Pedro Fernandes Ribeiro , mostly known as Pedro Fernandes (born 2 March 1949), is a Brazilian engineer and politician, member of the Brazilian Labor Party (PTB).
67-780: In 2016, was the president of the Inquiry Parliamentary Committee of the Administration Council of Tax Appeals (CARF). On 17 April 2016, voted against the impeachment of president Dilma Rousseff . Later, voted "Yes" for the Bill of the Ceiling of Public Spendings. In April 2017, was in favor of the Labor Reform. In August 2017, voted against the sue which asked for opening of investigation against president Michel Temer , helping archive
134-565: A put option that required Petrobras to buy out the other half, then won the arbitration case over the deal. In May 2015, Cerveró was convicted of money laundering and sentenced to five years in jail. In April 2021, Rousseff was acquitted by the Brazilian Court of Accounts in a lawsuit over the purchase of the Pasadena refinery. The court considered that Rousseff had no responsibility in the purchase, as well as other former members of
201-529: A government contract at this time. The government would pass the funds necessary to finance the programs through the Secretariat of the National Treasury [ pt ] every month. They were obliged to transfer the equivalent values for the equalization of interest rates, expenditures and legal transfers covered under the contract. But the government had not made these reimbursements, and
268-492: A manner similar to insider trading . Although the conflict between public and private interests is common to all forms of corruption, the term "graft" is specific to the intentional misdirection of official funds. Although not the original usage of the term, graft in the modern context is commonly used as a blanket term for political embezzlement , influence peddling , or other forms of corruption. While embezzlement and influence peddling are elements sometimes present in graft,
335-707: A petition for her impeachment being accepted by Eduardo Cunha , then president of the Chamber of Deputies , and continued into late 2016. Dilma Rousseff , then more than 12 months into her second four-year term, was charged with criminal administrative misconduct and disregard for the federal budget in violation of article 85, items V and VI, of the Constitution of Brazil and the Fiscal Responsibility Law, Article 36. The petition also accused Rousseff of criminal responsibility for failing to act on
402-499: A quick handshake. A banner held by deputies Eduardo Bolsonaro and Jair Bolsonaro (who would be elected President of Brazil in 2018) had written the phrase: "Brazil can't tolerate you anymore. Get out". A special committee formed in the Chamber of Deputies voted on 11 April 2016 on the petition's admissibility, at the same time that 37 of the 65 committee members were also facing charges of corruption or other crimes. Testimony by
469-510: A simple majority to confirm that the charges were well-founded. After that, the debate over conviction or acquittal began, requiring a two-thirds majority of the Senate, which proceedings were chaired by Ricardo Lewandowski . This eventually resulted in Rousseff's permanent removal, the appeal of which was denied by the court. Rousseff had 20 days to present a preliminary written defense for
536-451: A work plan for the trial. The next meeting was scheduled for 2 June, to analyze new deadlines. The committee assessed Anastasia's report and work plan deadlines, and requests by senators , on 2 June 2016. in a session that lasted over nine hours. Anastasia proposed that final arguments be heard by 7 July. Anastasia ruled against recorded telephone conversation between Machado and Jucá being introduced into evidence, ruling it irrelevant since
603-474: A year of political battlefield. The President discourse was marked by calls for support new taxes to overcome the crisis, boos from Rousseff opponents, as well as criticism even from her allies. Received by the then Presidents of Senate ( Renan Calheiros ), Supreme Federal Court ( Ricardo Lewandowski ), and Chamber of Deputies ( Eduardo Cunha ), Rousseff kissed the faces of the first two, and with Cunha - who accepted her impeachment request - only greeted with
670-582: Is no wrongful act committed by me, nor are there any suspicions that I have misused public money [...] The reasons given for this request [of impeachment] are inconsistent and unfounded. I have not committed any illicit act. My government performed all acts according to the principle of responsibility towards the public property, [...] I've committed no illicit act, there is no suspicion hanging over me of any misuse of public money. I don't have any offshore bank accounts, I have no hidden assets. [...] I would never accept any kind of bargain, much less those that threaten
737-616: The Datafolha Institute in April 2016, showing that 61% of Brazilians believed that Rousseff should be impeached. A total of 37 requests for the impeachment of Rousseff had been presented to the Chamber of Deputies from 2012 till her actual impeachment. Of these 23 were archived and did not proceed. The remaining 14 proceeded, but only one was accepted by Cunha. Submitted by former congressman and attorney Hélio Bicudo and attorneys Miguel Reale Júnior and Janaína Paschoal , it
