Rajashekhara ( IAST : Rājaśekhara ; fl. 10th century ) was a Maharashtri Prakrit and Sanskrit poet, dramatist and critic. He was the court poet of the Pratiharas of Kannauj .
48-669: Pehowa ( Pehowā ) (old name Pitrudhak Teerth) is a town and a municipal committee in Kurukshetra district in the Indian state of Haryana . It is an important sacred Hindu pilgrimage site, related to Krishna and the Mahabharata , within the 48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra . The Hindu genealogy registers at Peohwa, Haryana are kept there at the Pruthudak Tirath on the banks of Sarasvati river . Pehowa
96-597: A chairperson and vice chairperson among themselves to preside over and conduct meetings. A chief officer, along with officers like an engineer, sanitary inspector, health officer, and education officer who come from the state public service are appointed by the state government to control the administrative affairs of the municipality. City Municipal Councils are known regionally by different names, including Town Municipal Council, Town Municipality, Nagar Palika, Nagarasabe, Purasabe, Nagara Sabha and Nagaraatchi. A Town Panchayat (also known as Nagar Panchayat or Town Board )
144-602: A form of local self-government, entrusted with some duties and responsibilities, as enshrined and guided upon by the Constitutional (74th Amendment) Act, 1992. Udaipur is a city which is big but its population is 451,000 so it has a Municipality. The members of the Municipal Councils are elected representatives for a term of five years. The town is divided into wards according to its population, and representatives are elected from each ward. The members elect
192-406: A greater degree of fiscal autonomy and functions, although the specific fiscal and functional powers vary across the states. These local governments have larger populations, a more diversified economic base, and deal with the state governments directly. On the other hand, municipalities or Nagar panchayats have less autonomy, smaller jurisdictions, and have to deal with the state governments through
240-585: A hub of brick production. Main brick kilns of the city include Mahabir Bhatta Company situated at Arnaicha Pehowa. Municipal committee In India, the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), also called municipalities, are self-government institutions responsible for the administration of cities, towns, and transitional areas within a state or Union Territory. The 74th amendment to the Constitution of India in 1992 provided constitutional framework for
288-881: A long list of functions delegated to them by the state governments under their respective municipal legislations. The Twelfth Schedule of Constitution (Article 243 w) provides an illustrative list of eighteen functions , that may be entrusted to the municipalities. Public health includes water supply , sewerage and sanitation , eradication of communicable diseases etc.; welfare includes public facilities such as education, recreation , etc.; regulatory functions related to prescribing and enforcing building regulations , encroachments on public land, birth registration and death certificate , etc.; public safety includes fire protection , street lighting , etc.; public works measures such as construction and maintenance of inner-city roads, etc.; and development functions related to town planning and development of commercial markets. In addition to
336-567: A number of cities. These agencies usually undertake land acquisition and development works and take up remunerative projects such as markets and commercial complexes, etc. In terms of fiscal federalism , functions whose benefits largely confine to municipal jurisdictions and may be termed as the essentially municipal functions. Similarly, functions that involve substantial economics of scale or are of national interest may not be assigned to small local bodies. For valid reasons, certain functions of higher authorities are appropriate to be entrusted with
384-701: Is a form of an urban political unit in India comparable to a municipality. The composition of Town Panchayats varies across states, serving as the governing body for areas transitioning from 'rural' to 'urban'. Town Panchayats in Tamil Nadu are established based on a population range of above 5000 and below 30,000, categorized into grades determined by criteria including population and economic growth. In Bihar , Town Panchayats are constituted for populations ranging from above 12,000 to below 40,000, while in Karnataka ,
432-509: Is also banned in the town through the court orders. During Mahabharta, soldiers who laid down their lives in the battle of Kurukshetra were cremated at Pehowa. Pehowa is considered a sacred place of pilgrimage for all Hindus as well as Sikhs too. Prithudak is one of the important tirtha in the 48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra . Pehowa is a very ancient town, believed to pre-date the Mahabharat War by many centuries as it flourished on
480-489: Is at the discretion of the states, considering factors such as total population, population density, non-agricultural employment, annual revenue generation, among other criteria. Municipal governance in India in its current form has existed since the year 1664. In 1664, Fort Kochi Municipality was established by Dutch, making it the first municipality in Indian subcontinent, which got dissolved when Dutch authority got weaker in
528-512: Is available about the immediate successors of Gogga. The Pehowa inscription suggests that this particular Tomara family was settled around the Karnal area . However, F. Kielhorn suggested that this Tomara family actually resided in Delhi: they may have visited Pehowa on pilgrimage, and built a temple there. An inscription from 882-83 mentions that Pṛthudaka (as Pehowa was then called) that Pṛthudaka
