163-538: Pekanbaru is the capital city of the Indonesian province of Riau , and a major economic center on the eastern side of Sumatra Island with its name derived from the Malay ( Indonesian ) word for 'new market' ('pekan' is market and 'baru' is new). It has an area of 632.26 km (244.12 sq mi), with a population of 897,767 at the 2010 Census, and 983,356 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023
326-511: A Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , which they described as a type of trade zone under Japanese leadership. The Japanese had gradually spread their influence through Asia in the first half of the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s had established business links in the Indies. These ranged from small town barbers, photographic studios and salesmen, to large department stores and firms such as Suzuki and Mitsubishi becoming involved in
489-464: A tropical rainforest climate under the Köppen climate classification . As with many cities with an equatorial climate, the temperature only varies a little throughout the year. The hottest month is May with average temperature 27.6 °C (81.7 °F), while the coolest month is January with average temperature 26.4 °C (79.5 °F). The precipitation accumulation also remains constant throughout
652-888: A Javanese regent into sending good Javanese girls into prostitution for the Japanese in May 1942. The Japanese also lied to the Javanese telling them that their girls would become waitresses and actresses when recruiting them. The Japanese brought Javanese women as comfort women prostitutes to Kupang in Timor while in East Timor the Japanese took local women in Dili. In Bali, the Japanese sexually harassed Balinese women when they came and started forcing Balinese women into brothels for prostitution, with Balinese men and Chinese men used as recruiters for
815-764: A formal and informal form of education. Pekanbaru currently implements a "zonation" system to assign new students in public schools. Football is the most popular sport in Indonesia. In Pekanbaru, PSPS Pekanbaru is the local club that has been competing in Indonesian Super League since the 2000s. Kaharudin Nasution Sport Center Rumbai Stadium is the home stadium for PSPS Pekanbaru. In 2012, 2013 AFC U-22 Asian Cup qualification , 2012 Pekan Olahraga Nasional (Indonesian National Games) and 2012 Pekan Paralympic Nasional
978-579: A house as a brothel and officer's club on Fox Road in Labuan. On 28 August 1945 the British and Australians gave medical treatment to 300 Javanese and Malay male slaves of the Japanese who were malnourished and starving from forced labour. Many Indonesian comfort women were reluctant to talk about their experiences due to shame. A 10 year old Indonesian girl named Niyem from Karamangmojo in Yogyakarta
1141-580: A massive quota of rice to the Japanese military with Japanese officers using brutality to extract even more than the official quota. The Indonesians in Cirebon rebelled twice and targeted Indonesian collaborator bureaucrats and Japanese officers in 1944. Japan killed a lot of Indonesian rebels while crushing them with deadly force. In Sukmana, Singapurna, the Tasikmalaya regency, the conservative religious teacher Kiai Zainal Mustafa told his followers that in
1304-732: A new government center on the bank of the Siak River with the name Siak Sri Inderapura . While the center of the Johor government which had been around the estuary of the Johor River was abandoned. Whereas the claim of Raja Kecil as the legitimate heir to the throne of Johor, was recognized by the Orang Laut community. The Orang Laut is a Malay sub-group that resides in the Riau Islands region that stretches from east Sumatra to
1467-645: A part of various monarchies before the arrival of European colonial powers. Muara Takus , a Buddhist temple complex believed to be a remnant of the Buddhist empire of Srivijaya c. 11th -12th century, is situated in Kampar Regency in Riau province. Following the spread of Islam in the 14th century, the region was then under control of Malay sultanates of Siak Sri Indrapura , Indragiri, and Johor . The sultanates later became protectorate of
1630-534: A plot to overthrow the Japanese and create a "People's Republic of West Borneo" (Negara Rakyat Borneo Barat). The Japanese claimed "Sultans, Chinese, Indonesian government officials, Indians and Arabs, who had been antagonistic to each other, joined to massacre Japanese", naming the Sultan of the Pontianak Sultanate as one of the "ringleaders" in the planned rebellion. Up to 25 aristocrats, relatives of
1793-645: A political voice. Thus, through both the destruction of the Dutch colonial regime and the facilitation of Indonesian nationalism, the Japanese occupation created the conditions for the proclamation of Indonesian independence within days of the Japanese surrender in the Pacific. However, the Netherlands sought to reclaim the Indies, and a bitter five-year diplomatic, military and social struggle ensued, resulting in
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#17327733727561956-464: A port called Sungai Duku that is located by the Siak River. The words "pekan" (market) and "baru" (new) in the Malay for "new market" are the source of the names Pekanbaru and Pekan Baru. Pekanbaru is used to be known as "new market" because back then Pekanbaru was a huge market which is known among the surrounding areas. It was formerly known as "Senapelan", which comes from the word "Sena" which
2119-508: A real potential for sustainable economic development using native flora and fauna for the economic benefit of local inhabitants. Cagar Biosfer Giam Siak Kecil Bukit Batu (CB-GSK-BB) is one of seven Biosphere Reserves in Indonesia. They are located in two areas of Riau Province, Bengkalis and Siak . CB-GSK-BB is a trial presented by Riau at the 21st Session of the International Coordinating Council of Man and
2282-494: A result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation, including 30,000 European soldiers and European civilian internee deaths. A Dutch government study describing how the Japanese military recruited women as prostitutes by force in Indonesia concluded that among the 200 to 300 European women working in the Japanese military brothels, "some sixty five were most certainly forced into prostitution ." Other young women (and their families), faced with various pressures in
2445-619: Is also a sizable population of Minangkabau people living in Riau Province, mostly in the areas bordering West Sumatra , such as Rokan Hulu , Kampar , Kuantan Singingi , and part of Inderagiri Hulu . Pekanbaru , the capital of Riau Province, has a Minangkabau majority, since it was once one of the Minangkabau rantau (migration) area. Many Minangkabau in Pekanbaru have lived there for generations and has since assimilated into
2608-640: Is connected to Padang , Medan , Jambi , Palembang , and other cities or regions in Riau Province and Sumatra Island by the existence of Bandar Raya Payung Sekaki Bus Terminal. The terminal was officially open for public in 2007, replacing Pekanbaru's former "Mayang Terurai Terminal Bus" due to heavy congestion. However, the Bandar Raya Payung Sekaki Bus Terminal is not fully utilised by several prominent bus companies such as Pelangi , Makmur , Riau Mandiri and Sidomulyo as well as other bus operators because its location which
2771-500: Is deemed by some parties to be not as strategic as Mayang Terurai Bus Terminal. These matters surely make some bus companies have no choice but to drop off the passengers outside the designated zone. This informal drop-off zone is usually called by local people as terminal bayangan ("shadow terminals"). Port of Sungai Duku is located by the Siak River, connecting Pekanbaru with some regions in Riau Province and Riau Islands such as Siak, Tanjung Buton, Selat Panjang, Bengkalis and Batam. In
2934-531: Is led by a governor who is elected directly with his representative for a 5-year term. In addition to being a regional government, the Governor also acts as a representative or extension of the central government in the province, whose authority is regulated in Law No. 32 of 2004 and Government Regulation number 19 of 2010. While the relationship between the provincial government and the regency and city governments
3097-644: Is more centrally located. The government established Pekanbaru as the new provincial capital on 20 January 1959 through Kepmendagri No. December 52 / I / 44–25. After the fall of the Old Order , Riau became one of the pillars of the New Order 's economic development. In 1944, geologist Richard H. Hopper, Toru Oki and their team discovered the largest oil well in Southeast Asia, in Minas, Siak . This well
3260-537: Is not a sub-ordinate, each of these regional governments governs and manages government affairs according to the principle of autonomy and co-administration. When the province of Riau was created on 10 August 1957 from the splitting of the former province of Central Sumatra , it consisted of four regencies - Bengkalis , Bintan (covering the offshore archipelagoes now comprising the Riau Islands Province), Indragiri and Kampar - together with
3423-581: Is one of the Minangkabau migration areas outside of their home province of West Sumatra and also within Sumatra island as a whole. After World War II , the number of Minangkabau people migrating to Pekanbaru surged, nearly doubling between the years 1943 and 1961. Many Minangkabau in Pekanbaru have lived there for generations and has since assimilated into the Malay community. In addition to the Minangkabau,
