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89-629: The Peking Hotel (Russian: гостиница Пекин ) is a building in Moscow which houses a four-star hotel and an office complex. The building, which was designed in the Stalinist classicism style, was constructed between 1939 and 1955. It is located in the city center at the intersection of the Garden Ring and Tverskaya Street . Designed by Soviet architect Dmitry Chechulin , the hotel was originally intended to commemorate Sino-Soviet friendship, but by

178-444: A cruck frame or a couple of rafters. One engineering definition is: "A truss is a single plane framework of individual structural member [sic] connected at their ends of forms a series of triangle [sic] to span a large distance". A truss consists of typically (but not necessarily) straight members connected at joints, traditionally termed panel points . Trusses are typically (but not necessarily ) composed of triangles because of

267-490: A formalist blasphemy and then receive the greatest praise the next year, as happened to Ivan Zholtovsky and his Bolshaya Kaluzhskaya in 1949–50. Authentic styles like Zholtovsky's Renaissance Revival , Ivan Fomin 's St. Petersburg Neoclassical architecture and Art Deco adaptation by Alexey Dushkin and Vladimir Shchuko coexisted with imitations and eclecticism that became characteristic of that era. The Vysotki or Stalinskie Vysotki ( Сталинские высотки ) are

356-412: A lattice . The Vierendeel truss is a structure where the members are not triangulated but form rectangular openings, and is a frame with fixed joints that are capable of transferring and resisting bending moments . As such, it does not fit the strict definition of a truss (since it contains non-two-force members): regular trusses comprise members that are commonly assumed to have pinned joints, with

445-641: A National Prize in architecture was introduced and it was won by a team of architects representing architectural schools of Moscow and Minsk, (M.Parusnikov, G.Badanov, I.Barsch, S.Botkovsky, A.Voinov, V.Korol, S.Musinsky, G.Sisoev, N.Trachtenberg, and N.Shpigelman) for the design and construction of the Nezaleznosci Avenue ensemble. The most famous Stalinist architectural ensembles in Minsk are also on Lenina Street, Kamsamolskaya Street, Kamunistychnaya Street, Pryvakzalnaya Square and others. Central Kiev

534-476: A ceiling joist , and in other mechanical structures such as bicycles and aircraft. Because of the stability of this shape and the methods of analysis used to calculate the forces within it, a truss composed entirely of triangles is known as a simple truss. However, a simple truss is often defined more restrictively by demanding that it can be constructed through successive addition of pairs of members, each connected to two existing joints and to each other to form

623-432: A complete departure from prewar atheism. To see this altar, a rider had to pass a long row of plaster banners, bronze candlesticks and assorted military imagery. Park Kultury featured true Gothic chandeliers, another departure. Metrostroy operated its own marble and carpentry factories, producing 150 solid, whole block marble columns for this short section. The second section of Ring line was a tribute to "Heroic Labor" (with

712-438: A drywall inside; from a quality of life consideration, these are true — and the last — Stalinist buildings. Truss A truss is an assembly of members such as beams , connected by nodes , that creates a rigid structure. In engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object". A "two-force member"

801-524: A group of skyscrapers in Moscow designed in the Stalinist style. Their English-language nickname is the " Seven Sisters " . They were built officially from 1947 to 1953 (some work extended years past official completion dates) in an elaborate combination of Russian Baroque and Gothic styles and the technology used in building American skyscrapers. The seven skyscrapers are the Hotel Ukraina ,

890-403: A larger cross section than on a previous iteration requires giving other members a larger cross section as well, to hold the greater weight of the first member—one needs to go through another iteration to find exactly how much greater the other members need to be. Sometimes the designer goes through several iterations of the design process to converge on the "right" cross section for each member. On

979-402: A matrix method such as the direct stiffness method , the flexibility method , or the finite element method. Illustrated is a simple, statically determinate flat truss with 9 joints and (2 x 9) − 3 = 15 members. External loads are concentrated in the outer joints. Since this is a symmetrical truss with symmetrical vertical loads, the reactive forces at A and B are vertical, equal, and half

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1068-404: A new joint, and this definition does not require a simple truss to comprise only triangles. The traditional diamond-shape bicycle frame, which utilizes two conjoined triangles, is an example of a simple truss. A planar truss lies in a single plane . Planar trusses are typically used in parallel to form roofs and bridges. The depth of a truss, or the height between the upper and lower chords,