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#1732771955145576-465: Is known to be an important place and pilgrimage on the banks of revered Sarasvati River . There is an ancient temple dedicated to Goddess/River Saraswati . This is another temple of this city forming a part of 48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra . Kartikeya Temple, Pehowa is a 5th century temple. Arunai Shiva Temple at Arunai is part of 48 kos Parikrama. In 2021, the Centre of Excellence for Research on
624-425: Is visited by thousands of Hindus and Sikhs to perform the last rites (pind daan).) for their ancestors and loved ones. Pehowa is an ancient city and its religious significance is mentioned in several puranas , such as Skanda Purana (1st to 5th century CE), Markandeya Purana (4th to 6th century CE) and Vamana Purana (5th to 11th century CE). Two inscriptions dated ninth Century CE found at Pehowa mention that
672-865: The Kāvyamīmāṃsā between 880 and 920 CE. The work is essentially a practical guide for poets that explains the elements and composition of a good poem. He is most noted for the Kārpūramañjarī , a play written in Maharashtri Prakrit . Rajashekhara wrote the play to please his wife, Avantisundarī, a woman of taste and accomplishment. Rajashekhara is perhaps the only ancient Indian poet to acknowledge his wife for her contributions to his literary career. In his Bālarāmāyaṇa and Kāvyamimāṃsā , Rajashekhara referred himself by his family name Yāyāvara or Yāyāvarīya . In Bālarāmāyaṇa , he mentioned that his great grandfather Akalajalada belonged to Maharashtra . In
720-481: The 18th century. British followed with the formation of Madras Municipal Corporation in 1687, and then Calcutta and Bombay Municipal Corporation in 1726. In the early part of the nineteenth century almost all towns in India had experienced some form of municipal governance. In 1882 the then Viceroy of India , Lord Ripon , known as the Father of Local Self Government, passed a resolution of local self-government which lead
768-483: The Corporations Act of 1835 which mainly deals in providing essential services in a major city. Their elections are held once in five-year and the people choose the candidates. The largest corporations are in the eight metropolitan cities of India, namely Mumbai , Delhi , Kolkata , Chennai , Bangalore , Hyderabad , Ahmedabad , Surat , and Pune . These cities not only have a large population but are also
816-695: The Directorate of Municipalities or through the collector of a district . These local bodies are subject to detailed supervisory control and guidance by the state governments. State Municipal Acts are legislations enacted by state governments to establish municipal governments, administer them, and provide a framework of governance for cities within the state. Every state has its own municipal act and some states have more than one municipal act, governing larger and smaller municipalities under different acts. Various processes including rules for elections, recruitment of staff, and demarcation of urban areas derived from
864-532: The Municipalities – as if under principal-agent contracts and may be called agency functions that need to be financed by intergovernmental revenues. Thus instead of continuing the traditional distinction between obligatory and discretionary functions the municipal responsibilities may be grouped into essentially municipal , joint and agency functions. The suggested functions to municipal corporations, municipalities, and town panchayats are listed in
912-626: The Nagar Panchayats. Town boards are also known by different names depending on the region, including: Nagar Panchayat , Taluk Panchayat, Municipal Board, Town Panchayat, and Pura Panchayat. Certain states lack Town Panchayats or equivalent urban local bodies. In the case of Kerala , Town Panchayats currently may not be in existence or may not be constituted, despite being stipulated in the Kerala Municipality Act. Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet) Rajashekhara wrote
960-660: The Pandavas to this place before the war started and made them take the blessings of Sarasawati Mata and of their ancestors. The river, which in 2006 did not have any inflows nor outflows and was stagnant. was made perennial under Sarasvatio Revival Project . Saraswati Sarovar is located in this town, where people perform pooja and religious rituals. The Pillars on the entrance to the Saraswati Temple date many centuries. In 2021, Haryana Sarasvati Heritage Development Board initiated projects to develop 5 river fronts on
1008-510: The Saraswati River (CERSR) of Kurukshetra University excavated an ancient ghat next to Arunai temple on the paleochannel of Sarasvati River . The ghat has 12 stairs, the depth of archaeological trench and stairs is ~4 metre. According to Prof AR Chaudhri, Director of CERSR, "This bathing ghat falls on the Saraswati River paleochannel identified by CERSR and represents a unique case where the details mentioned in holy scriptures and
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#17327719551451056-469: The Tomara family became prosperous by serving an unnamed king. His descendants included Vajrata, Jajjuka, and Gogga. The inscription suggests that Gogga was a vassal of Mahendrapala I. It records the construction of three Vishnu temples by Gogga and his step-brothers Purna-raja and Deva-raja. The temples were located at Prithudaka ( IAST : Pṛthūdaka; Pehowa), on the banks of the river Sarasvati. No information
1104-422: The administrative as well as commercial centres of the country. A Municipality , or Municipal Council , is an urban local body that administers a smaller urban area with a minimum population of 100,000 but less than 1,000,000. However, there are exceptions to that, as previously municipalities were constituted in urban centers with a population over 20,000 were reclassified as Municipality even if their population