SECTION 10
#1732793430084804-600: The Federal Police , codenamed Operation Car Wash, put Petrobras at the center of "what may be the largest corruption scandal in Brazil's history". On 14 November 2014, police raids in six Brazilian states brought in several prominent Brazilian politicians and businessmen, including some Petrobras directors, who were investigated for "suspicious" contracts worth $ 22 billion. Further investigation also found offshore accounts and art collections held by those involved in
871-734: The Free Brazil group and Come to the Street Movement [ pt ] ) joined Bicudo's request. Congressmen supportive of the impeachment also organized a petition in its favor, which garnered the signatures of two million Brazilians. Documents presented to the House attempted to implicate Rousseff in the controversy uncovered by Operation Car Wash, citing a failure to investigate corruption allegations against former President Luiz Lula da Silva , in addition to those and other allegations against herself. The six decrees which were
938-522: The National Congress under great pressure to begin impeachment proceedings. Rousseff won the 2014 general election with 51.64% of the votes in one of the most contentious presidential elections in the country's history. Sworn in on 1 January 2015, Rousseff began her second term weakened by corruption allegations as well as the 2014–2016 Brazilian economic recession . On 15 March 2015, protests began, gathering millions of Brazilians across
1005-483: The opposition confronting Rousseff after the 2014 elections calling for a recount and her disputed campaign accounts, culminating in the impeachment process, had been other major factors in the destabilization of the government. However, political scientist Luciana Veiga stated that, at that time, the process was benefiting Rousseff, who was now free from blackmail and could potentially reorganize her government. Veiga believed that Cunha could be removed from office and that
1072-616: The Chamber of Deputies, Eduardo Cunha, was investigated in Operation Car Wash for allegedly receiving bribes and keeping secret Swiss bank accounts. The Council of Ethics and Parliamentary Decorum of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil filed a complaint against him, putting him at risk of losing his seat. The council was responsible for judging and applying penalties to deputies in cases of non-compliance with norms. Rumors emerged about attempts between Cunha's party (PMDB) and Rousseff's party to reach an agreement: that she would archive
1139-522: The Council of Ethics in exchange for approval of the re-introduction of the CPMF tax (Provisional Tax on Financial Transactions), which was a wish from the government. At a news conference on 2 December 2015, she said that she would never accept or agree to any kind of corrupt bargain. I have received with indignation the decision by the head of the lower chamber to [launch] the impeachment process. There
1206-524: The PMDB. Published by the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo , the conversation convinced Cardozo that the two were trying to prevent the investigation from widening, due to the risk to both of being caught up in it, and suggested that Rousseff's impeachment could have been part of an agreement aimed at preventing (and possibly later stopping) the Operation Car Wash investigations. Jucá's lawyer said that his client never thought to interfere in Operation Car Wash and that
1273-474: The Petrobras charges were not included in the impeachment because Prosecutor-General Rodrigo Janot , besides declaring that "there was no doubt that Dilma is not corrupt", successfully argued that a sitting president could not be investigated while in office for crimes committed prior to election. Rousseff was formally impeached on 17 April 2016. On 12 May, the Senate voted to suspend Rousseff's powers for
1340-515: The Petrobras controversy, ruling that a sitting president could not be investigated for actions taken before assuming office as had been argued by Prosecutor-General Rodrigo Janot. Rousseff was also accused of fiscal pedaling in her administration—an accounting maneuver to give the false impression that more money was received than was spent. The government allegedly failed to fund public and private banks that managed public payments, including social assistance programs like Bolsa Família , forcing
1407-658: The Presidency Moreira Franco , National President of the PTB Roberto Jefferson and leader of PTB in the Chamber Jovair Arantes . On 2 January 2017, president Temer canceled Fernandes' nomination after divergences with councilor and former senator José Sarney . Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff Recent elections The impeachment of Dilma Rousseff , the 36th president of Brazil , began on 2 December 2015 with
SECTION 20