1157-500: A sign of priority. It also demonstrates class stratification of eligible tenants of this time. Three Moscow buildings received awards: A change from Stalinist architecture to standard prefabricated concrete is usually associated with Khrushchev's reign and particularly the November 1955 decree On liquidation of excesses... (November 1955). Indeed, Khrushchev was involved in a cost-reduction campaign, but it began in 1948, while Stalin

1246-516: A time when the country was in ruins. The toll of this project on real urban needs can be judged from these numbers: Similar skyscrapers were built in Warsaw , Bucharest , and Riga ; the tower in Kiev was completed without crown and steeple. The upward surge of the high-rises, publicised since 1947, was recreated by numerous smaller buildings across the country. Eight to twelve-story high towers marked

1335-566: A truss are called 'top chords' and are typically in compression , the bottom beams are called 'bottom chords', and are typically in tension . The interior beams are called webs , and the areas inside the webs are called panels , or from graphic statics (see Cremona diagram ) 'polygons'. Truss derives from the Old French word trousse , from around 1200 AD, which means "collection of things bound together". The term truss has often been used to describe any assembly of members such as

1424-1288: A variety of strategies that created politicized discussions without much practical result; State intervention was imminent. Stalin's personal architectural preferences and the extent of his own influence remains, for the most part, a matter of deduction, conjecture and anecdotal evidence. The facts, or their representation in public Soviet documents, largely concerns the Palace of Soviets contest of 1931–33: The architects invited to direct these workshops included traditionalists Ivan Zholtovsky, Alexey Shchusev, Ivan Fomin, Boris Iofan, Vladimir Schuko as well as practising constructivists: Ilya Golosov , Panteleimon Golosov , Nikolai Kolli , Konstantin Melnikov , Victor Vesnin , Moisei Ginzburg and Nikolai Ladovsky . This began an important trend that lasted until 1955. Stalin chose Iofan for one project, but retained all competing architects in his employ. The first years of Stalinist architecture are characterized by individual buildings, or, at most, single-block development projects. Rebuilding vast spaces of Moscow proved much more difficult than razing historical districts. The three most important Moscow buildings of this time are on

1513-618: A walk through the exhibition recreated a tour of the huge country. The central pavilion by Vladimir Schuko was based slightly on the abortive 1932 Palace of Soviets draft by Zholtovsky. Unlike the "national" buildings, it hasn't survived (central gates and major pavilions were rebuilt during the early 1950s). The surviving 1939 pavilions are the last and only example of Stalin's monumental propaganda in their original setting. Such propaganda pieces were not built to last (like Shchusev's War Trophy Hangar in Gorky Park); some were demolished during

1602-538: Is a 393 meter (1,291 foot) long truss bridge built in 1912. The structure is composed of nine Pratt truss spans of varying lengths. The bridge is still in use today. The Wright Flyer used a Pratt truss in its wing construction, as the minimization of compression member lengths allowed for lower aerodynamic drag . Named for their shape, bowstring trusses were first used for arched truss bridges , often confused with tied-arch bridges . Thousands of bowstring trusses were used during World War II for holding up

1691-422: Is a roof or floor truss whose wood members are connected with metal connector plates . Truss members form a series of equilateral triangles, alternating up and down. Truss members are made up of all equivalent equilateral triangles. The minimum composition is two regular tetrahedrons along with an octahedron. They fill up three dimensional space in a variety of configurations. [REDACTED] The Pratt truss

1780-434: Is a structural component where force is applied to only two points. Although this rigorous definition allows the members to have any shape connected in any stable configuration, trusses typically comprise five or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes . In this typical context, external forces and reactions to those forces are considered to act only at

1869-496: Is preferable to a braced-frame system, which would leave some areas obstructed by the diagonal braces. A truss that is assumed to comprise members that are connected by means of pin joints, and which is supported at both ends by means of hinged joints and rollers, is described as being statically determinate . Newton's Laws apply to the structure as a whole, as well as to each node or joint. In order for any node that may be subject to an external load or force to remain static in space,

