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72-407: In Finland, Peko is known as Pellon Pekko (Peko of the field). He is the protector of the fields and brewer of the beer, first mentioned by bishop Agricola in 1551 as the god of Karelians . Peko is sometimes associated with Estonian Pikne (Pitkne), Baltic Perkūnas or even Christian Saint Peter . Before Pentecost festivities, before the dawn broke, young Seto men held a ritual fight until

144-472: A stipend . When the confirmation came, Agricola bought books (for example, the complete works of Aristotle ). In 1537 he started translating the New Testament into Finnish. In 1539 Agricola returned to Turku and ended up as the rector of Turku (Cathedral) School. He did not like his job, calling his students "untamed animals". At the time Gustav Vasa had confiscated the property of the church when he

216-434: A County Court bailiff, in that they execute writs and warrants for unpaid court judgements, and evict people from land where possession has been granted. The majority of the work of High Court enforcement officers is carried out by certificated enforcement agents acting under the authority of a senior High Court enforcement officer, often a director of an enforcement firm for whom the enforcement agent works. Another officer of

288-529: A contraction of "shire-reeve"), while bailiff was used in relation to the lower courts. Primarily then, bailiff referred to the officer executing the decisions of manorial courts , and the hundred courts . Likewise, in Scotland a bailie was the chief officer of a barony ( baron bailie ), and in the Channel Islands they were the principal civil officers . With the introduction of justices of

360-463: A county court judge and were removable by the Lord Chancellor . A bailiff could, for practical reasons, delegate his responsibilities, in regard to some particular court instruction, to other individuals. As the population expanded, the need for the services of a bailiff mainly arose from financial disputes; consequently, these assistants came to be closely associated with debt-collection, in

432-486: A court. It has been estimated by Citizens Advice those bailiffs had added £250 million in fees to people's debts in the 18 months up to March 2023. The organisation surveyed 6,274 adults in England and Wales across a month-long period from February to March 2023 who had an interaction or interactions with bailiffs. According to Citizens Advice over 33% who had an interaction with a bailiff suffered behaviour that broke

504-488: A fine and community penalty notice, and also execute warrants of arrest , committal , detention and control (formally called distress or distraint ). These functions can also be carried out by employees of private companies authorised by the Ministry of Justice . In July 2013 HM Court Service announced it is to fully contract out the whole of the compliance and enforcement process to a private company; this would involve

576-489: A home farm managed by the bailiff, several smaller farms occupied by tenants and possibly a tiny village (a collection of small cottages) in which the farm labourers lived. The Epping Forest Act 1878 allows the conservators of the forest to appoint forest keepers, reeves and also bailiffs. These individuals may also be attested as a constable, although currently only forest keepers are sworn in. The forest currently has volunteer fishing bailiffs, who support forest keepers. As

648-590: A human figure. Bailiff A bailiff is a manager, overseer or custodian – a legal officer to whom some degree of authority or jurisdiction is given. There are different kinds, and their offices and scope of duties vary. Another official sometimes referred to as a bailiff was the Vogt . In the Holy Roman Empire a similar function was performed by the Amtmann . They are mostly known for being

720-418: A number of jurisdictions government has contracted as bailiffs, persons or corporations who previously or concurrently conduct business as debt collectors and or process servers. Bailiffs were generally required to attend upon the sitting of their court to act as court orderlies, or ushers . The current trend favours use of specialist security businesses providing all aspects of security in courts. Nonetheless,

792-467: A number of offices either formally titled, or commonly referred to, as "bailiffs". Some of these bailiffs are concerned with executing the orders of the courts, generally around the collection of debts, and some exercise semi-official supervisory powers over certain activities. Those concerned with the execution of court orders are commonly referred to as bailiffs, although reforms to the law in 2014 have renamed all these positions to alternative titles. With

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864-520: A part of the Church of Sweden) along Lutheran lines. He translated the New Testament into Finnish and also produced the prayer book and hymns used in Finland's new Lutheran Church. This work set the rules of orthography that are the basis of modern Finnish spelling. His thorough work is particularly remarkable in that he accomplished it in only three years. He died of sudden illness while returning from

936-461: A suit. The officers who perform the role of "bailiff" vary by state. In some states, the role is filled by court officers who work for the judiciary. In other states, the role is filled by county sheriff 's deputies who are assigned to the court, state troopers , marshals , corrections officers or constables . The terminology varies among (and sometimes within) states. The same officers who serve as bailiffs typically have other duties in and around

