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34-558: The Dutch name of the city is ' Pacalongan '. The coastal area around Pekalongan was part of the ancient Holing ( Kalingga ) kingdom. The 7th century Sojomerto inscription , discovered in neighboring Batang Regency , Central Java, is linked with Kalingga as well as the ancestor of the Sailendras . The exact location of the Kalingga capital is unclear. It has been suggested that it was somewhere between Pekalongan and Jepara; however it

68-480: A tropical rainforest climate (Af) with moderate rainfall from June to October and heavy to very heavy rainfall from November to May. Pekalongan city is divided into four districts , listed below with their areas and their populations as of 2010 and 2020 Censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan ) in each district, and their post codes. Note: (a) except

102-759: A basis for further analysis about history of Islam in Minangkabau conference in 2011 and earlier conference about History of Islam in Indonesia in 1963, which researches suggested that the earliest contact of Nusantara civilizations with Islam were occurred in 7th AD century between Arabian peoples with southeast Asia, contrary to most popular belief that Islam were brought to Nusantara, particularly Java island, by Indian merchants and preachers. According to Indonesian historians seminar which organized by Aceh provincial government , and Hamka , queen Shima has managed to establish contact with Mu'awiya I ibn Abi Sufyan

136-541: A book composed in later period, Shima's great-grandson is Sanjaya , who is the king of Sunda Kingdom and Galuh Kingdom , and also the founder of Mataram Kingdom . Between 742 and 755, the kingdom had moved further east from the Dieng Plateau, presumably in response to the expansion of the Buddhist Sailendra dynasty. The oldest inscriptions from Central Java suggest that in the 7th century,

170-505: A fierce battle on December 21, 1945. Most leaders of this movement were arrested and thrown into the prisons. This rebellion is known as the Three Regions Affair . Pekalongan city extends between 6º50’42"–6º55’44" South latitude and 109º37’55"–109º42’19" East longitude. The farthest distance from north to south is ± 9 km, and west to east is ± 7 km. The administrative borders of Pekalongan city are: Pekalongan has

204-481: A part of the empire of the Sultanate of Mataram through treaties and marriage alliances by the early 17th century. The area was on the geographic periphery of the empire, which was based in interior central Java . However, it was a wealthy area, and by the end of the 17th century, the substantial money and produce it sent to the center made it a key part of Mataram's realm. The area went into economic decline during

238-761: A record of Pekalongan, then known to Chinese merchants as "Pukalong". It was then a seaport of Java (then known as Dvapa). The king of Java lived at Pukalong - he knotted his hair at the back of his head, while his people had short hair and wrapped their body with colorfully woven cloth. A Chinese merchant ship set sail from Canton during November, and with the aid of fair winds sailed nonstop day and night, arriving at Pukalong after about one month. The people made wine from coconuts, and produced delicious red and white cane sugar. The kingdom made coins out of bronze and copper, with 60 copper coins exchanged for one tael of gold. Local produce included pepper , clove , sandalwood , eaglewood and white round cardamom . Pekalongan became

272-453: Is a tropical climate sub-type usually found within 10 to 15 degrees latitude of the equator . There are some other areas at higher latitudes, such as the coast of southeast Florida, United States, and Okinawa, Japan that fall into the tropical rainforest climate category. They experience high mean annual temperatures, small temperature ranges, and rain that falls throughout the year. Regions with this climate are typically designated Af by

306-492: Is high throughout the months. One day in a tropical rainforest climate can be very similar to the next, while the change in temperature between day and night may be larger than the average change in temperature during the year. When tropical rainforest climates are more dominated by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) than the trade winds (and with no or rare cyclones), so usually located near

340-471: Is most likely that it was located in Pekalongan, rather than Jepara, since there is similarity of names between Kalingga and Pekalongan. The name probably slightly shifted over centuries, from Kalingga, Kaling, Kalong, and later added with pe- -an circumfix forming "Pekalongan". The history of Pekalongan dates back to the early 12th century. A book written in 1178 by a Song dynasty official already had

374-713: Is produced both by hand in small-scale businesses, and is printed in larger factories. A mainstay of the economy, the industry collapsed during Indonesia's economic crisis in 1998, but it has partially recovered since. Pekalongan has many business and industries, such as : Kalingga Heling ( Javanese : Karajan Heling ; Chinese : 訶陵 ; pinyin : Hēlíng ; Middle Chinese : [hɑ.lɨŋ]) or She-po or She-bo ( Chinese : 闍婆 ; pinyin : Shépó ; Middle Chinese : [d͡ʑia.buɑ]) in Chinese sources, or Ho-ling in Arabic scriptures of Umayyad Caliphate era;