1152-416: The authority) basis and the state governments were free to extend or control the functional sphere through executive decisions without an amendment to the legislative provisions. As per the 2011 Census, the key urbanised areas were classified as follows Statutory towns are of various kinds and the major categories include The municipal corporations and municipalities are fully representative bodies, while
1200-460: The banks of now dried up Saraswati River in those days. By the time of the Mahabharata war, the river had long dried up, yet was still a very holy place where people offered "Pinda Pradhan" to their ancestors. It is still called as "Pitrudhak Teerth" and was the holiest place for these oblations to be done much before Prayag or Gaya as the local legend goes. Lord Krishna is believed to have taken
1248-402: The classification is denoted as Class A, B, C. The criteria for these classifications include population, population density, non-agricultural employment, and other relevant parameters. It interacts directly with the state government, though it is administratively part of the district it is located in. Generally smaller district cities and bigger towns have a Municipality. Municipalities are also
1296-619: The criteria are above 10,000 and below 20,000. Each Nagar Panchayat has a committee consisting of a chairman with ward members. Membership consists of a minimum of ten elected ward members and three nominated members. The members of the Nagar Panchayat are elected from the several wards of the Nagar Panchayat on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years. There are seats reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, backward classes, and women. The Councillors or Ward Members are chosen by direct election from electoral wards in
1344-639: The democratic forms of municipal governance in India. In 1919, a Government of India Act incorporated the need of the resolution and the powers of democratically elected government were formulated. In 1935 another Government of India act brought local government under the preview of the state or provincial government and specific powers were given. It was the 74th amendment to the Constitution of India in 1992 that brought constitutional validity to municipal or local governments. Until amendments were made in respective state municipal legislations as well, municipal authorities were organised on an ultra vires (beyond
1392-441: The establishment of Urban Local Bodies. There are three types of Urban Local Bodies in India, which includes municipal corporations governing large urban areas, municipal councils governing smaller urban areas, and nagar panchayats governing transitional areas from rural to urban. They are established by individual state governments and can differ in names, election method, or tier structure. The classification of these areas
1440-400: The idea that Pṛthudaka was a larger settlement. At the time of the 10th-century poet Rājaśekhara , Pṛthudaka was apparently considered the point where Uttarapatha (the "northern region") began. Pehowa is located at 29°59′N 76°35′E / 29.98°N 76.58°E / 29.98; 76.58 . It has an average elevation of 224 metres (734 feet). The Tehsil Pehowa
1488-406: The inscription records that the horse dealers agreed to make a donation to the shrine at Pṛthudaka, as well as to farther-off Kannauj (Kanyakubja), Gotīrtha, and Bhojapura. The donations were paid in dharma s, which appears to be a misspelling of dramma , the dominant coin in early medieval India. Based on this inscription, Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya infers that Pṛthudaka was a major centre in
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1536-549: The legally assigned functions, the sectoral departments of the state government often assign unilaterally, and on an agency basis, various functions such as family planning , nutrition and slum improvement, disease and Epidemic control, etc. Besides the traditional core functions of municipalities, it also includes development functions like planning for economic development and social justice , urban poverty alleviation programs, and promotion of cultural, educational, and aesthetic aspects. However, conformity legislation enacted by
1584-571: The list of municipal functions as suggested in the twelfth schedule. There is a lot of difference in the assignment of obligatory and discretionary functions to the municipal bodies among the states. Whereas functions like planning for the social and economic development, urban forestry and protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects are obligatory functions for the municipalities of Maharashtra , in Karnataka these are discretionary functions. The provision of water supply and sewerage in several states has either been taken over by
1632-404: The northwest Indian horse trade at the time. Chattopadhyaya says that while the inscription does not necessarily establish that Pṛthudaka was a full-fledged city at the time, he would at least classify it as a nigama : a market town somewhere between a village and a city. That said, the inscription calls Pṛthudaka an adhiṣṭhāna , which in contemporary usage denoted an urban centre, so that supports
1680-441: The notified area committees and town area committees are either fully or partially nominated bodies. As per the Constitution of India , 74th Amendment Act of 1992, the latter two categories of towns are to be designated as municipalities or Nagar panchayats with elected bodies. After the 74th Amendment was enacted there are only three categories of urban local bodies: Among all urban local governments, municipal corporations enjoy
1728-576: The place was controlled by Mahendrapala , of Kanauj and a Vishnu temple was constructed at this place by Tomara family, but such historic temple is not found in present day Pehowa. The earliest extant historical reference to the Tomara dynasty occurs in the Pehowa inscription issued during the reign of the Pratihara king Mahendrapala I (r. c. 885-910 CE) [Tomars of Delhi were vassals of Partiharas of Kannauj]. This undated inscription states that Jaula of