1008-593: A trip during which he assisted in negotiating the Treaty of Novgorod with the Tsardom of Russia . Michael Olaui or Mikael Olofsson (Finnish Mikael Olavinpoika ) was born in c. 1510 in the village of Torsby in Pernå ( Pernaja ), Nyland ( Uusimaa ), in what now is part of Finland but then was part of Sweden . He was named after the patron saint of Pernå's church. The exact date of his birth, like most details of his life,

1080-421: Is authorized by a county court judge to act as an under-bailiff. The County Courts Act 1888 restricted the hours an under-bailiff could execute a possession warrant, to only be between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. (§ 142). It also limited the ability to bring a legal complaint against a bailiff; six days' notice now had to be given (§52). In the Channel Islands the bailiff is the first civil officer in each of

1152-404: Is depicted as a Seto hero. Peko is in eternal sleep in the cave. When someone calls his name, he brings the rain to the fields. If people of his kin remember his advice and work hard, Peko sends them abundant crops. Peko is praised as a warrior who frees the country, as a hunter who gives bear skins to villagers and as a host of wedding feasts. He ploughs the field with a wooden plough and protects

1224-419: Is illegal for a debt collector to call themselves a bailiff, if they are not – that is, if they are not a certified officer acting on a court order, they may not call themselves a bailiff . Debt collectors do not have the powers or authority of a bailiff. The officer appointed by a sheriff was also sometimes described as the sheriff's bailiff, on account of the similarity of the role. However, they are not

1296-438: Is unknown. His family was a quite wealthy gentry family according to the local bailiff 's accounting. He had three sisters, but their names are not known. His teachers apparently recognized his aptitude for languages and his rector Bartholomeus sent him to Viborg (Fi. Viipuri ; now Vyborg, Russia ) for Latin school and some priestly training, where he attended the school of Erasmus. It is not known whether his first language

1368-568: The ordinarius of Turku parish – for all practical purposes Bishop of Turku and by extension the first Lutheran bishop for all Finland. Agricola was not a particularly strict or dedicated reformer, although he did remove the Canon of the Mass . In 1557, Agricola headed a delegation going to Russia on a diplomatic mission, and was in Moscow from 21 February to 24 March negotiating a peace treaty ,

1440-535: The Bailiffs Act . Assistant bailiffs are similarly licensed, but must be supervised by a full bailiff. Bailiffs in this capacity assist others who have a right to exercise self-help to repossess or seize something, or to evict under a commercial (non-residential) tenancy. Bailiffs are agents of the person contracting their services, not government employees or peace officers, and are prohibited from carrying weapons or using force to seize goods or evict tenants. In

1512-564: The County Court . The current frequency of different types of case means that they are mainly involved in recovering payment of unpaid County Court judgments ; like magistrates' bailiffs, they can seize and sell goods to recover a debt. They can also effect and supervise the possession of the property and the return of goods under hire purchase agreements, and serve court documents. They also execute arrest warrants and search warrants. A High Court enforcement officer has similar functions to

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1584-407: The Ministry of Correctional Services Act , while transporting prisoners, bailiffs have the powers of police constables . When necessary, Provincial correctional officers will act as bailiffs for short and long term assignments and full-time bailiffs are typically recruited from the correctional officer ranks. Provincial bailiffs are armed with expandable batons and pepper spray and operate under

1656-463: The New Testament in his early years of study. At the time, however, there was no standard written form of Finnish , so he started developing it. His first book, Abckiria , which is nowadays known as the "ABC-kirja" or ABC book, was a primer for reading and a catechism . It was first printed in 1543. The catechism was included because only very few people could afford the whole Bible at

1728-563: The Republic of Ireland , a bailiff ( Irish : báille ) is an official appointed by the Revenue Commissioners who is involved with the enforcement of judgments , including evictions and repossessions , and the collection of unpaid tax. A bailiff is subordinate to a sheriff . In Australia , a bailiff is an officer of a court exercising civil law jurisdiction who is charged with the duty and responsibility of executing

1800-652: The Swedish realm and the capital of the bishopric . There Agricola became a scribe in bishop Martinus Skytte 's office. While in Turku Agricola met Martin Luther 's first Finnish student Petrus Särkilahti , who eagerly spread the idea of the Reformation. Särkilahti died in 1529, and it was up to Agricola to continue Särkilahti's work. Agricola was ordained for priesthood sometime in the early 1530s. In 1536