#17327934300841474-557: The Senate vote on impeachment, then Vice President Michel Temer served as acting president. But before that, on 5 May 2016, Teori Zavascki, judge of the Supreme Federal Court ruled that Cunha must step down as president of the Chamber, because he faced a corruption trial. The decision was later endorsed by all eleven judges of the Court but nevertheless did not affect the process of impeachment. On 12 September 2016, Cunha
1541-662: The Superior Electoral Court Judge Herman Benjamin, that PMDB and PT slush funds received payments of R$ 150 million (US$ 48 million) from Odebrecht's construction conglomerate for the 2014 re-election campaign in 2014, and that at least a third of the money originated from corrupt practices. Odebrecht was jailed in June 2015 for corruption uncovered by Operation Car Wash. A CNT/MDA poll published on 8 June 2016, indicated that only 11.3% of Brazilians approved while 28% disapproved of
1608-665: The Workers' Party, he said he would rather forgo their three votes in the Council of Ethics. She lied on national television network and this is very serious. If she had not participated directly I would not speak. Professor Leonardo Avritzer of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais told Agência Brasil in December 2015 that the political crisis was tied to Rousseff's inability to negotiate with Congress, and that Brazil's fragmented political system (and many political parties ) had created an ungovernable government. According to him,
1675-459: The acting government of President Temer. For 30.2% of respondents, Temer's government is ordinary, while 30.5% gave no answer. The survey also showed that 46.6% of Brazilians believed that the corruption in Temer's government could equal that in Rousseff's government. 28.3% believed that corruption could be less and the remaining 18.6% estimated that it could be even greater. Regarding the lawfulness of
1742-432: The appeal filed by Cardozo to append the recording of Sérgio Machado, citing a precedent that evidence of that type is confidential until the beginning of a formal investigation. Machado was arrested and introduced the recording of the conversation during his interrogation. The subject under appeal had been discussed in prior decisions of the Court. Lewandowski also denied an appeal by senator Aloysio Nunes , former member of
1809-416: The authors of the request was followed by Rousseff's defense. Meanwhile, street protests both for and against the impeachment occurred throughout the country. The committee eventually voted 38 to 27 for impeachment. After it passed out of committee, the full lower house also voted in favor of impeachment, 367 for and 137 against, with 342 necessary for it to pass (7 abstaining, 2 absent). But similarly to
1876-436: The banks to finance the programs themselves without compensation. The Rousseff Administration's budgeting allegedly used this pedaling to improve its fiscal outcomes and make the surplus for the years 2012 to 2014 appear larger. The Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU), unanimously declared this maneuver a violation of fiscal responsibility. TCU, an auxiliary of the legislative body, has no legal power, but their decision put
1943-549: The board of directors. According to the Request, the president called the allegations "a kind of coup and merely an attempt to weaken Petrobras". Emphasizing its expertise in the economy and energy sectors, the president stressed the company's financial health. She stepped down from the Petrobras board only in February 2015. Some international companies were encouraged and, thereafter participated in unrealistic bids to drain
2010-500: The charges against Rousseff were fiscal responsibility crimes and the recording was only an informal conversation and proved nothing in law. Cardozo protested that the facts cited in the recording were a primary question of the investigation, and announced on 3 June that he would appeal the decision to the president of the Supreme Court. The committee approved the work plan and deadlines on 6 June. On 7 June, Lewandowski denied
2077-422: The committee, to reduce the number of witnesses. At 2 June meeting, the committee had established that eight witnesses would be heard for each of the six supplemental budget decrees against Rousseff, both for the prosecution and for the defense, i.e. a total of 48 witnesses for each side, with each decree considered separately. Nunes contended that the six decrees should be considered a single entity, to be added to
Pedro Fernandes Ribeiro - Misplaced Pages Continue
2144-487: The complaint of the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office (MPF). In October 2017, also voted against the second complaint against president Temer and ministers Eliseu Padilha and Moreira Franco . On 27 December 2017, Fernandes was announced Minister of Employment after the resignation of Ronaldo Nogueira . He was confirmed after a meeting with Chief of Staff Eliseu Padilha , Secretary-General of
2211-410: The contracted banks instead funded the programs using their own capital, capital that the government was obliged to reimburse them for, although no loans had been officially filed. The Fiscal Responsibility Law (Article 36) prohibits members of the federal government who control state financial institutions from borrowing from those institutions that they control. The total balance of these liabilities by