1776-400: The population is under 6 years of age. Punjabi and Haryanvi dialects are spoken in the countryside, while Hindi is the most commonly spoken language. Pehowa is considered a religious place of high importance and to highlight the sanctity of the place, Haryana State Government has banned sale, possession, consumption and purchase of non-vegetarian food in the town limits. Slaughtering of animals
1824-434: The prohibition of brahmans from dealing in horse trading (mentioned in some brahmanic texts) was not observed at this time and place. The horse dealers are also mentioned as having a foreman, indicating that they may have been organised into some sort of guild. The inscription mentions that the buyers of the horses, who were not necessarily present for the transactions, included kings, thakkura s, and "provincials". Finally,
1872-478: The rejuvenated Sarasvati river at Pipli , Pehowa, Bilaspur , Dosarka (on Panchkula-Yamunanagar NH-344 near Sirsgarh) and the Theh Polar (near Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilisation archaeological site on Kaithal-Guhla SH-11 ). Pipli riverfront will be on the pattern Sabarmati Riverfront . Hindu genealogy registers at Pehowa are the genealogy registers of pilgrims maintained here by pandas . Pehowa
1920-585: The same work, he described his father Durduka as a Mahamantrin (minister) without providing any details. He mentioned in his works that his wife Avantisundari belonged to the Chahamana family. In his works, he described himself as the teacher of the Pratiharan emperor Mahendrapala I of Kannauj . The works attributed to poet Rajshekhara include: This article about a person notable in Hinduism
1968-400: The scientific investigations match." Pehowa is a place of significant commercial importance and continues to sustain a lot of diverse industries. Until about the mid-20th century, the Pehowa area was covered with dhak trees (Butea frondosa). With the introduction of irrigation, it has become one of the state’s granaries for wheat and rice. The city has many brick kilns and is considered as
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2016-605: The state governments indicates wide variations in this regard. Whereas Bihar , Gujarat , Himachal Pradesh , Haryana , Manipur , Punjab and Rajasthan have included all the functions as enlisted in the Twelfth Schedule in their amended state municipal laws, Andhra Pradesh has not made any changes in the existing list of municipal functions. Karnataka , Kerala , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Odisha , Tamil Nadu , Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal states have amended their municipal laws to add additional functions in
2064-569: The state governments or transferred to state agencies. For example, in Tamil Nadu , Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat , water supply and sewerage works are being carried out by the state-level Public Health Engineering Department or the Water Supply and Sewerage Boards, while liability for repayment of loans and maintenances are with the municipalities. Besides these state-level agencies, City Improvement Trusts and Urban Development Authorities, like Delhi Development Authority (DDA), have been set up in
2112-433: The state municipal acts. Most Municipal Acts are enforced across all statutory urban areas in the respective states except the cantonment areas. The Government of India had issued a Model Municipal Law in 2003 which aimed to consolidate and amend the laws relating to the municipal governments in the various states and bring them into conformity with the provisions of the 74th CAA. The municipal bodies of India are vested with
2160-582: The table below. Nagar Nigam and other names in different states (translated as "Municipal Corporation/City Corporation") in India are state government formed urban local bodies that work for the development of a metropolitan city , which has a population of more than 1 million. The growing population and urbanisation in various cities of India were in need of a local governing body that can work for providing necessary community services like health centres, educational institutes, and housing and property tax. They also replace street lights. They are formed under
2208-474: Was created on 1 November 1979 and is situated at a distance of 27 km in west from Kurukshetra . and 26 km North-west from Pundri As of 2011 India census , Pehowa had a population of 38,853. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Pehowa has a literacy rate of 82.12%, higher than the Haryana average of 75.55%, with male literacy at 87%, and female literacy it 77%. In Pehowa, 11.72% of
2256-549: Was the site of an important fair where various animals, most importantly horses, were bought and sold. The horse dealers mentioned in the inscription were not local; they were mentioned as being from 9 different places. Although horse trading is not typically associated with Indians in contemporary sources, the traders at Pṛthudaka seem to have been Indian (implying that Indians did engage in at least intermediary horse trading). Their names are typical Indian Hindu names, and some of them may have even been brahmans , which may suggest that
2304-659: Was under 100,000. Locally, the municipality is known as Nagar Palika and these are constituted by the Municipal Acts of the respective states. Municipalities in India are categorized into City Municipal Councils and Town Municipal Councils or grades, the classification of which depends on factors like population, economic growth, employment, and more. This classification varies from state to state. For instance, in Kerala , municipalities are graded as I, II, III, while in Bihar ,
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