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1958-464: Is similar to a king post truss in that the outer supports are angled towards the centre of the structure. The primary difference is the horizontal extension at the centre which relies on beam action to provide mechanical stability. This truss style is only suitable for relatively short spans. Lenticular trusses, patented in 1878 by William Douglas (although the Gaunless Bridge of 1823 was

2047-422: Is the force in the member, γ is a safety factor (typically 1.5 but depending on building codes ) and σ y is the yield tensile strength of the steel used. The members under compression also have to be designed to be safe against buckling. The weight of a truss member depends directly on its cross section—that weight partially determines how strong the other members of the truss need to be. Giving one member

2136-405: Is the simplest space truss, consisting of six members that meet at four joints. Large planar structures may be composed from tetrahedrons with common edges, and they are also employed in the base structures of large free-standing power line pylons. There are two basic types of truss: A combination of the two is a truncated truss, used in hip roof construction. A metal plate-connected wood truss

2225-465: Is what makes it an efficient structural form. A solid girder or beam of equal strength would have substantial weight and material cost as compared to a truss. For a given span , a deeper truss will require less material in the chords and greater material in the verticals and diagonals. An optimum depth of the truss will maximize the efficiency. A space frame truss is a three-dimensional framework of members pinned at their ends. A tetrahedron shape

2314-539: The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, which would interrupt the process. During 1948–1952 construction was completed. Navigation was begun June 1, 1952. The canal and its facilities were predominantly built by prisoners, who were detained in several specially organized corrective labor camps . During 1952 the number of convicts employed by construction exceeded 100,000. The first stage of Moscow Metro (1931–1935) began as an ordinary city utility. There

2403-813: The Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Building , the Kudrinskaya Square Building , the Leningradskaya Hotel , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia main building , the main building of Moscow State University , and the Red Gate Building . In terms of construction methods, most of the structures, underneath the wet stucco walls, are simple brick masonry . Exceptions were Andrei Burov's medium-sized concrete block panel houses (such as

2492-577: The New Economic Policy began, their publicity resulted in architectural commissions. Experience was not gained quickly, and many Constructivist buildings were justly criticized for irrational floor plans , cost overruns and low quality. For a brief time in the mid-1920s, the architectural profession operated in the old-fashioned manner, with private companies, international contests, competitive bidding and disputes in professional magazines. Foreign architects were welcomed, especially towards

2581-503: The de-Stalinization of 1956. Post-war architecture, sometimes perceived as a uniform style, was fragmented into at least four vectors of development: Residential construction in post-war cities was segregated according to the ranks of tenants. No effort was made to conceal luxuries; sometimes they were evident, sometimes deliberately exaggerated (in contrast with Iofan's plain House on Embankment ). Country residencies of Stalin's officials

2670-595: The 4–5 story high ensembles of post-war regional centers. The Central Pavilion of the All-Russia Exhibition Centre , reopened in 1954, is 90 meters high, has a cathedral -like main hall, 35 meters high, 25 meters wide with Stalinist sculpture and murals. The urban architectural ensemble of Nezalezhnastci Avenue in Minsk is an example of the integrated approach in organizing a city's environment by harmoniously combining its architectural monuments,

2759-763: The Lace building, 1939–41) and large buildings like the Seven Sisters , which necessitated the use of concrete. The masonry naturally dictated narrow windows, thus leaving a large wall area to be decorated. Fireproof terracotta finishes were introduced during the early 1950s, although this was rarely used outside of Moscow. Most of the roofing was traditional wooden trusses covered with metallic sheets. About 1948, construction technology improved – at least in Moscow – as faster and cheaper processes became available. Houses also became safer by eliminating wooden ceilings and partitions. The standardized buildings of 1948–1955 had

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2848-798: The Moscow Canal, the Volga–Don Canal , and the latter stages of the Moscow Metro. Before 1917, the Russian architectural scene was divided between Russky Modern (a local interpretation of Art Nouveau , stronger in Moscow), and Neoclassical Revival (stronger in Saint Petersburg ). The Neoclassical school produced mature architects like Alexey Shchusev , Ivan Zholtovsky , Ivan Fomin , Vladimir Shchuko and Alexander Tamanian ; by