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#17327733727563586-400: Is one of the wealthiest provinces in Indonesia and is rich in natural resources, particularly petroleum, natural gas, rubber, palm oil and fibre plantations. Extensive logging and plantation development in has led to a massive decline in forest cover Riau, and associated fires have contributed to haze across the larger region . There are three possible origins of the word riau which became
3749-422: Is planned to be demolished to build more spaces for the apron and more aircraft capacity. Even though the new terminal has been fully used, the aerobridges that were constructed have never been utilized as the apron expansion has not been completed yet after two years since the opening of the new terminal to the public in 2012. Thus, the airport company PT Angkasa Pura II is currently ferrying passengers to and from
3912-527: Is produced in Riau, and much of Pekanbaru's economy is based on the petroleum industry . International oil companies, prominently Chevron from the US, as well as other Indonesian companies, have established their offices in the region. The city is connected by road to an oil refining and exporting port in Dumai . Many facilities and infrastructures such as an airport, stadiums, housing areas, schools, bridges that cross
4075-581: Is represented by the presence of the religion's respective worship places, such as An-Nur Great Mosque and Pekanbaru Central Mosque ( Masjid Raya Pekanbaru ) for the Muslim community, St. Maria A Fatima Church and St. Paulus Church for the Catholic community, Huria Kristen Batak Protestan Church for the Protestant community as well as Vihara Dhamma Metta Arama, Vihara Dharma Loka and Vihara Vimala Virya for
4238-424: Is slightly larger than the nation of Jordan . According to the 2020 census , Riau had a population of 6,394,087 across a land area of 89,935.90 km²; the official estimate of population as of mid-2023 was 6,642,874 (comprising 3,398,387 males and 3,246,487 females). The province comprises ten regencies and two cities , with Pekanbaru serving as the capital and largest city . Historically, Riau has been
4401-468: Is the name of a tree that symbolises Pekanbaru because the tree is easy to spot because of its considerable height and the tree was on a hill. Batin was the tribe chief at the time. In which around this time, this area transforms into Dusun Payung Sekaki, which is situated near the mouth of the Siak River, as it continues to grow into a new urban residential area. According to the records kept by Imam Suhil Siak, Sultan Muhammad Ali Abdul Jalil Muazamsyah under
4564-846: Is thought to have been inhabited since between 40,000 and 10,000 BC, with the discovery of tools from the Pleistocene era in the Sengingi River area in Kuantan Singingi Regency in August 2009. Stone tools found include: an axle, a drawstring, and shale and core stone axes. The research team also found some wood fossils estimated to be older than the stone tools. It is suspected the tool users were Pithecanthropus erectus (reclassified as Homo erectus ) similar to those found in Sangiran , Central Java . These tools proved
4727-829: Is told that Raja Kecil was asked to become the ruler of Siak for the consensus of the people in Bengkalis . This aims to release Siak from the influence of the Johor Sultanate. While according to the Hikayat Siak , Raja Kecil was also called the true inheritor of the throne of the Sultan of Johor who lost the power struggle. Based on the correspondence of the Sultan Indermasyah with the Dutch Governor-General in Malacca at that time, it
4890-594: The Barisan Mountains to the Malacca Strait , including several large islands situated within the Strait. The province shares land borders with North Sumatra to the northwest, West Sumatra to the west, and Jambi to the south, and a maritime border with the Riau Islands and the country of Malaysia to the east. It is the second-largest province in the island of Sumatra after South Sumatra , and
5053-815: The Dili area of Portuguese Timor to drive out the Allied forces which had invaded in December. On 27 February, the Allied navy's last effort to contain Japan was swept aside by their defeat in the Battle of the Java Sea . From 28 February to 1 March 1942, Japanese troops landed on four places along the northern coast of Java almost undisturbed. The fiercest fighting had been in invasion points in Ambon , Timor, Kalimantan, and on
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5216-589: The Dutch and were reduced to puppet states of the Dutch East Indies . After the establishment of Indonesia in 1945, Riau belonged to the republic's provinces of Sumatra (1945–1948) and Central Sumatra (1948–1957). On 10 August 1957, the province of Riau was inaugurated and it included the Riau Islands until 2004. Although Riau is predominantly considered the land of Malays , it is a highly diverse province. In addition to Malays constituting one-third of
5379-636: The Dutch East Indies and other western colonies in Southeast Asia. Lowland Chinese in 1904 sold Beaumont and Winchester rifles in Sumatra to Bataks who were attacking and fighting the Dutch. The Chinese in Indonesia had a hostile relationship with Dutch colonialists from the Java War (1741–1743) to the Kongsi Wars like the Expedition to the West Coast of Borneo , Expedition against
5542-632: The Java Sea . In places where there were no Dutch troops, such as Bali , there was no fighting. On 8 March, Japanese soldiers seized the NIROM radio station in Batavia and ordered broadcasts to continue. The radio employees defiantly played Het Wilhelmus which resulted in the Japanese executing 3 of them. On 9 March, the Dutch commander surrendered along with Governor General Jonkheer A.W.L. Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer . The Japanese occupation
5705-613: The Kampar Peninsula Peat Forest (with a small area of swamp). Another peculiarity is that the CB-GSK-BB was initiated by private parties in co-operation with the government through BBKSDA (The Center for the Conservation of Natural Resources), including the notorious conglomerate involved in forest destruction, Sinar Mas Group , owning the largest paper and pulp company in Indonesia. The Province of Riau
5868-690: The Riau Malays are the second largest ethnic group in Pekanbaru, making up 30% of the population. The Javanese , Batak and Tionghoa (mostly from the Hainanese dialect group) are the other main ethnic groups inhabiting Pekanbaru city. The pluralism surrounding the city can be reflected by the variety of religions and freedom of belief among the people in Pekanbaru. Islam is the majority religion in this city, followed by Christianity (Protestantism and Catholic) as well as Buddhism and small percentage of Hinduism and Confucianism. Each religion in this city
6031-765: The Riau-Lingga Sultanate on Lingga Island . In addition, the Netherlands also reduced the territory of Siak, by establishing the Residency of Riouw ( Dutch : Residentie Riouw ) which was part of the Dutch East Indies government based in Tanjung Pinang . British control of the Straits of Malacca, prompted the Sultan of Siak in 1840 to accept the offer of a new treaty to replace the agreement they had made earlier in 1819. This agreement made
6194-634: The South China Sea , and this loyalty continued until the collapse of the Siak Sultanate. By the late 18th century, the Siak Sultanate had become the dominant power on the eastern coast of Sumatra. In 1780, the Siak Sultanate conquered the Sultanate of Langkat , and made the area its protectorate, alongside the Deli and Serdang Sultanates. Under the ties of a cooperation agreement with
6357-739: The Southwest Area Fleet led by a commander-in-chief, who in turn, appointed a superintendent-general or chief civil administrator or Japanese : 総官 , romanized : sōkan for civil government. The sōkan oversaw the Naval Civil Administration Office ( Japanese : 民政府 , romanized : minseifu ) established in Makassar. Japanese held: Native held: Experience of the occupation varied considerably, depending upon location and social position. Many who lived in areas considered important to
6520-420: The spread of Islam occurred through trade, marriage and missionary activities of Muslim clerics. These factors led to the spread and growth of Islamic influence throughout the Malay world. The strong acceptance of Islam by Malay people is the aspect of equality, which contrasted the caste system in Hinduism , where lower class caste people were less than members of a higher castes. The golden age of Islam in
6683-427: The "12 Dokoh". In Java, the Japanese jailed Syarif Abdul Hamid Alqadrie , the son of Sultan Syarif Mohamad Alkadrie (Sjarif Mohamed Alkadri). Since he was in Java during the executions, the future Hamid II was the only male in his family not killed, while the Japanese beheaded all 28 other male relatives of Pontianak Sultan Mohammed Alkadri. Later in 1944, the Dayaks assassinated a Japanese man named Nakatani, who
