92-1127: (Redirected from Pelissier ) Pélissier or Pelissier is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include: Aimable Pélissier (1794–1864), 1st Duc de Malakoff, Marshal of France Anthony Pelissier (1912–1988), British film director and producer Charles Pélissier (1903–1959), French cyclist Christophe Pélissier : Christophe Pélissier (1728–1779), French businessman Christophe Pélissier (born 1965), French manager and former footballer Éloi Pélissier (born 1991), French rugby player Francis Pélissier (1894–1959), French cyclist H. G. Pelissier (1874–1913), British theatre producer Henri Pélissier (1889–1935), French cyclist Marie Pélissier (1706/7–1749), French singer Matt Pelissier , American rock drummer Olympe Pélissier (died 1878), salon hostess and second wife of Rossini Philippe Pélissier (born 1947), French figure skater René Pelissier (1886–1969), French flying ace See also [ edit ] Pellissier [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
184-568: A Commission des Sciences et des Arts accompanied the military campaign, a scientific commission ( Expédition scientifique de Morée ) was attached to the French troops and placed under the supervision of three academies of the Institut de France . Directed by the naturalist and geographer Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent , nineteen scientists representing different specialties in natural history , archaeology and architecture - sculpture made
276-722: A better fortified city defended by 1,078 men and a hundred cannon, and which had food supplies for six months. Two ships of the line, the Breslaw (Captain Maillard) and HMS Wellesley (Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland ) blocked the port and threatened the fortress with their cannons. The fort's commanders, the Turk Hassan Pasha and the Egyptian Ahmed Bey, made the same reply as had
368-489: A country that had just been ravaged by Ibrahim's troops: villages razed to the ground, agricultural crops entirely burned and a population still living under a yoke of terror, starving and secluded in caves. I took the Venetian roadway from Modon , through the layers of ash and the coals of the olive trees whose valley was once shaded. Some caves open sadly on the way. In place of the villages, kiosks and towers that hung on
460-426: A difficult situation: he had just suffered a defeat at Navarino; the joint fleet enforced a blockade which prevented him from receiving reinforcements and supplies; and his Albanian troops, whom he could no longer pay, had returned to their country under the protection of Theodoros Kolokotronis ' Greek troops. On 6 August 1828, a convention had been signed at Alexandria between the viceroy of Egypt, Muhammad Ali , and
552-482: A diplomat there so as to conduct negotiations over the status of Greece. Because the Porte persisted in refusing to participate in conferences, General Maison explicitly suggested Greek Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias (on 5 October) pursuing military operations and extending them to Attica and Euboea . France supported this project and had for that initially given instructions to General Maison on 27 August 1828. But
644-644: A few days. The capture of the Morea strongholds by the French expeditionary force had only required a month: Our operations were successful in all aspects: we do not find military glory there, without any doubt; but the object for which we have come, the liberation of Greece, will have been more successful and prompt; Morea will have been purged of its enemies. — Lieutenant-General Nicolas-Joseph Maison The French and British ambassadors had set themselves up at Poros in September 1828 and invited Constantinople to send
736-613: A fleet and 8,000 men, and later added 25,000 troops. Ibrahim's intervention proved decisive: much of the Peloponnese was reconquered in 1825; the gateway town of Messolonghi fell in 1826; and Athens was taken in 1827. The only territory still held by Greek nationalists was in Nafplion , Mani , Hydra , Spetses and Aegina . A strong current of philhellenism had developed in Western Europe, especially after 1826 and
828-644: A joint land expedition was made to Great Britain, which refused to intervene directly. Meanwhile, Russia had declared war against the Ottoman Empire and its military victories were unsettling for Great Britain, which did not wish to see the Tsarist empire extend too far south, and compelled it to not oppose an intervention by France alone. Enlightenment philosophy had stimulated Western Europeans' interest in Greece, or rather in an idealised ancient Greece ,
920-401: A large breach was opened in the ramparts. Then, an emissary came out with a white flag to negotiate the terms of the fort's surrender. General Maison replied that the terms had been negotiated at the beginning of the month at Patras. He added that he did not trust a group of besieged men who had not respected a first agreement to respect a second one. He gave the garrison half an hour to evacuate
1012-531: A leading part in many important operations. However, the severity of his conduct in suffocating the whole Ouled Riah tribe in the Dahra or Dahna caves, near Mostaganem , where they had taken refuge (18 June 1845), aroused such indignation in Europe that Marshal Soult , the minister of war, publicly expressed his regret; but Marshal Bugeaud , the governor-general of Algeria, not only approved, but secured for Pélissier