2937-493: The Nezalezhnastci Avenue ensemble is a good example. The layout provided for the main features of the town-planning ensemble – the length of the buildings facades, their silhouettes, the main divisions, and the general architectural pattern. The integrated building plan was based on the accommodation of innovative ideas with classical architecture. The survived pre-war buildings and park zones were incorporated into

3026-563: The Peschanaya Square development (a territory north from the 1948 Posokhin-Lagutenko block). Using the 'flow methode' of moving crews through a sequence of buildings in different completion stages and a moderate application of prefabricated concrete on otherwise traditional masonry, builders managed to complete typical 7-storey buildings in five to six months. Instead of wet stucco (which caused at least two months of delay), these buildings are finished with open brickwork outside and

3115-565: The Republic and the union to develop a new project for a complete reconstruction of the central city. Stalin Prize for the year 1949, announced in March 1950, showed a clear and present division of Stalinist architecture – extravagant, expensive buildings are still praised, but so are attempts to make Stalinist style affordable. The 1949 prize was given exclusively for completed apartment buildings,

3204-479: The Soviet policy of rationalization of the country, all cities were built to a general development plan . Each was divided into districts, with allotments based on the city's geography. Projects would be designed for whole districts, visibly transforming a city's architectural image. The interaction of the state with the architects would prove to be one of the features of this time. The same building could be declared

3293-564: The architectural ensemble. At present buildings which form the Nezalezhnastci Avenue ensemble are inscribed on the State List of Historical and Cultural Values of the Republic of Belarus . The architectural ensemble itself, with its buildings and structures, the layout and the landscape is protected by the state and inscribed on the List as a complex of historical and cultural values. In 1968

3382-400: The canal is 128 km. It was constructed from the year 1932 to the year 1937 by gulag prisoners during the early-to-mid Stalin era. During the late 1930s, the construction industry was experienced enough to build large, multi-block urban redevelopments – although all of these were in Moscow. The three most important Moscow projects were: In 1936, the annual Agricultural Exhibition

3471-407: The connections may also be required to transfer bending moment. Wood posts enable the fabrication of strong, direct, yet inexpensive connections between large trusses and walls. Exact details for post-to-truss connections vary from designer to designer, and may be influenced by post type. Solid-sawn timber and glulam posts are generally notched to form a truss bearing surface. The truss is rested on

3560-419: The country. This was still an experiment, not backed by industrial capacity or fast-track project schedules. Posokhin also devised various pseudo-Stalinist configurations of the same building blocks, with decorative excesses ; these were not implemented. Concrete frames became common for industrial construction, but too expensive for mass housing. It is not known for sure which Party leader personally initiated

3649-531: The curved roofs of aircraft hangars and other military buildings. Many variations exist in the arrangements of the members connecting the nodes of the upper arc with those of the lower, straight sequence of members, from nearly isosceles triangles to a variant of the Pratt truss. One of the simplest truss styles to implement, the king post consists of two angled supports leaning into a common vertical support. The queen post truss, sometimes queenpost or queenspost ,

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3738-452: The design decisions beyond mere matters of economics. Modern materials such as prestressed concrete and fabrication methods, such as automated welding , have significantly influenced the design of modern bridges . Once the force on each member is known, the next step is to determine the cross section of the individual truss members. For members under tension the cross-sectional area A can be found using A = F × γ / σ y , where F

3827-710: The drive to reduce costs. The need was imminent. What is known is that in January 1951, Khrushchev – then City of Moscow party boss – hosted a professional conference on construction problems. The conference decreed a transition to plant-made, large-sized concrete parts, building new plants for prefabricated concrete and other materials, and replacement of wet masonry technology with fast assembly of prefabricated elements. The industry still had to decide – should they use big, story-high panels, or smaller ones, or maybe two-story panels, as Lagutenko tried in Kuzminki ? Basic technology

3916-505: The end of this period, when the Great Depression reduced their jobs at home. Among these were Ernst May , Albert Kahn , Le Corbusier , Bruno Taut and Mart Stam . The difference between traditionalists and constructivists was not well defined. Zholtovsky and Shchusev hired modernists as junior partners for their projects, and at the same time incorporated constructivist novelties in their own designs. In 1930 Gosproektstroi