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6846-461: The "Adipura" ('cleanest city') award in the category of large city for the seventh consecutive time. Pekanbaru is the third most populous city on Sumatra Island after Medan and Palembang , with a population of 983,356 according to the official Census for 2020; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 1,123,348. The city is highly urbanised, drawing many of its people from the neighbouring province of West Sumatra . Since many centuries ago, Pekanbaru
7009-411: The 100,000 European (and some Chinese) civilians interned, 80,000 Dutch, British, Australian, and US Allied troops went to prisoner-of-war camps where the death rates were between 13 and 30 percent. The Indonesian ruling class (composed of local officials and politicians who had formerly worked for the Dutch colonial government) co-operated with the Japanese military authorities, who in turn helped to keep
7172-484: The 15 Americans there and survivor of the sinking of the MS American Leader , noted that malaria , dysentery , pellagra , and malnutrition/ beri-beri were the principal maladies compounded by overwork and mistreatment. The average age at death of the 700 prisoners of war who perished on that railway was 37 years and 3 months. The railway was never fully utilised. Today it remains unused and in an advanced state of decay. After Indonesian independence , Pekanbaru
7335-461: The 16th Army had planned to manage Java as a single entity. However the army had not brought enough administration experts to set up a separate body. A large number of Japanese residents in Java, who could have advised the occupiers, were taken to Australia at the outbreak of war, while a group of civilian administrators were killed in the Battle of the Java Sea. Problems were compounded by the fact that very few Indonesians spoke Japanese. In August 1942,
7498-423: The 1970s. Riau was also the main destination for the transmigration program launched by the Suharto administration. Many families from Java moved to the newly opened oil palm plantations in Riau, forming a separate community. In 1999, Saleh Djasit was elected as the second native Riaunese (besides Arifin Achmad ) and first elected by the Provincial House of Representatives as governor. His administration saw
7661-506: The 19th and early 20th century the city remained important, especially as a major trading point: Siak river navigation conditions provide a stable relationship with shipping from the Malacca Strait. Additionally the city became a major center of the coffee industry and coal industry. The urban influence of the sultans gradually became increasingly nominal, especially after the capital of the Sultanate moved to Sri Indrapura in 1830. Actual management functions were carried out by representatives of
7824-453: The 19th century, the Banjarese of South Kalimantan and the Bugis of South Sulawesi also began arriving in Riau to seek better lives. Most of them settled in the Indragiri Hilir areas, especially around Tembilahan . The opening of Caltex oil mining company in the 1940s in Rumbai , encouraged people from throughout the country to migrate to Riau. There are sizeable Javanese and Sundanese population in Riau Province. Javanese forms
7987-528: The Balinese women. All of the brothels in Bali were staffed by Balinese women. In brothels in Kalimantan, native Indonesian women made up 80% of the prostitutes. Javanese girls and local girls were used in a Japanese brothel in Ambon in Batu Gantung. European Dutch women were overrepresented in documents on Dutch East Indies comfort women which didn't reflect the actual reality because the Dutch did not care about native Indonesian women being victimised by Japan, refusing to prosecute cases against them since Indonesia
8150-416: The Biosphere (UNESCO) in Jeju , South Korea, on 26 May 2009. CB-GSK-BB is one of 22 proposed locations in 17 countries accepted as reserves for the year. A Biosphere Reserve is the only internationally recognised concept of environmental conservation and cultivation. Thus the supervision and development of CB-GSK-BB is a worldwide concern at a regional level. CB-GSK-BB is a unique type of Peat Swamp Forest in
8313-426: The Buddhist community and Kwan Tee Kong Bio (Vihara Satya Dharma) and Vihara Sasana Loka for Confucianist community and Pura Agung Jagatnatha for the Hindu community in Pekanbaru. Indonesian is the official language that is spoken by the citizens of Pekanbaru. For informal use, Pekanbaru people regardless of their ethnicity also generally use Minangkabau language in their economic and daily activities, especially in
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#17327733727568476-412: The Chinese Indonesians who are natives of Pekanbaru itself, are also mostly from the Hainanese dialect group. Moreover, many Chinese Indonesians especially from North Sumatra , particularly from Medan as well as West Sumatra region and to a lesser extent the Riau Islands have internally migrated to Pekanbaru due to opportunities and rapid economical growth in the area since the 1990s and 2000s, in which
8639-445: The Chinese in Montrado and the Mandor rebellion . Until 1942, what is now Indonesia was a colony of the Netherlands and was known as the Dutch East Indies . In 1929, during the Indonesian National Awakening , Indonesian nationalist leaders Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta (later founding president and vice president , respectively), foresaw a Pacific War and that a Japanese advance on the Dutch East Indies might be advantageous for
8802-400: The Dutch East Indies The Japanese Empire occupied the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia ) during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of the war in September 1945. In May 1940, Germany occupied the Netherlands , and martial law was declared in the Dutch East Indies. Following the failure of negotiations between the Dutch authorities and the Japanese, Japanese assets in
8965-496: The Dutch East Indies was still under occupation at the time of Japan's surrender in August 1945. The invasion and occupation was the first serious challenge to Dutch colonial rule and brought about changes so extensive that the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution became possible. Unlike the Dutch, the Japanese facilitated the politicisation of Indonesians down to the village level. The Japanese educated, trained and armed many young Indonesians and gave their nationalist leaders
9128-455: The Dutch colonial administration, i.e., by the post of assistant-resident and controller. During the Second World War from February 1942 to August 1945 the city was occupied by the armed forces of Japan. In an effort to strengthen the military and logistical infrastructure in this part of Sumatra, the Japanese started the construction of a 220-kilometer-long railway, connecting Pekanbaru to the coast of Malacca Straits . The Pekanbaru Railway
9291-419: The Dutch implemented a war of attrition and scorch earth, they forced Chinese on Java to flee inland and the Dutch destroyed all important assets including Chinese factories and property. Local Indonesians joined in on the Dutch violence against the Chinese looting Chinese property and trying to attack Chinese. However, when the Japanese troops landed and seized control of Java from the Dutch, to people's surprise,
9454-429: The Dutch records which stated that in 1783 there were around 171 merchant ships making a voyage from Siak to Malacca. Siak is a trading triangle between the Netherlands in Malacca and the United Kingdom on Penang . But on the other hand, the glory of Siak caused jealousy of the descendants of Yang Dipertuan Muda , especially after the loss of their power in the Riau Islands. The attitude of dislike and hostility towards
9617-425: The Government did not consider the Madjlis Rakyat Indonesia to be representative of the people. Less than four months later, the Japanese had occupied the archipelago. On 8 December 1941, the Dutch government-in-exile declared war on Japan. In January 1942 the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command was formed to co-ordinate Allied forces in Southeast Asia, under the command of General Archibald Wavell . In
9780-421: The Japanese forced the native Indonesians to stop looting and attacking Chinese and warned the Indonesians they would not tolerate anti-Chinese violence in Java. The Japanese viewed the Chinese in Java and their economic power specifically as important and vital to Japanese war effort so they did not physically harm the Chinese of Java with no execution or torture of Chinese taking place unlike in other places. There
9943-404: The Japanese military. Tens of thousands of Indonesians starved, worked as slave labourers, or were forced from their homes. In the National Revolution that followed, tens, even hundreds, of thousands, would die in fighting against the Japanese, Allied forces, and other Indonesians, before independence was achieved. A later United Nations report stated that 4,000,000 people died in Indonesia as
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#173277337275610106-431: The Japanese orchestrated a mass arrest of Malay elites and Arabs, Chinese, Javanese, Manadonese, Dayaks, Bugis, Bataks, Minangkabau, Dutch, Indians, and Eurasians in Kalimantan, including all of the Malay Sultans, accused them of plotting to overthrow Japanese rule, and then massacred them. The Japanese falsely claimed that all of those ethnic groups and organisations such as the Islamic Pemuda Muhammadijah were involved in