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408-471: Is unknown. Based on Chinese reports, it is thought to have been somewher along the north coast of Central Java, possibly between present-day Pekalongan or Jepara . A place named Keling subdistrict is found in northern coast of Jepara Regency . however some archaeological findings near Pekalongan and Batang regency shows that Pekalongan was an ancient port, suggests that Pekalongan might be an altered name of Pe-Kaling-an. According to Carita Parahyangan ,

442-578: Is written in Pallava script in Sanskrit tells about a clear spring water that is so sacred that adored as the analogue of holy Ganges 's source in India. The inscription also bears Hindu signs and imageries, such as trisula , kamandalu (water jar), parashu (axe), kalacengkha (shell), chakra and padma (red lotus), those are symbols of Hindu gods . Another inscription dated from around

476-604: The Dieng Plateau . According to a legendary account in the New Book of Tang , in 674 the kingdom was ruled by Queen Shima , famous for her fair yet harsh rule. According to tradition, one day a foreign king placed a bag filled with gold at the intersection in Heling to test the fame truthfulness and honesty of the Heling people. Nobody dared to touch the bag that did not belong to them until 3 years later when Shima's son,

510-542: The Great Depression of the 1930s, but sugar remains a key export of the area in independent Indonesia. On October 8, 1945, an anti "Swapraja"/anti feudalism movement called Three Regions Movement/"Gerakan Tiga Daerah" was established in Tegal, Pekalongan, and Brebes. The goal of this movement was to replace the blue blood regents (related to the kings from Jogyakarta and Surakarta) with ordinary people. According to

544-458: The Köppen climate classification . A tropical rainforest climate is typically hot, very humid, and wet with no dry season . Tropical rainforests have a type of tropical climate (at least 18 C or 64.4 F in their coldest month) in which there is no dry season —all months have an average precipitation value of at least 60 mm (2.4 in). There are no distinct wet or dry seasons as rainfall

578-649: The Shaiva form of Hinduism flourished on the northern coast, the region now associated with the Heling Kingdom. Some of the oldest Javanese candis can also be found in the mountainous surrounding areas of northern Central Java, such as the Hindu temples of Dieng Plateau and the Gedong Songo temples, but they were probably built in a later period, during the early Mataram Kingdom. Historians suggest that there

612-501: The 18th century, and the Dutch East India Company began to gain substantial influence over the area's political and economic life. The Dutch built a fort in the city in 1753; this fort still stands. From the 1830s, the Pekalongan area became a major producer of sugar . Sugarcane had been grown in the area since the early 12th century, as recorded in Chinese history books, but production expanded substantially during

646-550: The Mu'awiyah possession of as many as around 5,000 ships in 655, were the reason why the caliphate envoys manage to safely reach Heling during queen Shima reign, despite the length of distance between two nations. Azyumardi Azra , an Indonesian culture expert, accepted this Arab theory regarding the earliest contact of Islam in Java, although he also noted that the spread of Islam during queen Shima and Mu'awiyah era were not as vigorous as

680-420: The crown prince, accidentally touched the bag with his foot. The queen issued a death sentence to her own son but was overruled by a minister who appealed to the queen to spare the prince's life. Since it was the prince's foot that touched the bag of gold, it was decided that the foot must be punished through mutilation. The theory regarding contact between caliph Mu'awiyah with queen Shima of Heling has become

714-523: The equator, they are also called equatorial climates. Otherwise, when they are more dominated by the trade winds than the ITCZ, they are called tropical trade-wind climates. In pure equatorial climates, the atmospheric pressure is almost constantly low so the horizontal pressure gradient is low. Consequently, the winds are rare and usually weak (except sea and land breezes in coastal areas) while in tropical trade-wind climates, often located at higher latitudes than

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748-476: The first Umayyad caliph and fifth Qurayshite caliph . According to Reuben Levy , queen Shima regards Mu'awiyah as king of Ta-cheh in regards of Arab caliphate. Both Hamka, and Levy though that the envoys of Umayyad managed to reach Heling kingdom due to the improvements of caliphate maritime navigation, as Mu'awiyah were focusing the Early Caliphate navy at that time. Levy also gave figure that

782-551: The kelurahan of Tirto, which has a post code of 51151. Pekalongan is a road and rail crossing point between Jakarta and Surabaya . Pekalongan is connected to the Trans-Java Expressway by the Pemalang-Batang Toll Road . All passenger trains from west or east stop at Pekalongan train station. Pekalongan has many tourism places, such as: The city is known for its batik . The dyed fabric