4005-403: The equilibrium condition described. Because the forces in each of its two main girders are essentially planar, a truss is usually modeled as a two-dimensional plane frame. However if there are significant out-of-plane forces, the structure must be modeled as a three-dimensional space. The analysis of trusses often assumes that loads are applied to joints only and not at intermediate points along

4094-414: The exact arrangement of forces is depending on the type of truss and again on the direction of bending. In the truss shown above right, the vertical members are in tension, and the diagonals are in compression. In addition to carrying the static forces, the members serve additional functions of stabilizing each other, preventing buckling . In the adjacent picture, the top chord is prevented from buckling by

4183-412: The exception of Shchusev's Komsomolskaya , set up as a retelling of Stalin's speech of November 7, 1941). On April 4, 1953, the public learn that a 1935 stretch from Alexandrovsky Sad , then Kalininskaya , to Kievskaya is closed for good and replaced with a brand-new, deep-alignment line. No official explanation of this expensive change exists; all speculations concern a bomb shelter function. One of

4272-486: The experimental Industrial Construction Bureau, with an objective to study and design the low-cost technology suitable for fast mass construction. Lagutenko emphasized large prefabricated concrete panes. He joined architects Mikhail Posokhin and Ashot Mndoyants, and in 1948 this team built their first concrete frame-and-panel building near present-day Polezhaevskaya metro station. Four identical buildings followed nearby; similar buildings were built during 1949–1952 across

4361-461: The first of the type), have the top and bottom chords of the truss arched, forming a lens shape. A lenticular pony truss bridge is a bridge design that involves a lenticular truss extending above and below the roadbed. American architect Ithiel Town designed Town's Lattice Truss as an alternative to heavy-timber bridges. His design, patented in 1820 and 1835, uses easy-to-handle planks arranged diagonally with short spaces in between them, to form

4450-589: The first post-war metro line (a 6.4 km section of the Ring Line ). These stations were dedicated to "Victory". No more Comintern (the Comintern metro station was renamed Kalininskaya in December 1946), no more World revolution , but a statement of victorious, nationalist Stalinism. Oktyabrskaya station by Leonid Polyakov was built like a Classicist temple, with a shiny white-blue altar behind iron gates –

4539-417: The following conditions must hold: the sums of all (horizontal and vertical) forces, as well as all moments acting about the node equal zero. Analysis of these conditions at each node yields the magnitude of the compression or tension forces. Trusses that are supported at more than two positions are said to be statically indeterminate , and the application of Newton's Laws alone is not sufficient to determine

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4628-456: The general layout of the former Sovietskaya Street began in 1944, soon after the liberation of Minsk from the Nazi troops. The main architects from Moscow and Minsk were involved with the project. In 1947, as a result of the competition, the project which had been developed with the supervision of the academician of architecture M. Parusnikov, was selected for the implementation. The project plan of

4717-509: The implication that no moments exist at the jointed ends. This style of structure was named after the Belgian engineer Arthur Vierendeel , who developed the design in 1896. Its use for bridges is rare due to higher costs compared to a triangulated truss. The utility of this type of structure in buildings is that a large amount of the exterior envelope remains unobstructed and can be used for windows and door openings. In some applications this

4806-534: The last of these stations opened, marks the end of all late Stalinist construction. Stalin's 1946 idea of building many skyscrapers in Moscow resulted in a decree of January 1947 that started a six-year-long publicity campaign. By the time of official groundbreaking, September 1947, eight construction sites were identified (the Eighth Sister , in Zaryadye , would be cancelled). Eight design teams, directed by

4895-501: The member forces. In order for a truss with pin-connected members to be stable, it does not need to be entirely composed of triangles. In mathematical terms, the following necessary condition for stability of a simple truss exists: where m is the total number of truss members, j is the total number of joints and r is the number of reactions (equal to 3 generally) in a 2-dimensional structure. When m = 2 j − 3 {\displaystyle m=2j-3} ,

4984-562: The members means that longer diagonal members are only in tension for gravity load effects. This allows these members to be used more efficiently, as slenderness effects related to buckling under compression loads (which are compounded by the length of the member) will typically not control the design. Therefore, for given planar truss with a fixed depth, the Pratt configuration is usually the most efficient under static, vertical loading. The Southern Pacific Railroad bridge in Tempe , Arizona