1872-598: The Treaty of Novgorod (1557) . On 9 April he fell ill and died on Kyrönniemi peninsula near the Uusikirkko (now Polyane) village on the Karelian Isthmus . This day is also Elias Lönnrot 's birthday and it is celebrated in Finland as the day of the Finnish language. Agricola was probably buried inside Viipuri's church, but the exact location of the grave is not known. Agricola had thought about translating

1944-564: The United States , the word bailiff colloquially means any officer who keeps order in the courtroom while a court of law is in session. A bailiff provides physical security, handles prisoners, guards the jury, performs a number of ancient traditional duties (such as ordering "All rise!" when the judge enters, escorting witnesses to the stand, etc.), and in some jurisdictions, they may assist the trial judge in administrative tasks like scheduling or communications between judges and parties to

2016-489: The local authority as an administrative body. However, the term bailie is still used as an honorary title by Glasgow City Council for a number of senior councilors who can deputise for the Lord Provost . The Scottish equivalent of a sheriff's bailiff or high bailiff is the sheriff officer (for the sheriff court ) or the messenger-at-arms (for the court of session ). These positions were to be abolished by §60 of

2088-562: The 19th century, the administrative functions of courts were mostly replaced by the creation of elected local authorities (councils). Nevertheless, the term bailiff is retained as a title by the chief officers of various towns and the keepers of royal castles, such as the High Bailiff of Westminster and the Bailiff of Dover Castle . In Scotland , bailie now refers to a municipal officer corresponding to an English alderman . In

2160-407: The 19th-century renaming of bailiffs to "high bailiffs", their under-bailiffs generally came to be referred to as bailiffs themselves. The powers and responsibilities of these bailiffs depend on which type of court they take orders from. In emulation of these responsibilities, a number of roles established by 19th century statute laws have also been named "bailiffs", despite not having a connection to

2232-470: The 20th century, the court system in England was drastically re-organised, with the assize courts taking some of the powers of the shire courts, and becoming the High Court of Justice ; in turn, the remaining elements of the shire court took over the powers of the hundred courts, to form county courts . The High Court acquired the sheriffs , the county courts the bailiffs. Bailiffs were now appointed by

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2304-551: The Bankruptcy and Diligence etc. (Scotland) Act 2007, and replaced with the office of judicial officer under §57(1) of that enactment. This enactment was never brought into effect and was repealed under schedule 4 of the Public Services Reform (Scotland) Act 2010 In Scotland, the office of water bailiff does exist, with power to enforce legislation relating to the illegal collection of salmon and trout. In

2376-599: The Epping Forest Act does include this title of appointment, these individuals are statutory bailiffs and the title is not merely just historic. Jury bailiffs are court ushers who monitor juries during their deliberations and during overnight stays. As most people's contact with bailiffs is when a bailiff comes to take property to enforce debt, public perception does not usually distinguish between bailiffs and debt collectors . Indeed, many debt collectors often publicly refer to themselves as bailiffs . However, it

2448-551: The Fire of Turku. On 22 February 1548, Gustav Vasa ordered Agricola to retire from his position as a rector. At this time Agricola was already married, but history knows his wife only by her name: Pirjo Olavintytär (Bridget, "daughter of Olavi"; Birgitta Olafsdotter, Brigida Olaui). His only son, Christian Agricola (Christianus Michaelis Agricola), was born 11 December 1550, and became the bishop of Tallinn in 1584. When an old bishop died in 1554, Gustav Vasa had Agricola consecrated as

2520-588: The High Court, the tipstaff , is an employee of HM Courts and Tribunals Service, and is concerned with enforcing certain judgments of the High Court, typically involving the enforcement of court orders relating to the custody of children in family law cases. Water bailiffs also exist in England and Wales to police bodies of water and prevent illegal fishing . They are generally employees of the Environment Agency and when executing their duties, have

2592-482: The Sheriff and the bailiffs of the separate courts were each independent officers of the crown the trend in legal administration is to appoint a civil servant within the department of the respective Attorney General as Sheriff and they then engage, appoint or contract deputy sheriffs, sheriffs officers and bailiffs of the lower courts. The bailiff operates within a defined geographical area (or areas), generally those of

2664-724: The Swedish version and Agricola's own translation of the New Testament. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America remembers Bishop Agricola annually on 10 April. Mikael Agricola Church in Helsinki is named after Agricola. As well the Agricola Lutheran Church memorializes his namesake in Toronto Canada. An asteroid 3212 Agricola is named after Agricola. In 2007, 450 years after his death, Agricola