10269-409: The Japanese to complete the project. Japan led the construction of the railroad using forced labor and prisoners of war. The construction took 15 months through mountains, swamps and fast-flowing rivers. As many as 6,500 Dutch (mostly Indo-Europeans ) and British prisoners of wars and more than 100,000 romusha Indonesians (mostly Javanese ) were mobilized by the Japanese military. When the project
10432-552: The Javanese comfort girls they were raping as red cross nurses with red cross armbands when they surrendered to Australian soldiers in Kupang, Timor. In addition to disguising the Java girls with Red Cross armbands some Dutch girls were also brought to Kupang and native girls from Kupang were also kidnapped by the Japanese while the native men were forced into hard labour. Indian and Javanese captives in Biak were freed from Japanese control by Allied forces. Only 70,000 Javanese survived out of 260,000 Javanese forced to labour on
10595-454: The Malay community. Most Minangkabau in Riau generally work as merchants and live in urban areas such as Pekanbaru, Bangkinang , Duri, and Dumai . There are many other ethnic groups migrating from other provinces of Indonesia, such as the Batak Mandailing people who mostly lives in areas bordering North Sumatra such as Rokan Hulu . Most of the Mandailing people now identify themselves as Malay rather than as Minangkabau or Batak . In
10758-410: The Malay kingdom center from Johor to Ulu Riau in 1719. This name was used as one of the four main sultanates that formed the kingdoms of Riau, Lingga, Johor and Pahang. However, as the consequences of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 between the Netherlands and United Kingdom, the Johor-Pahang sultanates fell under British influence, while the Riau-Lingga sultanates fell under Dutch influence. Riau
10921-412: The Malay world. His descendants such as Sang Mutiara would become king in Tanjungpura and Sang Nila Utama would become king in Bintan before finally moving to Singapura . Before the arrival of Islam to the archipelago, many parts of the Riau region were under the Srivijaya Empire between the 7th to the 14th century which was greatly influenced by the Hindu-Buddhist tradition. Islam was introduced to
11084-489: The Netherlands East Indies. Many of the women were infected with STDs as a result. Sukarno prostituted Indonesian girls from ethnic groups like Minangkabau to the Japanese. The Japanese destroyed many documents related to their rape of Indonesian Javanese girls at the end of the war so the true extent of the mass rape is uncountable, but testimony witnesses records the names and accounts of Indonesian Javanese comfort women. The Japanese, in one instance, tried to disguise
11247-408: The Netherlands recognising Indonesian sovereignty in December 1949. After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the Nanshin-ron policy came to be advanced with the southern regions as a focus for trade and emigration. During the early Meiji period , Japan derived economic benefits from Japanese emigrants to Southeast Asia, among whom there were prostitutes ( Karayuki-san ) who worked in brothels in
11410-403: The Netherlands. Furthermore, under regional supervision, the Dutch established a military post in Bengkalis and banned the Sultan of Siak from making agreements with foreign parties without the approval of the Dutch East Indies government. Changes in the political map over the control of the Malacca Strait, the internal disputes of Siak and competition with Britain and the Netherlands, weakened
11573-423: The Riouw Residency. But in the midst of this pressure, the Siak Sultanate still remained until Indonesia's independence, even though during the Japanese occupation most of the military power of the Siak Sultanate was no longer significant. At about the same time, the Indragiri Sultanate also began to be influenced by the Dutch, but only came under the control of Batavia in 1938. Dutch control of Siak later became
11736-475: The Siak River in Pekanbaru, the roads in Rumbai and the roads to Dumai , were partially or fully financed by oil companies in the area. Pekanbaru is really close with some of the home of mega-companies, such as PT Riau Andalan Pulp Paper, PT. Indah Kiat, PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia, and PT Perkebunan Nusantara V and some wood-sawmill, CPOs, and rubber-processing companies, and Pekanbaru is often said to be one of
11899-463: The Siak Sultanate also emerged as a key holder of the Minangkabau highland , through three main rivers, of Siak , Kampar , and Kuantan , which had previously been the key to the glory of Malacca. However, the progress of Siak's economy faded caused by the turmoil in the Minangkabau interior known as the Padri War . The expansion of Dutch colonialization into the eastern part of Sumatra caused
12062-471: The Siak Sultanate area smaller and sandwiched it between other small kingdoms which were protected by Britain. Likewise, the Dutch made the sultanate a protectorate of the Dutch East Indies, after forcing the Sultan of Siak to sign an agreement on 1 February 1858. From the agreement, the sultanate lost its sovereignty, then in the appointment of a new sultan, the sultanate must get approval from
12225-605: The Sultan of Pontianak, and many other prominent individuals were named as participants in the plot by the Japanese and then executed at Mandor. The Sultans of Pontianak, Sambas, Ketapang, Soekadana, Simbang, Koeboe, Ngabang, Sanggau, Sekadau, Tajan, Singtan, and Mempawa were all executed by the Japanese, respectively, their names were Sjarif Mohamed Alkadri , Mohamad Ibrahim Tsafidedin , Goesti Saoenan, Tengkoe Idris, Goesti Mesir, Sjarif Saleh, Goesti Abdoel Hamid, Ade Mohamad Arif, Goesti Mohamad Kelip, Goesti Djapar, Raden Abdul Bahri Danoe Perdana, and Mohammed Ahoufiek. They are known as
12388-551: The Sultan of Siak was, seen in the Tuhfat al-Nafis , where in the description of the story they describe the Sultan of Siak as "a person who is greedy for the wealth of the world". The dominance of the Siak Sultanate towards the eastern coast of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula was quite significant. They were able to replace the influence of Johor before on the control of the trade route in the Strait of Malacca. In addition,
12551-646: The VOC, in 1784 the Siak Sultanate helped the VOC attack and subdue the Selangor Sultanate . Previously they had collaborated to quell the Raja Haji Fisabilillah rebellion on Penyengat Island . The Siak Sultanate took advantage of the trade supervision through the Straits of Malacca , as well as the ability to control pirates in the region. The progress of Siak's economy can be seen from
12714-473: The administration was formally separated from the army command. The military government structure consisted of three positions, namely Gunshirekan, Gunseikan, and Gunseibu. The personnel was similar to the structure of 16th Army . The local government structure in Java was as follows: Informal: In Sumatra, the 25th Army had the same structure. The first Gunshirekan was Tomoyuki Yamashita . The division however
12877-484: The anti-Japanese effort. Dutch intelligence services also monitored Japanese living in Indonesia. In November 1941, Madjlis Rakjat Indonesia, an Indonesian organisation of religious, political and trade union groups, submitted a memorandum to the Dutch East Indies Government requesting the mobilisation of the Indonesian people in the face of the war threat. The memorandum was rejected because
13040-772: The archipelago were frozen. The Dutch declared war on Japan following the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor . The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies began on 10 January 1942, and the Imperial Japanese Army overran the entire colony in less than three months. The Dutch surrendered on 8 March. Initially, most Indonesians welcomed the Japanese as liberators from their Dutch colonial masters. The sentiment changed, however, as between 4 and 10 million Indonesians were recruited as forced labourers ( romusha ) on economic development and defense projects in Java . Between 200,000 and 500,000 were sent away from Java to
13203-415: The area that received the least rainfall was Siak Regency . The average air temperature of Riau is 25.9 °C with maximum temperatures reaching 34.4 °C and minimum temperatures reach 20.1 °C. The highest temperature occurs in urban areas on the coast. On the contrary, the lowest temperature covers the high mountains and mountains. Air humidity can reach an average of 75%. Slightly different for
13366-579: The area. The line was then abandoned. At the beginning of Indonesia's independence , the former Riau Residency was merged and incorporated into the Sumatra Province based in Bukittinggi . Along with the crackdown on PRRI sympathizers, Sumatra was divided into three provinces, North Sumatra , Central Sumatra , and South Sumatra . Central Sumatra became a stronghold of the PRRI, this caused
13529-622: The areas influenced by the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia , the central government conducted Operation Tegas to quell the rebellion, under the leadership of Kaharuddin Nasution , who later became governor of the province, succeeded in quelling the remnants of PRRI sympathizers. Afterwards, the central government began to consider moving the provincial capital from Tanjung Pinang to Pekanbaru , which