5073-446: The members. Component connections are critical to the structural integrity of a framing system. In buildings with large, clearspan wood trusses, the most critical connections are those between the truss and its supports. In addition to gravity-induced forces (a.k.a. bearing loads), these connections must resist shear forces acting perpendicular to the plane of the truss and uplift forces due to wind. Depending upon overall building design,

5162-431: The members. The weight of the members is often insignificant compared to the applied loads and so is often omitted; alternatively, half of the weight of each member may be applied to its two end joints. Provided that the members are long and slender, the moments transmitted through the joints are negligible, and the junctions can be treated as " hinges " or "pin-joints". Under these simplifying assumptions, every member of

5251-427: The minimum cross section of the members, the last step in the design of a truss would be detailing of the bolted joints , e.g., involving shear stress of the bolt connections used in the joints. Based on the needs of the project, truss internal connections (joints) can be designed as rigid, semi rigid, or hinged. Rigid connections can allow transfer of bending moments leading to development of secondary bending moments in

5340-416: The needs of mass construction. This inefficiency largely ended Stalinist architecture and resulted in mass construction methods which began while Stalin was still alive. Although Stalin rejected Constructivism , completion of constructivist buildings extended through the 1930s. Industrial construction, endorsed by Albert Kahn and later supervised by Viktor Vesnin , was influenced by modernist ideas. It

5429-836: The new generation of main architects (37 to 62 years old), produced numerous drafts; there was not any open contest or evaluation commission, which is an indicator of Stalin's personal management. All major architects were awarded Stalin prizes in April 1949 for preliminary drafts; corrections and amendments followed until very late completion stages. All the buildings had overengineered steel frames with concrete ceilings and masonry infill, based on concrete slab foundations (which sometimes required ingenious water retention technology). Skyscraper projects required new materials (especially ceramics) and technologies; solving these problems contributed to later housing and infrastructure development. However, it came at cost of slowing down regular construction, at

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5518-477: The nodes and result in forces in the members that are either tensile or compressive . For straight members, moments ( torques ) are explicitly excluded because, and only because, all the joints in a truss are treated as revolutes , as is necessary for the links to be two-force members. A planar truss is one where all members and nodes lie within a two-dimensional plane, while a space frame has members and nodes that extend into three dimensions . The top beams in

5607-445: The old city and "first-rate" streets, as well as single-family homebuilding. Low-cost development proceeded in remote areas, but most funds were diverted to new, expensive "ensemble" projects which valued façades and grandeur more than the needs of overcrowded cities. The Moscow Master Plan also included maintaining old city cores as administrative areas while building industry on city peripheries with green space and residences between

5696-438: The other hand, reducing the size of one member from the previous iteration merely makes the other members have a larger (and more expensive) safety factor than is technically necessary, but doesn't require another iteration to find a buildable truss. The effect of the weight of the individual truss members in a large truss, such as a bridge, is usually insignificant compared to the force of the external loads. After determining

5785-457: The planning structure, the landscape and the natural or man-made places of vegetation. The Ensemble was constructed during the fifteen years after World War II. Its length was 2900 metres, although now it stretches to the outskirts of the city totaling nearly 16 km (which makes it one of the longest in Europe). The width of the road including side-walks varies from 42 to 48 metres. The work on

5874-425: The presence of bracing and by the stiffness of the web members. The inclusion of the elements shown is largely an engineering decision based upon economics, being a balance between the costs of raw materials, off-site fabrication, component transportation, on-site erection, the availability of machinery and the cost of labor. In other cases the appearance of the structure may take on greater importance and so influence

5963-406: The relation (a) is necessary, it is not sufficient for stability, which also depends on the truss geometry, support conditions and the load carrying capacity of the members. Some structures are built with more than this minimum number of truss members. Those structures may survive even when some of the members fail. Their member forces depend on the relative stiffness of the members, in addition to

6052-413: The relative rank and occupation of tenants is represented by ornaments, sometimes by memorial plaques. Note that these are all Moscow features. In smaller cities, the social elite usually comprised just one or two classes; St. Petersburg always had a supply of pre-revolutionary luxury space. The construction of the present Volga–Don Canal , designed by Sergey Zhuk's Hydroproject Institute, began prior to