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#17327758432451104-578: A limited intervention in order to convince the Porte to accept the terms of the convention. A plan to send a naval expedition as a demonstration of force was proposed and adopted; subsequently a joint Russian, French and British fleet was sent to exert diplomatic pressure against Constantinople. The Battle of Navarino (20 October 1827) resulted in the complete destruction of the Turkish-Egyptian fleet. In 1828, Ibrahim Pasha thus found himself in
1196-539: A long conference aboard the ship Conquérant , in the presence of General Maison and the three allied Admirals, Ibrahim Pasha accepted the evacuation of his troops as of 9 September. The agreement provided that the Egyptians would leave with their arms, baggage and horses, but without any Greek slaves or prisoners. As the Egyptian fleet could not evacuate the entire army in one operation, supplies were authorised for
1288-451: A number of pretexts to delay the evacuation: problems with food supply or transport, or unforeseen difficulties in handing over the strongholds. The French officers had problems restraining the fighting zeal of their soldiers, who for example had become excited at the (false) news of an imminent march on Athens . The impatience of the French troops was perhaps decisive in convincing the Egyptian commander to respect his obligations. Moreover,
1380-878: A single brigade, so-called "of occupation", of 5,000 men (composed of the 27th, 42nd, 54th and 58th Line Infantry Regiments stationed in Navarino, Methoni and Patras) remained in the Peloponnese under the command of General Virgile Schneider . Fresh troops were sent from France to relieve the soldiers stationed in Greece; the 57th Line Infantry Regiment landed at Navarino on 25 July 1830. The French troops, first commanded by General Maison (1828–1829), then by General Schneider (1829–1831) and finally by General Guéhéneuc (1831–1833), did not remain idle during these nearly five years. Fortifications were raised (like those at Methoni or Navarino), barracks were built (the "Maison's building" in Navarino's fortress, which houses nowadays
1472-462: A storm on the night of 16 September and lost three ships (including the brig Aimable Sophie which transported 22 horses of the 3rd Chasseur Regiment), managed to land at Petalidi on 22 September. On the 26th, it joined by sea the 2nd brigade, which had already moved by foot from Petalidi on 15 September and settled its camp of Djalova near Navarino. At their arrival on the Greek soil, the French found
1564-421: A succession of contiguous arches , each supported by a colonnade , as the arcades of Pylos or Corfu ). He also built, between December 1829 and February 1830, the famous Capodistrian School of Mutual Education (the monitorial system ) of Methoni. All these cities quickly repopulated and returned to their pre-war activity. The example of the rapid modernization of Patras , whose plans had just been drawn by
1656-461: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Aimable P%C3%A9lissier Aimable-Jean-Jacques Pélissier , 1st Duc de Malakoff (6 November 1794 – 22 May 1864), was a Marshal of France . He served in Algeria where he became widely known for his cruel conduct and extermination of entire tribes. He also served elsewhere, and as a general commanded the French forces in
1748-594: The maréchaux de camp Tiburce Sébastiani (brother of Marshal Horace Sébastiani , soldier, diplomat and minister, 1st brigade ), Philippe Higonet ( 2nd brigade ), and Virgile Schneider ( 3rd brigade ). The Chief of the General Staff was General Antoine Simon Durrieu . Also departing were the 3rd Chasseur Regiment ( 1st brigade , 286 men, commanded by Colonel Paul-Eugène de Faudoas-Barbazan ), four companies of artillery (484 men, with 12 battery pieces for sieges, 8 for campaigns, and 12 for mountains) of
1840-586: The Breslaw and the Wellesley came to assist the ground troops. The threat they posed led the Ottoman commander to surrender. On October 9, the French entered Koroni and seized 80 cannon and guns, along with a store of victuals and munitions. The fortress was then given to the Greek troops of General Nikitaras who settled there. Patras had been controlled by Ibrahim Pasha's troops since his evacuation of
1932-493: The Crimean War . Pélissier was born at Maromme ( Seine Inférieure ), of a family of prosperous artisans, his father being employed in a powder-magazine. After attending the military college of La Flèche and the special school of St Cyr , he entered the army in 1815 as second-lieutenant in an artillery regiment. Brilliant examination results in 1819 secured his appointment to the staff. He served as aide-de-camp in
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#17327758432452024-553: The Rhine . In the same year, he became Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honour . In 1860, he was appointed Governor-General of unruly colony of Algeria . His Excellency the Duke died there in 1864, when the dukedom became extinct. In 1855, Stephen Glover wrote The Duke of Malakoff's March . Morea expedition The Morea expedition (French: Expédition de Morée ) is