13692-506: The arrival of the Japanese just about everyone was full of hope, except for those who had worked in the service of the Dutch." Expecting that Dutch administrators would be kept by the Japanese to run the colony, most Dutch had refused to leave. Instead, they were sent to detention camps and Japanese or Indonesian replacements were installed in senior and technical positions. Japanese troops took control of government infrastructure and services such as ports and postal services. In addition to
13855-464: The banks of the Siak River became a market for the Minangkabau merchants. Over time, the area evolved into a crowded residential area. On June 23, 1784, based on the consultative meeting of the Council of Ministers from Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura , consisting of four tribal leaders ( datuk ) of Minangkabau tribes (Pesisir, Lima Puluah, Tanah Datar and Kampar), the area was named Pekanbaru. This date
14018-654: The beginning of the outbreak of the Aceh War . On the coast, the Dutch moved quickly to abolish the sultanates that did not submit to the government in Batavia. The Dutch appointed a resident in Tanjung Pinang to supervise coastal areas, and the Dutch succeeded in toppling the Sultan of Riau-Lingga , Sultan Abdul Rahman Muazzam Syah in February 1911. During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies , Riau
14181-678: The capital Pekanbaru , and many can also found in coastal areas in the east such as Bagansiapiapi , Selatpanjang , Rupat and Bengkalis . Most of the Chinese people in Riau are Hoklo people , whose ancestors migrated from Quanzhou in modern-day Fujian from the early 19th-century to the mid 20th-century. Some of the Riau Chinese has migrated to other parts of Indonesia, such as Medan and Jakarta , to seek better life opportunities, while some have also migrated to other countries such as Singapore and Taiwan . Japanese occupation of
14344-585: The central government to breakup Central Sumatra in order to weaken the PRRI movement, in 1957, based on Emergency Law Number 19 of 1957, Central Sumatra was divided into three provinces, Riau, Jambi and West Sumatra . The newly formed Riau province was composed of the former territory of the Siak Sri Sultanate of Inderapura and the Riau Residency as well as the Kampar. As Riau was one of
14507-479: The churches as brothels. Javanese girls were brought as prostitutes by the Japanese to Flores and Buru. Eurasians, Indians, Chinese, Dutch, Menadonese, Bataks, Bugis, Dayaks, Javanese, Arabs and Malays were arrested and massacred in the Mandor affair. Suharto silenced public discussion in Indonesian on Japanese war crimes in Indonesia in order to stop anti-Japanese sentiment building up but it happened regardless when
14670-459: The cities with the highest money and banking rotation in Indonesia. As Pekanbaru is prominently known as a major gateway for tourists from Singapore and Malaysia, the city has become a favourite stop-over for travellers before they go further inland to other regions of Sumatra Island such as Padang and Jambi. The Pasar Pusat (Central Market) is a food-trip destination and considered a household-goods trove. Pasar Bawah and Pasar Tengah, located near to
14833-524: The death railway between Burma and Thailand. In August 1945 the Japanese were getting ready to execute female European internees by shooting in the Dutch East Indies and their plans were only stopped by the atomic bomb with the plans and list of detainees already written down. Francis Stanley (Frank) Terry, an Australian sailor on a naval vessel participated in the repatriation of Indonesian Javanese comfort women from islands across Indonesia back to their home. The Dutch royal family and government seized
14996-456: The dialect groups of these internal migrants are from the Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese and Hakka subgroups. The city is divided into fifteen administrative districts , formerly twelve ( Indonesian : kecamatan ), tabulated below with their areas since the 2021 re-organisation, and their populations at the 2020 Census and according to the official estimates for mid 2023. The table also includes
15159-549: The entire Malay Peninsula , Riau Islands , Bintan , Lingga , Jambi , Bengkalis , Siak , Rokan , Indragiri , Kampar , and Kuantan . Malacca is considered a catalyst in the expansion of Islam into other areas such as Palembang , Sumatra , Patani in southern Thailand , North Kalimantan , Brunei and Mindanao . According to the journals of the Portuguese explorer Tomé Pires between 1513 and 1515, Siak controlled an area that lies between Arcat and Indragiri . It
15322-816: The existence of prehistoric settlement in Riau. Earlier settlement was assumed to be possible in the area since the discovery of the Muara Takus Temple in Kampar in 1860. The Malay kingdoms in Riau were at first based on the Buddhist Srivijaya Empire. This is evidenced by the Muara Takus Temple which was thought to be the center of the Srivijaya government in Riau. Its architecturally resembles temples that can be found in India. In addition, French historian George Cœdès also discovered
15485-575: The fighting. The Japanese then arrested Zainal and 22 others for execution. Supriyadi lead a Peta mutiny against the Japanese in February 1945. Next to Sutan Sjahrir who led the student (Pemuda) underground, the only prominent opposition politician was leftist Amir Sjarifuddin who was given 25,000 guilders by the Dutch in early 1942 to organize an underground resistance through his Marxist and nationalist connections. The Japanese arrested Amir in 1943, and he only escaped execution following intervention from Sukarno, whose popularity in Indonesia and hence
15648-435: The five Riau Islands administrations were split off from Riau Province to form a separate Riau Islands Province. Subsequently on 19 December 2008 a new Meranti Islands Regency was cut off the remaining Bengkalis Regency. Riau Province is thus subdivided into ten regencies ( kabupaten ) and two autonomous cities ( kota ), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 and 2020 Censuses, and according to
15811-734: The housing project along the road has been tremendously established and now becoming one of the most populous area in Pekanbaru even though it is located far from downtown. Favorably, there are several landmarks that have been built in this city. For example, The Great Mosque of An-nur, Mesjid Raya Pekanbaru, Pasar Bawah or Tourist Market , Riau Bank Tower, Riau Government Office Tower, Siak IV Bridge, Zapin Dance Monument and there are many more to come. There are several modes of transportation in Pekanbaru such as taxi, bus, oplet (share taxi), bajaj (auto rickshaw), ojek (motorcycle taxi) and Trans Metro Pekanbaru ( bus rapid transit ). However, due to
15974-464: The importance to the war effort was recognized by the Japanese. Apart from Amir's Surabaya-based group, the active pro-Allied activities were among the Chinese, Ambonese , and Manadonese . In September 1943 at Amuntai in south Kalimantan there was an attempt to establish an Islamic state, but this was soundly defeated. In the 1943–1944 Pontianak incidents (also known as the Mandor Affair),
16137-552: The independence cause. The Japanese spread the word that they were the "Light of Asia". Japan was the only Asian nation that had successfully transformed itself into a modern technological society at the end of the 19th century, and it remained independent when most Asian countries had been under European or American power, and had beaten a European power, Russia, in war. Following its military campaign in China , Japan turned its attention to Southeast Asia , advocating to other Asians
16300-496: The independent city of Pekanbaru . On 14 June 1965 the Indragiri Regency was divided into an Indragiri Hilir Regency and an Indragiri Hulu Regency . On 4 October 1999 four of these regencies were divided up in a wholesale reorganisation: Bengkalis Regency was split up into Rokan Hilir Regency , Siak Regency and a new city of Dumai , as well as a smaller Bengkalis Regency; a new Kuantan Singingi Regency
16463-481: The influence of the Siak Sultanate over the territories it had once conquered. A tug of war between the interests of foreign forces caused the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870–71 between the British and the Dutch, put Siak in a weak bargaining position. Then based on the agreement on 26 July 1873, the Dutch East Indies government forced the Sultan of Siak to hand over the Bengkalis area to
16626-862: The influence of the Siak Sultanate to wane, leading to the independence of the Deli Sultanate, the Asahan Sultanate , the Langkat Sultanate, and the Inderagiri Sultanate. Likewise in Johor , where a sultan of the descendants of Tumenggung Johor was crowned, under British protection in Singapore. While the Dutch restored the position of the Yang Dipertuan Muda on Penyengat Island , and later established
16789-831: The internment camps or in wartime society, agreed to offers of work, the nature of which was frequently not explicitly stated. The Japanese brought Indonesian Javanese girls to British Borneo as comfort women to be raped by Japanese officers at the Ridge road school and Basel Mission Church, and the Telecommunication Center Station (former rectory of the All Saints Church) in Kota Kinabalu as well as ones in Balikpapan and Beaufort. Japanese soldiers raped Indonesian women and Dutch women in