2736-438: The agency providing court security is often the same agency charged with serving legal process and seizing and selling property (e.g., replevin or foreclosure ). In some cases, the duties are separated between agencies in a given jurisdiction. For instance, a court officer may provide courtroom security in a jurisdiction where a sheriff or constable handles service of process and seizures. Martha Symons Boies Atkinson became

2808-563: The bishop of Turku sent Agricola to study in Wittenberg in Germany. He concentrated on the lectures of Philipp Melanchthon , who was an expert in Greek , the original language of the New Testament . In Wittenberg Agricola studied under Luther. Agricola got recommendations to Swedish King Gustav Vasa from both of the reformers. He sent two letters to Gustav, asking for a confirmation for

2880-457: The corresponding court. The district within which the bailiff operated was called his bailiwick , even to the present day. Bailiffs were outsiders and free men, that is, they were not usually from the bailiwick for which they were responsible. Throughout Norman England , the Saxon and Norman populations gradually mixed, and reeve came to be limited to shire -level courts (hence sheriff as

2952-571: The court orderlies (or ushers) so engaged may still occasionally be referred to as bailiffs. There are legislated constraints upon persons or corporations calling themselves bailiffs, sheriffs or police and upon using those terms in business or corporation names. The laws and practices pertaining to bailiffs and sheriffs are directly inherited from and modelled upon British law and legal precedents but subsequently modified by legislation enacted and precedents formed in each state or territorial jurisdiction. In parts of Canada, bailiffs are responsible for

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3024-432: The courthouse, such as providing general security, guarding prisoners in the courthouse lock-up, etc. However, in some states the role of bailiff is primarily ceremonial (more akin to a "sergeant at arms" ) and may be performed by the judge's law clerk (a junior lawyer in training under the judge's supervision). In those cases, physical security and prisoner handling would be handled by other officers. Regardless of title,

3096-660: The final as yet undiscovered 8 pages. The pages were likely the result of an imposing error and relegated to padding paper. Agricola's Rucouskiria Bibliasta (contemporary Finnish spelling: Rukouskirja; literally, "Prayer Book from the Bible") was printed in March 1544. At the beginning of the book, Agricola wrote about many topics concerning all-round education and the Reformation's effects in Finland. The book includes four prefaces and about 700 prayers on many topics; it even has twelve structurally different kinds of prayers, instead of

3168-465: The first drop of blood was shed. The bleeding person became the host of the next year's feast. Black candles were lit to revere wooden idols of Peko. The people chanted "Peko, Peko, come to drink the beer" and some older men called the priests of Peko made sacrifices. The second holiday dedicated to Peko was held after the harvest. Peko was also revered during Candlemas and Midsummer feasts. The carved idols of Peko were kept hidden in granaries around

3240-622: The first female bailiff in the United States in 1870 in Wyoming. In pre-revolutionary France , bailiff ( French : bailli , French pronunciation: [baji] ) was the king's administrative representative during the ancien régime in northern France, where the bailiff was responsible for the application of justice and control of the administration and local finances in his bailiwick ( baillage ). Bailli (12th-century French bailif , "administrative official, deputy")

3312-437: The high bailiffs to appoint (and dismiss) under-bailiffs as they wished, and establishing that the high bailiffs retain ultimate responsibility for their actions. High bailiff gradually became a purely ceremonial role, the court's clerk liaising with under-bailiffs directly. The Law of Distress Amendment Act 1888 ( 51 & 52 Vict. c. 21) enacts that no person may act as an under-bailiff to levy any distress for rent unless he

3384-508: The jurisdiction of the court, and accordingly known as their bailiwick. Traditionally bailiffs were required to serve, or attempt to serve, the other legal processes issued by their court however this is generally not an exclusive obligation on the bailiff and the serving of other court processes may be carried out by the litigants, their legal representatives or by persons carrying on business as process servers. Bailiffs are not debt collectors though some may hold debt collecting licences and in

3456-588: The jurisdiction of the provincial Ministry of the Solicitor General . Duties normally associated with bailiffs in other jurisdictions, such as residential evictions, seizures, and other processes order by the court, are performed by sheriffs under the office of the Attorney General of Ontario or "private" bailiffs if initiated without a court order. Private bailiffs are licensed by the Ministry of Public and Business Service Delivery under