2116-677: The Siege of Sevastopol . His command was marked by relentless pressure of the enemy and unalterable determination to conduct the campaign without interference from Paris. His perseverance was crowned with success in the storming of the Tower of Malakoff on 8 September which ended the Siege of Sevastopol, crowning the Anglo-French Crimean War against Russia with victory. On the 12th he was promoted to marshal. On his return to Paris he
2208-530: The Society of Dilettanti remained a benchmark: these represented the first attempts to rediscover ancient Greece. The first, that of Stuart and Revett to Athens and the islands, took place in 1751–1753, and resulted in publication of The Antiquities of Athens , a work mined by architects and designers for models of a refined "Grecian" neoclassicism . The expedition of Revett, Richard Chandler and William Pars to Asia Minor took place between 1764 and 1766. Finally,
2300-466: The fall of Missolonghi , where the poet Lord Byron had died in 1824. Many artists and intellectuals such as François-René de Chateaubriand , Victor Hugo , Alexander Pushkin , Gioachino Rossini , Hector Berlioz or Eugène Delacroix (in his paintings of The Massacre at Chios in 1824, and of Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi in 1826), amplified the current of sympathy for the Greek cause in
2392-814: The liberal Greek insurgents. The liberal and national uprising displeased Metternich , chancellor of the Austrian Empire and the principal political architect of the Holy Alliance. Russia looked favourably on the insurrection due to its Orthodox religious solidarity and its geostrategic interest (control of the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus ). France, another active member of the Holy Alliance, had just intervened in Spain against liberals at Trocadero (1823) but held an ambiguous position: Paris saw
2484-586: The new archaeological museum of Pylos ), bridges were constructed (such as those over the Pamissos River between Navarino and Kalamata ), the road Navarino–Methoni was built (the first road of independent Greece, which is still used today), hospitals (in Navarino, Modon and Patras) and health commissions were established for the Greek population (as during the plague epidemic in the mountainous villages of Kalavryta and Vrachni in December 1828, which
2576-447: The surname Pélissier . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pélissier&oldid=1179698885 " Categories : Surnames French-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
2668-421: The 3rd and 8th Artillery Regiments, and two companies of military engineers that included 800 sappers (combat engineers) and miners. A transport fleet protected by warships was organised; sixty ships sailed in all. Equipment, victuals, munitions and 1,300 horses had to be brought over, as well as arms, munitions and money for the Greek provisional government of Ioannis Kapodistrias . France wished to support
2760-709: The British Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington , opposed this plan (he wanted the new Greek state to be limited only to Peloponnese), thus it was left to the Greeks to drive out the Ottomans from these territories, with the understanding that the French army would only intervene if the Greeks found themselves in trouble. The Ottoman Empire could no longer depend on Egyptian troops to hold Greece. The strategic situation now resembled that existing before 1825 and
2852-498: The British admiral Edward Codrington . By its terms, Ibrahim Pasha was required to evacuate his Egyptian troops and leave the Peloponnese to the few Turkish troops (estimated at 1,200 men) remaining there, but he refused to honour the agreement and continued to control various Greek regions: Messenia , Navarino , and Patras as well as several other strongholds—and even ordered the systematic destruction of Tripolitza . Meanwhile,
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2944-760: The Captains of the French expedition Stamatis Voulgaris and Auguste-Théodore Garnot , is described at length in the Souvenirs of Jacques Mangeart, who came to the city with the Philhellene and Lieutenant-Colonel Maxime Raybaud to establish a printing company and found the Franco-Greek newspaper " Le Courrier d'Orient " in 1829. The Governor of Greece Ioannis Kapodistrias , when he had come to Paris in October 1827 just before his arrival in Greece, asked
3036-513: The French and British batteries were even mixed and manipulated by gunners from both nations. The Russian fleet could not take part in the siege, being stationed in Malta, but Admiral Lodewijk van Heiden had long since offered to be at the disposal of General Maison. On 30 October, early in the morning, twenty-five heavy gun batteries (including six field pieces, four howitzers, several mortars and an English bombard) opened fire. Within four hours,
3128-612: The French government (and in particular his friend and employee of the Ministry of War, Count Nicolas de Loverdo) for advisers and French army officers to organise the army of the new Greek state . Consequently, on the recommendation of the French Ministry of War, the Captains of the General Staff Stamatis Voulgaris (a French officer of Greek origin and friend of Kapodistrias from childhood), of