6141-400: The same function as the flanges of an I-beam . Which chord carries tension and which carries compression depends on the overall direction of bending . In the truss pictured above right, the bottom chord is in tension, and the top chord in compression. The diagonal and vertical members form the truss web , and carry the shear stress . Individually, they are also in tension and compression,

6230-470: The same housing quality as the Stalinist classics and are classified as such by real estate agents, but are excluded from the scope of Stalinist architecture. Ideologically they belong to mass housing, an intermediate phase before Nikita Khrushchev 's standardized buildings known as Khrushchyovka . Stalinist architecture does not equate to everything built during Stalin's era. It relied on labor-intensive and time-consuming masonry, and could not be scaled to

6319-567: The same square, all built between 1931 and 1935, yet each draft evolved independently, with little thought given to overall ensemble (see prewar movie stills 1936 1938 1939 ). Each set its own vector of development for the next two decades. А separate type of development, known as "early Stalinism" or Postconstructivism , evolved from 1932 to 1938. It can be traced both to simplified Art Deco (through Schuko and Iofan), and to indigenous Constructivism, being converted slowly to Neoclassicism (Ilya Golosov, Vladimir Vladimirov). These buildings retain

6408-558: The simple rectangular shapes and large glass surfaces of Constructivism, but with ornate balconies , porticos and columns (usually rectangular and very lightweight). By 1938, it became disused. In July 1935 the State evaluated the results and finally issued a decree on the Moscow Master Plan. The Plan, among other things, included Stalin's urban development ideas: These rules effectively banned low-cost mass construction in

6497-592: The stations, Arbatskaya (2) by Leonid Polyakov, became the longest station in the system, 250 meters instead of the standard 160, and probably the most extravagant. "To some extent, it is Moscow Petrine baroque, yet despite citations from historical legacy, this station is hyperbolic, ethereal and unreal". Stalinist canon was officially condemned when two more sections, to Luzhniki and VDNKh , were being built. These stations, completed in 1957 and 1958, were mostly stripped of excesses , but architecturally they still belong to Stalin's lineage. The date of May 1, 1958 when

6586-404: The structural stability of that shape and design. A triangle is the simplest geometric figure that will not change shape when the lengths of the sides are fixed. In comparison, both the angles and the lengths of a four-sided figure must be fixed for it to retain its shape. The simplest form of a truss is one single triangle. This type of truss is seen in a framed roof consisting of rafters and

6675-708: The time it was completed, the relationship between two nations had gone cold . Peking Hotel, which is owned by Sistema , is located at Bol'shaya Sadovaya Ulitsa, 5 in Moscow. Oleg Kuznetsov ( Олег Кузнецов ) was the hotel administrator from 2002 to 2016. In 2011, it was announced that the hotel would be renovated as a luxury hotel and would reopen in 2017, managed by Fairmont Hotels as the Fairmont Pekin Moscow. The renovation and rebranding never happened, however. 55°46′07″N 37°35′38″E  /  55.7687°N 37.5940°E  / 55.7687; 37.5940 Stalinist architecture As part of

6764-850: The time of the 1917 Revolution they were established professionals, with their own companies, schools and followers. These people would eventually become Stalinism's architectural elders and produce the best examples of the period. Another school that began after the Revolution is now known as Constructivism . Some of the Constructivists (like the Vesnin brothers ) were young professionals who had established themselves before 1917, while others had just completed their professional education (like Konstantin Melnikov ) or didn't have any. They associated themselves with groups of modern artists, compensating for lack of experience with public exposure. When

6853-421: The total load. The internal forces in the members of the truss can be calculated in a variety of ways, including graphical methods: A truss can be thought of as a beam where the web consists of a series of separate members instead of a continuous plate. In the truss, the lower horizontal member (the bottom chord ) and the upper horizontal member (the top chord ) carry tension and compression , fulfilling

6942-415: The truss is said to be statically determinate , because the ( m +3) internal member forces and support reactions can then be completely determined by 2 j equilibrium equations, once we know the external loads and the geometry of the truss. Given a certain number of joints, this is the minimum number of members, in the sense that if any member is taken out (or fails), then the truss as a whole fails. While