3528-506: The officer that keeps the order in a court of law and who also administers oaths to people who participate in court proceedings. Bailiff was the term used by the Normans for what the Saxons had called a reeve : the officer responsible for executing the decisions of a court. The duty of the bailiff would thus include serving summonses and orders, and executing all warrants issued out of

3600-400: The orders of the civil jurisdiction of the court. Those orders are contained in warrants or orders including typically to seize and sell personal & real property, to evict tenants, to arrest and bring persons to that court who have failed to appear when summoned and to arrest and convey to prison persons who disobey orders of that court. The officers exercising criminal law jurisdiction are

3672-400: The peace ( magistrates ), magistrates' courts acquired their own bailiffs. Historically, courts were not only concerned with legal matters, and often decided administrative matters for the area within their jurisdiction. A bailiff of a manor, therefore, would often oversee the manor's lands and buildings, collect its rents, manage its accounts, and run its farms (see Walter of Henley ). In

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3744-681: The people against evil spirits who make people to drink too much. Pekos' spirit can also fly around as a butterfly. The supposed grave of Peko is under an old oak tree near the Pskovo-Pechersky Monastery . He also appears in the name of a song by Korpiklaani , a Finnish folk metal group. The song is called "Pellonpekko" and appears in their album Spirit of the Forest . Mikael Agricola Bible Translators Theologians Mikael Agricola ( Finnish: [ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ] ; c. 1510 – 9 April 1557)

3816-589: The police and policing agencies. The officer of the Supreme Court of the State or Territory who fulfils these duties is the Sheriff of the State or Territory often simply referred to as "the Supreme Court Sheriff of <the State or Territory>". The Sheriff's roles and responsibilities are however generally very much broader than those of a bailiff and not dealt with here. While traditionally

3888-467: The powers and privileges of a police constable for the purpose of the enforcement of the Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act 1975 . Farm bailiffs exist on landed estates . The farm bailiff is employed by the proprietor and his managerial duties can include collecting rent, taxes and supervising both farm operations and labourers. Historically, the estate would typically include a hall or manor house ,

3960-566: The public's minds. By Shakespeare 's time, they had acquired the nickname bum-bailiffs , perhaps because they followed debtors very closely behind them; in France, the term pousse-cul (literally push-arse ) was similarly used for their equivalent officers. To avoid confusion with their underlings, the County Courts Act 1888 ( 51 & 52 Vict. c. 43) renamed bailiffs as high bailiffs . This act also formally acknowledged right of

4032-616: The rules of the Ministry of Justice . These behaviours included bailiffs breaking and entering into homes and bailiffs not considering illnesses or disabilitiess. Almost 60% of those who interacted with a bailiff reported harassment or intimidation, misrepresentation of powers and threats to break into homes. 72% of respondents reported that interactions with bailiffs had impacted their mental health and 49% reported long-term financial consequences. Civilian enforcement officers are employees of His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service , and can seize and sell goods to recover money owed under

4104-618: The same, and High Court enforcement officers have greater powers. Due to the negative association with debt collection, in former times, in the Fens of eastern England, the term Bailiff of Bedford was often used as slang for destructive floods of the River Great Ouse . The High Bailiff is the head stipendiary magistrate in the Isle of Man . The Scottish form of this post is the bailie . Bailies served as burgh magistrates in

4176-531: The service of legal process . In some jurisdictions, duties of the bailiff include the service of legal documents, repossession and evictions in accordance with court judgments, application of wheel clamps and the execution of arrest warrants. Some jurisdictions also require that applicants receive special training and have a degree in paralegal technology to become a bailiff. In Ontario , provincial bailiffs provide primary transportation of prisoners between correctional facilities such as jails and prisons. Under

4248-442: The sick, mourning and dying. It is translated from Olaus Petri 's corresponding work except for the christening and marriage portions, which are from Luther. It also contains minor elements translated from works of Caspar Huberinus  [ de ] . Messu eli Herran echtolinen includes the form for a service. It is also based on Olaus Petri's work and a few Finnish manuscripts. In this book Agricola revealed his next mission:

4320-565: The system of local government in Scotland before 1975 when the system of burghs and counties was replaced by a two-tier system of regional councils and district councils. The two-tier system was later replaced by a system of unitary authorities . Under the new arrangements the bailies were abolished and replaced by justices of the peace serving in the District Courts of Scotland , these posts no longer holding any authority within