2278-475: The controversy. However, no evidence that Rousseff herself was involved in the Petrobras controversy has been found and she has denied any prior knowledge of the scandal. More than one million Brazilians protested in the streets in March 2015 calling for Rousseff's impeachment. On 5 May 2016, Supreme Court justice Teori Zavascki dismissed counts brought against Rousseff by Senator Delcídio do Amaral based on
2345-456: The country to demand among other things Rousseff's resignation or her impeachment. By June 2015 some polls reported her disapproval rating as high as 68%, the highest for any Brazilian president since the country's redemocratization , and by August 2015 this had risen to 71%. Rousseff's government was accused by the TCU of misconduct in management of public accounts since 2012. The President of
2412-403: The country's fragile democracy, believe he is the perpetrator of a coup." A separate proposal sought to impeach Temer, the official process having started on 6 April 2016 when Cunha formed a commission to investigate one impeachment request among the five made against Temer. In March 2017, former Odebrecht Group CEO Marcelo Odebrecht , as part of a plea bargain for leniency, said before
2479-538: The court rejected, by a 4–3 vote, the allegations of campaign finance violations by the Rousseff-Temer ticket during the 2014 electoral campaign. As a result of that judgement, President Temer remained in office and both Rousseff and Temer have retained their political rights. Graft allegedly occurred during Rousseff's term as chair of the board of directors of the state-owned energy company Petrobras between 2003 and 2010. In February 2014, an investigation by
2546-515: The dialogue did not suggest that he did. Jucá, who had been appointed Planning Minister by Temer, also denied ever attempting to obstruct the investigation, and after speaking with Temer on 23 May, said that he had no intention of resigning. However, the next day Jucá stepped down after eleven days in office. On 25 May 2016, Senator Antônio Anastasia , rapporteur of the Special Committee of Impeachment 2016 (CEI 2016), presented
2613-404: The duration of the trial , and Vice President Michel Temer became acting president. On 31 August 2016, the Senate removed President Rousseff from office by a 61–20 vote, finding her guilty of breaking Brazil's budget laws; however, she did not receive enough votes from the Senate to be disqualified from her political rights. Accordingly, Temer was sworn in as the 37th president of Brazil. Temer
2680-606: The end of August 2014 was R$ 1.74 billion (US$ 740 million). Of the total R$ 7.8 billion (US$ 2.9 billion) spent on subsidies in these programs between 2009 and 2014, only R$ 1.6 billion (US$ 590 million) was transferred by the Government. At the end of 2014, Rousseff sent the Congress PLN 362014, to change the Budgetary Directives Law [ pt ] in order to modify
2747-569: The four decrees and eight for the "tax pedaling" charge. The prosecution would be entitled to the same number. The decision to reduce the charges was supported by a report produced at the House of Representatives, which considered that two decrees signed by Rousseff without approval of Congress were neutral from a fiscal perspective, once the primary sources and financial expenses listed in the documents were equivalent. The hearings began on 8 June 2016 with four prosecution witnesses. The prosecutors were Janaína Paschoal and Miguel Reale Junior; Rousseff
Pedro Fernandes Ribeiro - Misplaced Pages Continue
2814-455: The free functioning of democratic institutions in this country. After this pronouncement by the president, Cunha said Rousseff had lied to the nation when she said she would not participate in any deal and that her government had much to explain to the country. Cunha claimed he was not aware of any negotiations and that he had never met Jaques Wagner , the supposed intermediary in the alleged negotiations with Rousseff. Declaring his opposition to
2881-421: The gratuitous profits to government officials who are able to ensure that future government spending continues in the same fashion so that this lucrative relationship continues. A member of a government may misappropriate directly from government funds, but they may also make decisions benefiting their own private economic interests by using inside knowledge of upcoming government decisions to their benefit, in
2948-404: The lawsuit against Cunha if he would refuse to accept the request for her impeachment. When the Workers' Party announced to the Council of Ethics its support for the lawsuit against Cunha, he accepted the impeachment request, allegedly in retaliation. Cunha dismissed that his decision was motivated by personal or political reasons. In his defence, Cunha said that opening the impeachment process
3015-585: The necessary legislative authorization, nor targets which complied with the Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (Fiscal Responsibility Law) and the Annual Budgetary Law [ pt ] . To obtain these additional credits, the target of 2014 was reduced by the end of 2014 by R$ 67 billion (US$ 25 billion) at the request of the president. Rousseff allegedly committed similar crimes of fiscal irresponsibility in 2015. She further issued such decrees in