3220-524: The French government of Charles X was beginning to have doubts about its Greek policy. Ibrahim Pasha himself noted this ambiguity when he met General Maison in September. Eventually a pro-Greek liberal movement, inspired by what was then happening in Greece, began to develop in France. The longer France waited to act, the more delicate her position vis-à-vis Metternich became. The ultra-royalist government thus decided to accelerate events. A proposal to send
3312-410: The French soldiers began to suffer from the autumnal rains that drenched the tents pitched in their camps and favoured the spread of fever and dysentery . On 24 September, Louis-Eugène Cavaignac wrote that thirty men of 400 in his company of military engineers were already affected by fever. General Maison wished to be able to set up his men in the fortresses' barracks. On 7 September, following
3404-416: The Greek population of the imminent arrival of a French expedition. It was said that the locals would have rushed up before the troops as soon as they set foot on Greek soil to offer them food. The 1st brigade commanded by Tiburce Sébastiani let the camp on 8 September for Koroni, on the heights of which it installed its camp. The 3rd brigade (2nd convoy), which had been carried by a fleet that sailed against
3496-549: The Greeks revolted against centuries-long Ottoman rule . They won numerous victories early on and declared independence on 1 January 1822. However, the declaration contradicted the principles of the Congress of Vienna and of the Holy Alliance , which imposed a European equilibrium of the status quo , outlawing any possible change. In contrast to what happened elsewhere in Europe, the Holy Alliance did not intervene to stop
3588-694: The Morea Expedition, despite their disappointment at not being able to pursue their objective to liberate Greece, were gradually evacuated from January 1829 (General Higonet and General Sébastiani). Jacques Mangeart, Dr. Gaspard Roux and the brigade in which Eugène Cavaignac was serving embarked in the early days of April 1829. General Maison, following his promotion to Marshal of France on 22 February 1829 and General Durrieu, following his promotion to divisional general , did not leave until 22 May 1829; Captain Duheaume left on 4 August 1829. Only
3680-467: The Morea expedition comes from the direct testimonies of Louis-Eugène Cavaignac (2nd Engineer Regiment and future Prime Minister of France in 1848), of Alexandre Duheaume (Captain in the 58th Line Infantry Regiment), Jacques Mangeart (co-founder of a printing company and of the Franco-Greek newspaper " Le Courrier d'Orient " in Patras in 1829) and Doctor Gaspard Roux (Chief Medical Officer of
3772-476: The Morea expedition, to the Minister of War Louis-Victor de Caux de Blacquetot offer a detailed description of the taking of the strongholds of Morea during the month of October 1828. On 6 October, the day after Ibrahim's departure, General Maison ordered General Philippe Higonet to march on Navarino. He left with the 16th Infantry Regiment, which included artillery and military engineers. Navarino's seacoast
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3864-461: The Peloponnese. The 3rd brigade commanded by General Virgile Schneider had been sent by sea to take the city, located in the north-western part of the peninsula. It landed on October 4. General Schneider gave Hadji Abdullah, Pasha of Patras and of the Castle of Morea , twenty-four hours to hand over the fort. On 5 October, when the ultimatum expired, three columns marched on the city and the artillery
3956-718: The School of Artillery and then the Hellenic Central Military Academy , commonly known as the "Evelpidon School" in 1828, on the model of the French École Polytechnique . Finally, the map of the new Greek state was established by the Captain and engineer-geographer Pierre Peytier in 1832. At the same time, the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Morea Expedition, Colonel Camille Alphonse Trézel was promoted by Ioannis Kapodistrias, General and Commander of
4048-560: The Spanish campaign of 1823, and in the Morea expedition 1828–1829. In 1830, he took part in the expedition to Algeria , and on his return was promoted to the rank of chef d'escadron . After some years of staff service in Paris , he was again sent to Algeria as chief of staff of the province of Oran with the rank of lieutenant-colonel , and remained there until the Crimean War , taking
4140-498: The artillery and sappers embark in the ships anchored in the bay. On 20 October he also sent by land General Higonet, accompanied by two infantry regiments and by the 3rd Light Cavalry Regiment of the Chasseurs . These reinforcements arrived on the evening of 26 October after an intensive week of marching with their pace set by the rhythm of the drums. New batteries nicknamed for breaching ( de brèche ) were installed. These received
4232-546: The bay in the swampy plain of the Djalova , two leagues north of Navarino. On 1 October, General Maison reviewed the entire French troops on the shore, in the presence of Ibrahim Pasha who came without escort, and of the Greek General Nikitaras . The French printer Jacques Mangeart gave a detailed description of this review in his Souvenirs . The evacuation continued throughout the month of September and