816-517: The land of Java (社婆 or 闍婆) as a whole, though this may be the result of later usage of the term "Java" supplanting the earlier "Heling". A number of other toponyms are mentioned, which are difficult to identify: the city of Polujiasi ( Chinese : 婆露伽斯 ; pinyin : Pólùjiāsī , Middle Chinese : [buɑ.luoH.ɡɨɑ.siᴇ]), located further east of Heling, and the highland country Langbeiye ( Chinese : 郎卑野 ; pinyin : Lángbēiyě , Middle Chinese : [lɑŋ.piᴇ.jiaX]), conjectured by Groeneveldt to be

850-554: The largest houses are covered with palm leaves. They have couches of ivory and mats of the outer skin of bamboo. The land produces tortoise-shell, gold and silver, rhinoceros-horns and ivory. The country is very rich; there is a cavern from which salt water bubbles up spontaneously. They make wine of the hanging flowers of the coco palm , when they drink of it, they become rapidly drunk. They have letters and are acquainted with astronomy. In eating they do not use spoons or chopsticks. The New Book of Tang appears to identify Heling with

884-581: The later era in 15th AD century. The denomination of Arab theory which introduced by Hamka were supported by researcher who linked the founding of Islamic tomb in Barus , Sumatra island which traced in 7th AD century, thus establishing the theory regarding the existence of trade route between the Heling kingdom, the Srivijaya empire, and the Umayyad caliphate. The exact location of kingdom's capital

918-438: The leaders of this movement, the old regents had cooperated with Japanese during World War II and sent people to Japanese slave labor camps. The main leader of this movement was Sarjiyo, who became the new regent of Pekalongan. Other leaders of this movement were Kutil, K. Mijaya, and Ir. Sakirman. Ir Sakirman was the local leader of Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). The old regents were arrested, stripped naked, and dragged into

952-400: The mid-19th century due to Dutch efforts. Initially, production was boosted through compulsory corvée labor. The Dutch colonial government took advantage of longstanding Javanese expectations that the peasantry contribute a part of their labor to the state. Between the 1860s and the 1890s, this system was phased out, and workers were paid directly. The colonial sugar industry collapsed during

986-555: The prisons. Other government officials and police officers were kidnapped and massacred at Talang bridge. This movement also started a racial riot against ethnic Chinese in Brebes. The government of Republic of Indonesia in Jogyakarta disagrees with this movement and declared it was illegal. On November 4, 1945, the movement attacked Indonesian army HQ and the regent's office in Pekalongan. The rebels were defeated by Indonesian army in

1020-424: The reign of Emperor Taizong (r. 626–649) all the way to 873, when "they sent an envoy to present female musicians". In book 222 of the New Book of Tang , it is stated that: Ka-ling ( sic ) is also called Djava, it is situated in the southern ocean, at the east of Sumatra and at the west of Bali. At its south it has the sea and towards the north lies Cambodia . The people make fortifications of wood and even

1054-648: The same period is the Sojomerto inscription , discovered in Sojomerto village, Kecamatan Reban, Batang Regency , Central Java. It is written in the Kawi script in Old Malay language and is estimated to be from the 7th century. The inscription tells about a ruler named Dapunta Selendra, the son of Santanu and Bhadrawati, and the husband of Sampula. Indonesian historian Prof. Drs. Boechari suggested that Dapunta Selendra

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1088-581: Was a 7th- to 9th-century Indianized kingdom on the north coast of Central Java , Indonesia . It was the earliest reported Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Central Java, and together with Kutai and Tarumanagara are among the oldest known kingdoms in Indonesian history . The historical record of this kingdom is scarce and vague, consisting primarily of Tang Chinese sources. These sources record tribute being delivered from Heling to China, starting from

1122-694: Was a link between this old kingdom and the later kingdom that flourished in the southern part of Central Java, specifically the Kedu Plain , known as the Sailendra of the Mataram Kingdom. The Tuk Mas inscription is estimated to have originated from the Heling period, though it is located outside the region generally believed to have been under Heling's control. It was discovered on the western slope of Mount Merapi , at Dusun Dakawu, Lebak village, Kecamatan Grabag, Magelang Regency , Central Java, and

1156-738: Was the ancestor of the Sailendras who later ruled in the Mataram Kingdom . There is also evidence for the presence of Buddhism in the region. According to the Chinese Buddhist monk Yijing , in 664 a Chinese Buddhist monk named Huining (會寧 Huìníng ) had arrived in Heling and stayed there for about three years. During his stay, and with the assistance of Jnanabhadra, a Kalinga Buddhist monk migrated from Kalinga Kingdom of Ancient India,he translated numerous Buddhist Hinayana scriptures. Tropical rainforest climate A tropical rainforest climate or equatorial climate

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