16952-703: The island region in the eastern region is also influenced by the characteristics of the sea climate. As in most other province of Indonesia, Riau has a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen climate classification Af ) bordering on a tropical monsoon climate. The climate is very much dictated by the surrounding sea and the prevailing wind system. It has high average temperature and high average rainfall. Forest cover in Riau has declined from 78% in 1982 to only 33% in 2005. This has been further reduced an average of 160,000 hectares on average per year, leaving 22%, or 2.45 million hectares left as of 2009. Fires associated with deforestation have contributed to serious haze over
17115-616: The largest ethnic group with a composition of 45% of the entire population of the province. They generally come from coastal areas in Rokan Hilir , Dumai , Bengkalis , Pulau Meranti , up to Pelalawan , Siak , Inderagiri Hulu and Inderagiri Hilir . Riau was once the seat of great Malay sultanates, such as the Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura , the Pelalawan Sultanate and the Indragiri Sultanate. There
17278-655: The local political elites in power and employ them to supply newly arrived Japanese industrial concerns and businesses and the armed forces (chiefly auxiliary military and police units run by the Japanese military in the Dutch East Indies). Indonesian co-operation allowed the Japanese military government to focus on securing the large archipelago's waterways and skies and using its islands as defense posts against any Allied attacks (which were assumed to most likely come from Australia). The Japanese divided Indonesia into three separate regions; Sumatra (along with Malaya )
17441-716: The locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (all classed as urban kelurahan ), and its post codes. Notes: (a) The former districts of Tampan (59.81 km) and Payung Sekaki (43.24 km) have been re-organised into these three districts since 2020, when they had 203,238 and 96,296 inhabitants respectively. (b) The former district of Tenayan Raya (171.27 km, with 154,261 inhabitants in 2020, has been split into two new districts. (c) The former districts of Rumbai (128.85 km) and Rumbai Pesisir (157.33 km) have been re-organised into these three districts since 2020, when they had 78,185 and 70,488 inhabitants respectively. Pekanbaru has
17604-642: The market area. In addition the local Riau Malay language and Javanese are also widely spoken because of the large population of Malays and Javanese in Pekanbaru. Hainanese as well as Riau Hokkien is mainly spoken by the Tionghoa community as most of the Chinese Indonesians in Pekanbaru belong to the Hainanese and Hoklo dialect groups. In fact, a minority of Chinese Indonesians in Pekanbaru also come from other regions in (mainland) Riau such as Selat Panjang , Bengkalis and Siak , along with
17767-510: The money from Japanese comfort women prostitution in the Dutch East Indies territory for itself instead of compensating the women. The Japanese forced Javanese women to work in brothels and Javanese men to become forced labour at airstrips in Labuan, Borneo. The Javanese men were worked to starvation, resembling skeletons, barely able to move and were sick with beri beri by the time they were freed in June 1945 by Australians. The Japanese reserved
17930-417: The month when Muhammad was born they would gain divine protection when he gave a sign. In February 1943, Japanese Kempeitai caught wind of what was happening and came to the area but the roads were blocked to stop them. The Indonesian villagers and students began to fight the Japanese and seized the sabre of the Japanese chief to kill him. More Japanese arrived and 86 Japanese and 153 Indonesian villagers died in
18093-758: The movie Romusha came out in 1973 and the Peristiwa Malari (Malari affair) riots broke out in Indonesia in 1974 against Japan. Suharto also sought to silence discussion on Japanese war crimes due to Indonesia's own war crimes in East Timor after 1975, but Indonesians started talking about Indonesian comfort women in the 1990s following the example of Korea. Mardyiem, a Javanese Indonesian comfort woman talked about what happened to her after Indonesian comfort women were interviewed by Japanese lawyers, after decades of being forced to stay silent. Three major revolts happened against Japan by Indonesians in Java. Japanese forced Indonesians of West Java in Cirebon to hand over
18256-486: The name of this province. First, from the Portuguese word, " rio " which means river. In 1514, there was a Portuguese military expedition that traced the Siak River , in order to find the location of a kingdom they believed existed in the area, and at the same time to pursue followers of Sultan Mahmud Shah who fled after the fall of the Malacca Sultanate . The second version claims that riau comes from
18419-578: The official estimates as at mid 2023. The province comprises two of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council . The Riau I Electoral District consists of 5 of the regencies in the province (Siak, Bengkalis, Meranti Islands, Rokan Hilir and Rokan Hulu), together with the cities of Pekanbaru and Dumai, and elects 7 members to the People's Representative Council. The Riau II Electoral District consists of
18582-463: The outer islands, and as far as Burma and Siam . Of those taken off Java, not more than 70,000 survived the war. Four million people died in the Dutch East Indies as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation, including 30,000 European civilian internee deaths. In 1944–1945, Allied troops largely bypassed the Dutch East Indies and did not fight their way into the most populous parts such as Java and Sumatra . As such, most of
18745-680: The past, there were ferry services travelling from this port directly to Malacca in Malaysia, but the service was discontinued as several ferry companies decided to move their operations to Tanjung Buton. Sultan Syarif Kasim II International Airport serves flights in Pekanbaru from/and to several cities in Indonesia such as Batam , Medan , Bandung , Jakarta , Yogyakarta , Surabaya , and others, and international flights to several countries such as Malaysia , Singapore , Saudi Arabia , and Sri Lanka . Several prominent domestic airlines serve
18908-411: The popular local television stations in Pekanbaru. Several local newspapers operating in Pekanbaru, such as Riau Pos , Haluan Riau , Tribun Pekanbaru , Pekanbaru Pos , Metro Riau , Pekanbaru MX and Koran Riau . Riau Riau ( Jawi : رياو ) is a province of Indonesia . It is located on the central eastern coast of the island of Sumatra , and extends from the eastern slopes of
19071-456: The population, other major ethnic groups include Javanese , Minangkabau , Batak , and Chinese . The local Riau dialect of Malay language is considered as the lingua franca in the province, but Indonesian , the standardized form of Malay is used as the official language and also as the second language of many people. Other than that, different languages such as Minangkabau , Hokkien and varieties of Batak languages are also spoken. Riau
19234-485: The port and Siak riverbank, are especially known for the marketplace for buying and selling of Chinese goods like ceramics and carpets. Around 127,000 foreign tourists arrived in Pekanbaru through its airport during 2018. On the other hand, there are many developments of shopping malls. Additionally, there are a lot of housing areas have been developed since the 2000s surrounding the city, particularly in Panam area whereby
19397-601: The province and cities to the East, such as Singapore and Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Giam Siak Kecil – Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve , Indonesia, is a peatland area in Sumatra featuring sustainable timber production and two wildlife reserves, which are home to the Sumatran tiger , Sumatran elephant , Malayan tapir , and Malayan sun bear . Research activities in the biosphere include the monitoring of flagship species and in-depth study on peatland ecology. Initial studies indicate
19560-518: The province covered with lowlands. Off the eastern coast lies the Strait of Malacca where several island lies. In general, Riau Province has a wet tropical climate that is influenced by two seasons, namely the rainy and dry seasons. The average rainfall received by Riau Province is between 2,000 – 3,000 mm / year with an average annual rainfall of 160 days. The areas that received the most rain were Rokan Hulu Regency and Pekanbaru City. Meanwhile,
19723-462: The rapidly increasing number of motorised vehicles, the traffic congestion that occurs on some roads such as Jalan Sudirman , Jalan Riau and Jalan HR. Subrantas that mainly connect populous sub-districts in the city cannot be avoided any more particularly during weekends and holidays. These problems initiated the government of Pekanbaru to come up with plans to solve these matters, especially within 10 to 15 years ahead. For land transport, Pekanbaru
19886-534: The region was when Malacca became an Islamic sultanate. Many elements of Islamic law, including political and administrative sciences were incorporated into Malacca law, especially the Udang-Undang Melaka (Law of Melaka). The ruler of Malacca received the title ' Sultan ' and was responsible for Islam in his kingdom. In the 15th century, Islam spread and developed throughout the Melaka region including