4392-513: The time. It was probably in Viipuri where he first came in touch with the Reformation and Humanism . The Viipuri castle was ruled by a German count, Johann , who had served the king of Sweden, Gustav Vasa . The count was a supporter of the Reformation, and they already held Lutheran services. In 1528 Agricola followed his teacher to Turku (Åbo), then the center of the Finnish side of

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4464-405: The time. The first printing contained 16 pages. A second printing was released in 1551 with 24 pages. In 1966 Åke Åbergin, a librarian, discovered parts, while repairing book bindings, from an as yet unknown (likely the third) edition of the "ABC-kirja" that included the name of the printer, Amund Lauritsanpoika, and fortuitously the publishing date of 1559 (two years after the author's death) of

4536-446: The transfer of over 500 of its employees. This decision led to official strike action by some employees on 30 July 2013. Certificated enforcement agents are used by local authorities, His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service and landlords for a variety of reasons such as collection of taxes, road traffic debts and commercial rent arrears. County Court bailiffs remain directly employed by HM Courts Service, carrying out enforcement for

4608-528: The translation of the Old Testament . Se meiden Herran Jesusen Christusen Pina, ylesnousemus ia tauiaisen Astumus, niste Neliest Euangelisterist coghottuon tells about Jesus Christ 's suffering. It is collected from all four gospels . This book was influenced heavily by Johannes Bugenhagen , a teacher in Wittenberg . It was mainly translated from the German version, but some parts are influenced by

4680-600: The two bailiwicks. He is appointed by the Crown , and holds office until retirement. He presides as a judge in the Royal Court , and takes the opinions of the jurats ; he also presides over the States Assembly (Jersey) or States of Guernsey , and represents the Crown on civic occasions. The bailiff in each island must, in order to fulfill his judicial role, be a qualified lawyer. In England and Wales , there are

4752-689: The usual two or three. It is the most independent work by Agricola and contains approximately 900 pages. His sources include the works of Luther , Melanchthon , and Erasmus . Agricola's most prominent book is the first Finnish-language translation of the New Testament . The manuscript was completed in 1548. It contains 718 pages and many illustrations. While Agricola was in Wittenberg, he translated three smaller liturgical books into Finnish. These books were printed in 1549. Käsikirja Castesta ia muista Christikunnan Menoista includes forms for christening, marriage and burial, as well as speeches for

4824-426: The year. The head of the idol typically had holes for candles. A third holiday was held around August 4, in which the people of Setomaa sing the local anthem, host a musical competition, and elect the next representative of Peko for the year (known as ülebtsootska , the "vice-king"), before they end the celebrations with a military parade. Seto folksinger Anne Vabarna has created the epic "Songs of Peko" where Peko

4896-513: Was Finnish or Swedish; Pernå was mostly a Swedish-speaking district, but the language he used in his works indicates that he was a native speaker of Finnish. However, he mastered both languages like a native speaker and was possibly a bilingual child. When Michael studied in Viborg (Viipuri) he assumed the surname Agricola ("farmer" gv. "agriculture"); surnames based on one's father's status and occupation were common for first-generation scholars at

4968-605: Was a Finnish Lutheran clergyman who became the de facto founder of literary Finnish and a prominent proponent of the Protestant Reformation in Sweden , including Finland , which was a Swedish territory at the time. He is often called the "father of literary Finnish". Agricola was consecrated as the bishop of Turku (Åbo) in 1554, without papal approval. He continued the reform of the Finnish church (then

5040-399: Was consolidating his power but he also drove the Reformation. In 1544 Agricola received an order from the crown to send several talented young men to Stockholm 's taxing offices. For some reason, Agricola did not obey until the order was sent again the next year, with a more menacing tone. This episode probably affected their relations negatively. In 1546 Agricola lost his home and school in

5112-452: Was derived from a Vulgar Latin term *bajulivus meaning "official in charge of a castle", i.e. a royal castellan . In the late 12th and early 13th century, King Philip II , an able and ingenious administrator who founded the central institutions on which the French monarchy's system of power would be based, prepared the expansion of the royal demesne through his appointment of bailiffs in

5184-479: Was selected as the main motif for a commemorative coin, the €10 Mikael Agricola and Finnish language commemorative coin . This collector coin was issued to honor Agricola's life work as a contributor to the Protestant reformation in Finland and as the father of the Finnish written language. The reverse side depicts a quill to reference the writer, while the coin's obverse side contains an artistic interpretation of

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