3082-491: The opposition would try to push the impeachment process of Rousseff in Congress for 2016 in order to mitigate the "electoral ecstasy" and "act of revenge" that were said to be the cause of the impeachment attempt. In CNT/MDA polls conducted in March 2015, only 10.8% of Brazilians approved of Rousseff's government and 59.7% wanted her impeached. By July 2015, the latter number had risen to 62.8%. Similar data were collected by
3149-429: The political alliance of Rousseff-Temer involving donations from the companies implicated in Operation Car Wash. After the Senate vote to suspend Rousseff's presidential powers and duties, subsequent procedure required new citations, new defense, appointing witnesses and producing evidence for preparation of the final report, which first of all had to be reviewed by a committee and then the entire Senate, each requiring
3216-551: The presidency should call new elections for president. However, holding new elections would only be possible with a 3/5 majority in both houses of Congress. Alternatively, both could have been removed from office, depending on the outcome of a lawsuit filed in the Superior Electoral Court by the PSDB , party of Aécio Neves, the defeated candidate in the 2014 presidential elections, whose suit alleged electoral crime by
3283-706: The president and vice president run on the same ticket but have constitutionally separate terms. Michel Temer, who was president of the Chamber during the Fernando Henrique Cardoso presidency from 1995 to 2003, is a member of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), which announced it was running against the Rousseff government in March 2016. According to the Guardian , "...for those desperate for change, Temer represents salvation. Others, more concerned about
3350-561: The process of impeachment, 61.5% agreed with the conduct of the process, 33.3% answered negatively and 5.2% didn't answer. CNT/MDA polled 2,002 people in 137 municipalities in 25 federative units between 2 and 5 June. CNT/MDA reported the poll as 95% reliable with a 2% margin of error. An Ipsos poll in early July 2016 investigated what outcome most Brazilians were hoping for, with mixed results: 16% of Brazilians preferred Temer in office; 20% said that Rousseff should be acquitted and finish her four-year mandate; and 52% said that whoever assumed
3417-418: The relationship is not deterministic. George W. Plunkitt coined the term "honest graft" ("I seen my opportunities and I took em."), distinguishing it from "dishonest graft" ("blackmailin' gamblers, saloonkeepers, disorderly people, etc."). As an example, he cited buying land before it became known to the public that it had been earmarked for a new park, then selling it for a profit. The British definition
SECTION 50
#17327934300843484-424: The rules of the primary superavit (surplus), and hence showing her knowledge of the fiscal pedaling by taking steps to normalize the accounts. By September 2015, 37 requests for impeachment had been filed with the Chamber of Deputies against Rousseff, but Cunha did not accept any, except for that of Hélio Bicudo and lawyers Miguel Reale Júnior and Janaína Paschoal. Much of the pro-impeachment movement (including
3551-633: The scandal at the Brazilian national petroleum company, Petrobras , on account of allegations uncovered by the Operation Car Wash investigation, and for failing to distance herself from the suspects in that investigation. Rousseff was president of the Petrobras board of directors during the period covered by the investigation, and approved Petrobras' controversial acquisition of the Pasadena Refining System . However,
3618-410: The situation in committee, 303 of the 513 members of the lower house were facing criminal charges or investigation at the time of the vote. Cunha then referred the matter to the Senate which eventually, after a session of more than twenty hours on 12 May, resolved to suspend Rousseff's presidential powers and duties for up to 180 days, a motion which passed 55–22. During the judicial process leading up to
3685-440: The so-called "tax pedaling", so that the number of witnesses to be heard could be reduced to 16. On 8 June, the committee accepted a request by both defense and prosecution reducing to four the number of supplemental budget decrees to be considered in the trial. Thus, the number of witnesses in the process was reduced to forty. Since each charge entitled eight witnesses, the defense of Rousseff could introduce up to 32 witnesses for
3752-437: The state-owned banks Caixa Econômica Federal and Banco do Brasil to finance social programs without officially declaring loans from either of those banks, an example of fiscal pedaling . These transactions were reported in 2015 by the TCU and, according to the report, were undertaken in order to improve the government's chances of re-election. Caixa Econômica Federal and Banco do Brasil operated federal social programs under