20049-701: The region when the Maharaja of Srivijaya sent a letter to Caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz of the Umayyad Caliphate in Egypt containing a request to send a messenger to introduce Islamic law to him. In the 12th century, the entry of Islam into the archipelago was carried through the Samudera Pasai Sultanate in Aceh which was the first Islamic sultanate in the archipelago. The process of
20212-401: The remaining 5 regencies (Kuantan Singingi, Indragiri Hulu, Indragiri Hilir, Pelalawan and Kampar), and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council. The total population of Riau spread over ten regencies and two cities as at mid 2023 reached 6,642,874 people consisting of 3,396,387 males and 3,246,487 females. Based on the population per regency/city in 2022, the largest population
20375-414: The route from/and to Pekanbaru such as Citilink , Garuda Indonesia , Lion Air , Batik Air , Indonesia Air Asia , Susi Air , Super Air Jet and Wings Air . International flights are presently provided by AirAsia , Jetstar Asia Airways , Malindo Air , Scoot and Batik Air Malaysia In 2012, the new terminal was opened, replacing the old terminal that had been used since the 1980s. The old terminal
20538-619: The rule of Sultan Yahya officially established Senapelan on the 21st of Rajab, Tuesday, in the year 1204 H, corresponding to the 23rd of June 1784 AD, which was later set as the day of Pekanbaru City. Senapelan was later more commonly known as Pekanbaru. On 14 December 1745, the Siak region was ceded by the Sultan of Johor Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah from the Johor Sultanate to the Dutch East India Company (VOC) under
20701-581: The second-largest ethnic group in the province, forming 25.05% of the total population. Most of them migrated to Riau due to the transmigration program dating from the Dutch East Indies and continued during the Soeharto administration . The majority of them lives in transmigration communities spread throughout the region. Likewise, the Chinese people are generally similar to the Minangkabau as many of them also work as merchants. Many Riau Chinese lives in
20864-479: The separation of the Riau Archipelago to become Riau Islands Province in 2002, leaving Riau with just the mainland territories. In 2003, former Regent of Indragiri Hilir , Rusli Zainal , was elected governor, and was re-elected through direct elections by the people in 2008. Starting on 19 February 2014, Riau Province was officially led by the governor, Annas Maamun , leading for 7 months, Annas Maamun
21027-463: The similarity of the Srivijaya governmental structure and the Malay sultanates of the 15th century. The earliest text that deals with the Malay world is Sulalatus Salatin ( Malay Annals ) by Tun Sri Lanang , in 1612. According to the annals, Bukit Seguntang in modern-day Palembang in South Sumatra is where Sang Sapurba came to the world and his descendants would scatter throughout
21190-502: The south, West Sumatra to the west and the Riau Islands in the east. The province shares maritime borders with Singapore and Malaysia . In general, the geography of Riau consists of mountains, lowlands, and islands. The mountain area lies in the western part, namely the Bukit Barisan Mountains, near the border of West Sumatra. The elevation decreases towards the east, making most of the central and eastern part of
21353-531: The sugar trade. The Japanese population in Indonesia peaked in 1931 with 6,949 residents before starting a gradual decrease, largely as a result of economic tensions between Japan and the Netherlands Indies government. Many Japanese had been sent by their government to establish links with Indonesian nationalists, particularly with Muslim parties, while Indonesian nationalists were sponsored to visit Japan. Such encouragement of Indonesian nationalism
21516-614: The terminal using shuttle buses until the aerobridge can be used. Pekanbaru's airport is also utilized separately as the airbase of the TNI-AU (Indonesian Air Force) and home base of the 12th Squadron, a shelter to some Hawk Mk.109s and Mk.209s. The airbase is named after the former head of Indonesian Air Force, Roesmin Nurjadin and formally called as Pangkalan Udara Roesmin Nurjadin or Roesmin Nurjadin Airbase . Pekanbaru has
21679-543: The terms of a treaty in return for Dutch help against the enemies of Johor. Siak was put under Dutch administration. The Sultan moved residence to a palace in Senapelan built in 1760. The origin of Pekanbaru was inseparable from the existence of the Siak River as a distributing route for commodities from the Minangkabau Highlands to the Strait of Malacca . During the 18th century, the Senapelan region on
21842-549: The title Yang Dipertuan Besar Johor . But in 1722, a rebellion led by Raja Sulaiman, the son of the former Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah IV , demanded the right to the throne of Johor. With the help of Bugis mercenaries, Raja Sulaiman then succeeded in seizing the throne of Johor, and established himself as the ruler of Johor in Peninsular Malaysia , crowning himself as Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah of Johor , while Raja Kecil moved to Bintan and in 1723 established
22005-487: The war effort experienced torture, sex slavery, arbitrary arrest and execution, and other war crimes. Many thousands of people were taken away from Indonesia as forced labourers ( romusha ) for Japanese military projects, including the Burma-Siam and Saketi-Bayah railways , and suffered or died as a result of ill-treatment and starvation. Between 200,000 and 500,000 romusha recruited from Java were forced to work by
22168-641: The war. It was only after the war ended when Japanese control fell and then the native Indonesians again started attacks against the Chinese of Java when the Japanese were unable to protect them. In Java, the Japanese heavily recruited Javanese girls as comfort women and brought them to New Guinea, Malaysia, Thailand and other areas foreign to Indonesia besides using them in Java itself. The Japanese brought Javanese women as comfort women to Buru island, and Kalimantan. The Japanese recruited help from local collaborator police of all ethnicities to recruit Javanese girls, with one account accusing Chinese recruiters of tricking
22331-726: The way for a new Dayak elite to arise in its place. According to Mary F. Somers Heidhues, during May and June 1945, some Japanese were killed in a rebellion by the Dayaks in Sanggau . According to Jamie S. Davidson, this rebellion, during which many Dayaks and Japanese were killed, occurred from April through August 1945, and was called the "Majang Desa War" . The Pontianak Incidents , or Affairs, are divided into two Pontianak incidents by scholars, variously categorised according to mass killings and arrests, which occurred in several stages on different dates. The Pontianak incident negatively impacted
22494-401: The weeks leading up to the invasion, senior Dutch government officials went into exile, taking political prisoners, family, and personal staff to Australia. Before the arrival of Japanese troops, there were conflicts between rival Indonesian groups where people were killed, vanished or went into hiding. Chinese- and Dutch-owned properties were ransacked and destroyed. The invasion in early 1942
22657-502: The word riahi which means sea water. The word is allegedly derived from the figure of Sinbad al-Bahar in the book of the One Thousand and One Nights . Another version is that riau is derived from the Malay word riuh, which means "crowded, frenzied working people". This word is believed used to reflect the nature of the Malay people in present-day Bintan . The name is likely to have become famous since Raja Kecil moved
22820-447: The year with no real dry season. The month with most precipitation is November with precipitation total 312 millimetres (12.3 in), while the least precipitation is July with precipitation total 123 millimetres (4.8 in). After oil was discovered in the region in the 1930s, Pekanbaru's economy has depended heavily on oil revenues which caused the city to have the highest per capita income in Indonesia. Most of Indonesia's petroleum
22983-555: Was 1,123,348 (comprising 564,628 males and 558,720 females). It is located on the banks of the Siak River , which flows into the Strait of Malacca , Pekanbaru has direct access to the busy strait and has long been known as a trading port. A settlement has existed on the site since the 17th century. In the late 19th century, the city was developed to serve the coffee and coal industries, and the Dutch built roads to help ship goods to Singapore and Malacca . This city has an airport called Sultan Syarif Kasim II International Airport , and
23146-599: Was a port city under a Minangkabau king, but became a Malacca vassal before being conquered by the Portuguese . Since the fall of Malacca to the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the Johor Sultanate claimed Siak as part of its sovereign territory. This continued until the arrival of Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah or Raja Kecil who later founded the Siak Sultanate . In the Syair Perang Siak , it
