hard winter of 1886 herds were decimated, with some owners financially ruined overnight. The Western adventures of famous figures such as Theodore Roosevelt , a neighbor of the Eatons in the 1880s, were made available to paying guests from cities of

2256-625: Was the first place to be preserved as a national historic site, created by Secretary Harold L. Ickes 's secretarial order on March 17, 1938. It had followed his designation of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial in 1935; many historic sites in the National Park System continue to be protected under different designation types. Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site was designated later that year, another example of industrial heritage. As

2304-422: Was the free use of horses, while normal resorts charged customers extra for a horse ride. Guests would often ride into the surrounding hills for a camping trip. Some guests preferred to do ranch chores, and that was sometimes advertised, with such guests being advised to visit in the autumn when there were more chores. Eastern ranches often lacked cattle but, to maintain a Western atmosphere, one New York ranch bought

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