7031-519: The truss is then subjected to pure compression or pure tension forces – shear, bending moment, and other more-complex stresses are all practically zero. Trusses are physically stronger than other ways of arranging structural elements, because nearly every material can resist a much larger load in tension or compression than in shear, bending, torsion, or other kinds of force. These simplifications make trusses easier to analyze. Structural analysis of trusses of any type can readily be carried out using

7120-856: The two. The canal connects the Moskva River with the main transportation artery of European Russia , the Volga River . It is located in Moscow itself and in the Moscow Oblast . The canal connects to the Moskva River 191 kilometers from its estuary in Tushino (an area in the north-west of Moscow), and to the Volga River in the town of Dubna , just upstream of the dam of the Ivankovo Reservoir . Length of

7209-409: Was alive. A conversion to mass construction is evident in economy Stalinist buildings like Zholtovsky's Bolshaya Kaluzhskaya, 7. Based on masonry, they provided only a marginal gain; there had to be new technology. During 1948–1955, various architectural offices conducted an enormous feasibility study , devising and testing new technologies. In 1947, engineer Vitaly Lagutenko was appointed to direct

7298-660: Was destroyed during World War II when the Red Army abandoned the city and employed remote explosives to detonate bombs, and deny it to German forces. After Kiev's liberation, the streets and squares of the city were cleared of the ruins. Symbolically (as commemoration of Operation Barbarossa , the German invasion of the USSR) on 22 June 1944 the City Soviet organized a competition for architects from Kiev as well as other places from

7387-476: Was established as part of the Building Commission of Vesenkha with the help of Albert Kahn Inc. It employed 3,000 designers with a budget of 417 million  Rbls . Urban planning developed separately. Housing crises in big cities and the industrialization of remote areas required mass housing construction, development of new territories and reconstruction of old cities. Theorists devised

7476-532: Was much propaganda about building it, but the subway itself wasn't perceived as propaganda. "Unlike other projects, Moscow Metro was never named Stalin's metro ". Old architects avoided Metro commissions. Attitudes changed when the second stage work started in 1935. This time, the subway was a political statement and enjoyed much better funding. The second stage produced such different examples of Stalinist style as Mayakovskaya (1938), Elektrozavodskaya and Partizanskaya (1944). It required six years to complete

7565-641: Was not as important to Stalin's urban plans, so most industrial buildings (excluding megaprojects like the Moscow Canal ) are not part of the Stalinist category. Even the first stage of the Moscow Metro , completed during 1935, was not scrutinized by Stalin, and so included substantial constructivist influence. Thus, the scope of Stalinist architecture is generally limited to urban public and residential buildings of good and middle quality, excluding mass housing, and selected infrastructure projects like

7654-577: Was on the top level; so was the 1945 House of Lions by Ivan Zholtovsky (House of Lions was designed by Nikolai Gaigarov and M.M. Dzisko of Zholtovsky Workshop. Zholtovsky supervised and promoted the project), a luxurious downtown residence for Red Army Marshals . 1947 Marshals Apartments by Lev Rudnev , on the same block, has a less extravagant exterior package. There was a type of building for every rank of Stalin's hierarchy. High-class buildings can be identified easily by tell-tale details like spacing between windows, penthouses and bay windows . Sometimes,

7743-415: Was patented in 1844 by two Boston railway engineers, Caleb Pratt and his son Thomas Willis Pratt . The design uses vertical members for compression and diagonal members to respond to tension . The Pratt truss design remained popular as bridge designers switched from wood to iron, and from iron to steel. This continued popularity of the Pratt truss is probably due to the fact that the configuration of

7832-567: Was relocated to an empty field north of Moscow. By August 1, 1939, more than 250 pavilions were built on 136 hectares (340 acres). A 1937 statue by Vera Mukhina , Worker and Kolkhoz Woman , atop the USSR pavilion of the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937) (Paris Expo of 1937), was rebuilt at the entrance gates. Pavilions were created in the national styles of Soviet republics and regions;

7921-479: Was set, feasibility studies continued. A year later, this line of action – establishing prefabricated concrete plants – was made a law by the XIX Party Congress, Stalin attending. Major public buildings and elite housing were not affected yet. A different type of experiment concerned the improvement of project management, switching from a single-building to a multi-block project scale. This was tested in

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