23309-400: Was as follows: Held by Japanese: Held by Native Indonesians In the region controlled by the navy, the plan was to turn to area into a permanent colony administered by civilian Japanese bureaucrats, but still subordinate to the navy. Therefore, the IJN brought administrators with them. Initially the military administration of Minami Borneo or the Dutch Borneo fell under the jurisdiction of
23472-421: Was completed in August 1945, almost one third of European prisoners of war and more than half of Indonesian workers died. The railroad was intended as a medium for transporting coal and soldiers from Pekanbaru to Muaro Sijunjung on the west of Sumatra. Construction of the railroad was completed on 15 August 1945, before the Japanese surrendered . The railroad was used only once to transport prisoners of war out of
23635-404: Was constructed under harsh conditions using forced labour. 6,500 Dutch, mostly Indo-Europeans , and British prisoners of war and over 100,000 Indonesian, mostly Javanese, forced workers called Romusha were put to work by the Japanese army. By the time the work was completed in August 1945 almost a third of the European POWs and over half of the Indonesian coolies had died. George Duffy, one of
23798-414: Was cut out of the Indragiri Hulu Regency, while Rokan Hulu Regency and Pelalawan Regency were cut out of Kampar Regency. Finally, on the same date, the Bintan Regency was split, with a new city of Batam and new regencies of Karimun and Natuna being split off; a further city of Tanjung Pinang was cut out of the residual part of Bintan Regency on 21 June 2001; however on 24 September 2002
23961-424: Was held in Riau Province. Since then, many sport facilities have been built in Pekanbaru because this city was the home for many sports venues used these multi-national events, such as the prominent Riau Main Stadium . Unfortunately, many sports facilities that have been developed before the 2012 Pekan Olahraga Nasional are not being managed and taken care of properly. An example would be the Riau Main Stadium, which
24124-564: Was in Pekanbaru City with 506,231 male population and 501,309 female, while the smallest population was in the Kepulauan Meranti Regency where about 110,100 people were male and 103,400 were female. Overall males constituted 51.13% of the population and females 48.87% in 2023. Ethnic Groups in Riau (census 2010) Riau is considered a very ethnically diverse province. As of 2010, the ethnic groups in Riau consist of Malays (43%), Javanese (25%), Minangkabau (8%), Batak (12%), Banjar (4%), Chinese (2%), and Bugis (2%). The Malays are
24287-478: Was initially greeted with optimistic enthusiasm by Indonesians who came to meet the Japanese army waving flags and shouting support such as "Japan is our older brother" and " banzai Dai Nippon ". As the Japanese advanced, rebellious Indonesians in virtually every part of the archipelago killed groups of Europeans (particularly the Dutch) and informed the Japanese reliably on the whereabouts of larger groups. As famed Indonesian writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer noted: "With
24450-409: Was involved in the incident and who was known for his cruelty. Sultan of Pontianak Mohamed Alkadri's fourth son, Pengeran Agoen (Pangeran Agung), and another son, Pengeran Adipati (Pangeran Adipati), were both killed by the Japanese in the incident. The Japanese had beheaded both Pangeran Adipati and Pangeran Agung, in a public execution. The Japanese extermination of the Malay elite of Pontianak paved
24613-426: Was later celebrated as the anniversary of this city. At Senapelan Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah Alamudin unsuccessfully tried to organize a major regional fair but in the early 1780s his son Sultan Muhammad Ali managed to establish the grand fair. Following the collapse of the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC), all company ownership of Pekanbaru was transferred to the Dutch crown. During the colonial Dutch East Indies era in
24776-414: Was mentioned that Sultan Abdul Jalil was his brother who was sent for business affairs with the VOC. Sultan Abdul Jalil then wrote a letter addressed to the Dutch, calling himself the Raja Kecil of Pagaruyung , that he would take revenge for the death of the Sultan of Johor . In 1718, Raja Kecil succeeded in conquering the Johor Sultanate, at the same time crowning himself as the Sultan of Johor with
24939-463: Was never used again after the event until today due to financial disputes between the local government and the contractors of the stadium. Several golf courses can be found in Pekanbaru, such as Pekanbaru Golf Course Country Club at Kubang Kulim, Simpang Tiga Golf Course at AURI Complex, Rumbai Golf Course at IKSORA Rumbai Complex and Labersa Golf Course at Labersa Hotel and Convention Center. The TVRI Riau (state-owned) and Riau TV (private) are some of
25102-492: Was no violent confrontation between Japanese and Chinese on Java, unlike in British Malaya. The Japanese also allowed Chinese of Java in the Federation of Overseas-Chinese Associations (Hua Chiao Tsung Hui) to form the Keibotai, their own armed Chinese defence corps for protection with Japanese military instructors training them how to shoot and use spears. The Chinese viewed this as important to defending themselves from local Indonesians. The majority of Chinese of Java did not die in
25265-645: Was not a UN member at the time. Javanese comfort women who were taken by Japanese to islands outside Java were treated differently depending on whether they stayed on those islands or returned to Java. Since Javanese society was sexually permissive and they kept it secret from other Javanese, the Javanese women who returned to Java fared better, but the Javanese women who stayed on the islands like Buru were treated harsher by their hosts since they locals in Buru were more patriarchal. The Japanese murdered Christians and forced girls into prostitution in Timor and Sumba, desecrating sacred vessels and vestments in churches and using
25428-410: Was one of the primary strategic targets. The Japanese army occupied Rengat on 31 March 1942. All of Riau was quickly occupied by the Japanese. A relic of the Japanese occupation is the 220 km railway line that connects Muaro Sijunjung in West Sumatra and Pekanbaru , also known as the Pekanbaru Death Railway which is now abandoned. Hundreds of thousands of Riau people were forced to work by
25591-423: Was organized as an administrative city in 1956, and was selected to be the capital of the newly formed Riau province in 1959. Since 1946, Pekanbaru has been governed by at least 15 mayors. The first mayor to rule this city was Datuk Wan Abdul Rahman who was elected on 17 May 1946. Currently, the Mayor of Pekanbaru is Zulham Hakim. Pekanbaru is one of the cleanest big cities in Indonesia. In 2011, Pekanbaru received
25754-483: Was originally named Minas No. 1. Minas is famous for its Sumatra Light Crude (SLC) oil which is good quality as it has low sulfur content. In the early 1950s, new oil wells were found in Minas, Duri, Bengkalis, Pantaicermin, and Petapahan. Petroleum extraction in Riau began in the Siak Block in September 1963, with the signing of a work contract with PT California Texas Indonesia (now Chevron Pacific Indonesia). This province contributed 70% of Indonesia's oil production in
25917-412: Was part of a broader Japanese plan for an "Asia for the Asians". While most Indonesians were hopeful for the Japanese promise of an end to the Dutch racially based system, Chinese Indonesians, who enjoyed a privileged position under Dutch rule, were less optimistic. Japanese aggression in Manchuria and China in the late 1930s caused anxiety amongst the Chinese in Indonesia who set up funds to support
26080-420: Was placed under the 25th Army , Java and Madura were under the 16th Army , while Borneo and eastern Indonesia were controlled by the 2nd South Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) based in Makassar . The 16th Army was headquartered in Jakarta and the 25th Army was based in Singapore until April 1943, when its command was narrowed to just Sumatra and the headquarters moved to Bukittinggi . In Java,
26243-418: Was removed after he was arrested by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) in a case of land use change in Kuantan Singingi Regency . Geographically, Riau is located at position 02 ° 25 'LU-01 ° 15 ° LS and 100 ° 03'-104 ° 00' BT. The area is quite extensive and is located in the central part of Sumatra . Riau is directly adjacent to North Sumatra and the Straits of Malacca in the north, Jambi to
26406-462: Was repeatedly raped for 2 months by Japanese soldiers along with other Indonesian girls in West Java. She did not tell her parents what the Japanese did to her when she managed to flee. The Japanese killed four million Indonesians. After the defeat of Japan, the Dutch generally did not care about Japanese rape of non-white, native Indonesian Muslim girls and most of the time they only charged Japanese war criminals for rape of white Dutch women. As
26569-403: Was swift and complete. By January 1942, parts of Sulawesi and Kalimantan were under Japanese control. By February, the Japanese had landed on Sumatra where they had encouraged the Acehnese to rebel against the Dutch. On 19 February, having already taken Ambon , the Japanese Eastern Task Force landed in Timor , dropping a special parachute unit into West Timor near Kupang , and landing in
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