3819-697: The state-owned company, giving back much of the value through illicit contracts. According to the Request, a person with knowledge of the Petrobras accounts should to evaluate, as a company staff member, the overbilling in approved contracts. It was alleged that statements taken from the accused in Operation Car Wash suggested that Lula and Rousseff had known of the bribery scheme in Petrobras. Rousseff issued six unnumbered decrees in 2014 and 2015 that allocated funds to social programs, allegedly for political purposes, without authorization from Congress. These totaled R$ 18.5 billion (US$ 6.9 billion) and were contracted in official financial institutions with neither
3886-457: The subject of many of those allegations of fiscal pedaling and which Rousseff had unilaterally pushed into law were also entered as evidence. In the first day of the Brazilian legislative year 2016 (2 February), Rousseff spoke in Congress . That unusual personal attendment to Congress to inform her government's legislative agenda has served to mitigate the signs that 2016 should be, once again,
3953-516: The trial in the Senate and Rousseff's lawyer José Eduardo Cardozo did so on 1 June 2016. His 370-page filing said that the president had not committed the alleged crimes and that Rousseff's impeachment "was solely and exclusively aimed at ending Operation Car Wash." Cardozo submitted as evidence transcripts of a recorded telephone conversation between José Sérgio Machado [ pt ] , former president of Petrobras subsidiary Transpetro , and Senator Romero Jucá , an influential politician in
4020-435: The unscrupulous use of a politician's authority for personal gain. Political graft occurs when funds intended for public projects are intentionally misdirected in order to maximize the benefits to private interests. Political graft functions when the public officer is directed to purchase goods or services from a specific private interest at a cost far above regular market rates . The private interest then siphons some of
4087-587: The years 2014 and 2015 to authorize the opening credit precisely to, purportedly, allow the provision of additional resources despite it being known that the primary superavit target in the budget forecast was not being fulfilled, and would not be fulfilled, hence disregarding the Annual Budgetary Law and the Federal Constitution. In 2011 and 2014, Rousseff's government is said to have held illegal credit operations, using funds from
SECTION 60
#17327934300844154-541: Was accused by an Odebrecht executive of soliciting campaign donations in 2014 for his party. He faced trial along with Rousseff in the Superior Electoral Court (TSE) in a complaint filed by Aécio Neves , the candidate narrowly defeated by Rousseff in the 2014 presidential runoff , over irregularities in their campaign funds—Rousseff had shared the PT - PMDB coalition ticket with Temer. On 9 June 2017,
4221-521: Was approved. She later said that a mistake had been made concerning a contractual clause and that "her decision was based on a technically and legally flawed summary" of the purchase document drawn up by Nestor Cerveró [ pt ] , the financial director of Petrobras Distribuidora (the fuel distribution and trading subsidiary of Petrobras). Petrobras paid Astra Oil, a wholly owned subsidiary of Astro Oil Trading NV, $ 360 million for 50% of Pasadena Refining System. A year later, Astra exercised
4288-402: Was based on allegations of omission concerning the Petrobras controversy, fiscal responsibility crimes, and budgetary mismanagement. The illegal or suspicious transactions investigated by Operation Car Wash included the purchase of Pasadena Refinery by Petrobras, a deal that cost it R$ 792 million (US$ 362 million). Rousseff chaired the board of directors of Petrobras when the purchase
4355-409: Was finally ousted from the Chamber with his political rights suspended under accusation of lying in testimony to the committee investigating Operation Car Wash allegations, the culmination of an internal investigation that had lasted eleven months. On 19 October 2016, Cunha was arrested on charges of corruption and bribery related to a Petrobras drillship purchase. In the Brazilian political system,
4422-539: Was his constitutional duty as chamber president, and the decision to do so was based only on facts related to the budget laws. Cunha said further that he had no personal grievance against the Workers' Party and that Rousseff had signed six decrees for additional spending, which had increased the 2015 federal spending in non-compliance with the annual budget law and without approval of the Congress. Rousseff denied any attempted deal to save Cunha in return for stopping her impeachment, and also denied agreements to interfere with
4489-562: Was represented by her lawyer, José Eduardo Cardozo. Fraud is the will to, free and consciously, to practice the misconduct and get the result. And that's what the President did. She edited the decrees by a free and conscious mode to increase costs, that could not increased by a decree. She should send a bill . Graft (politics) Graft , as understood in American English , is a form of political corruption defined as
#83916