4324-519: The commander of Navarino. Methoni's fortifications were in better condition than those of Navarino, so the sappers focused on opening the city gate, which the city's garrison did not defend. The commanders of the fort later explained that they could not surrender it without disobeying the Sultan's orders, but also recognised that it was impossible for them to resist, thus the fort had to be taken, at least symbolically, by force. The French general granted them
4416-464: The country's modern history. Audoy built from the spring of 1829 the new cities of Modon (today Methoni ) and Navarino (today Pylos ) outside the walls of the fortresses, on the model of the bastides of Southwest France (from where he originated) and of the cities of the Ionian Islands (which share common features, such as a central geometrical square bordered by covered galleries built with
4508-511: The entry to the Gulf of Corinth , which was nicknamed the "Little Dardanelles". General Schneider negotiated with the aghas, who persisted in their refusal to surrender and even shot the general. A siege against the fortress was begun and fourteen marine and field guns, placed a little over 400 meters in front of it, reduced the artillery of the besieged to silence. In Navarino, General Maison commanded General Durrieu and Admiral de Rigny to have all
4600-464: The evolution of art with an explication of the Sublime period of Greek art, which had been conceived during a period of political and religious liberty. His theories idealised ancient Greece and increased Europeans's desire to travel to contemporary Greece. It was seductive to believe, as he did, that 'good taste' was born beneath the Greek sky. He persuaded 18th-century Europe that life in ancient Greece
4692-401: The expedition) who all took part to the military expedition. The Chamber of Deputies authorised a loan of 80 million gold francs to allow the government to meet its obligations for the expedition. An expeditionary corps of 13,000–15,000 men commanded by Lieutenant-General Nicolas Joseph Maison was formed. It was composed of nine infantry regiments distributed in three brigades commanded by
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#17327758432454784-451: The first steps of free Greece by helping it developing its own army. The aim was also to gain influence in the region. After a brief and energetic proclamation by General-in-Chief Nicholas Joseph Maison was read to the companies assembled the day before boarding, the first brigade left Toulon on 17 August; the second, two days later; and the third on September 2 in a second distinct convoy. The general in command, Nicolas Joseph Maison,
4876-400: The fort, without arms or baggage. The aghas surrendered, but the fortress' resistance had cost 25 men of the French expedition killed or wounded. On 5 November 1828, the last Turks and Egyptians had definitely left Morea. 2,500 men and their families were placed aboard French vessels headed for Smyrna . Therefore 26-27,000 men in total were forced to leave the country and the strongholds in
4968-471: The fortress, held by 530 men who surrendered without a shot being fired, along with sixty cannon and 800,000 rounds of ammunition. The French troops settled permanently in Navarino, rebuilding its fortifications and houses and setting up a hospital and various features of local administration. On 7 October, the 35th Line Infantry Regiment, commanded by General Antoine-Simon Durrieu , accompanied by artillery and by military engineers, appeared before Methoni ,
5060-468: The geologist of the expedition Pierre Théodore Virlet d'Aoust to assess the possibility of digging a canal on the Isthmus of Corinth . Thus, from the first years of its independence, Greece established lasting military cooperation with France, who is still considered today as its traditional strategic ally. To all these achievements made by the French military troops, the scientific work realised by
5152-497: The hand; I approached him: his eyes had been gouged out. Turks and Egyptians spared no one in this war. — Amaury-Duval According to the Convention of Alexandria (6 August 1828), signed by the viceroy of Egypt, Muhammad Ali , and the British admiral Edward Codrington , Ibrahim Pasha was required to evacuate his Egyptian troops and leave the Peloponnese to the few Turkish troops (estimated at 1,200 men) remaining there. He used
5244-540: The image that Europe had of the Aegean . The theories and system of interpreting ancient art devised by Johann Joachim Winckelmann influenced European tastes for decades. His major work, History of Ancient Art , was published in 1764 and translated into French in 1766 (the English translation did not appear until 1881). In this major work Winckelmann initiated the tradition of dividing ancient art into periods, classifying
5336-599: The joint Franco-Russo-British squadron was berthed. With the Egyptian army ensconced between Navarino and Methoni , the landing was risky. After a two-hour meeting between General Maison and Admiral Henri de Rigny , who came to meet him aboard the Conquérant , the fleet sailed toward the Messenian Gulf , whose southern entrance was protected by a fort held by the Ottomans in Koroni . The expeditionary corps reached
5428-616: The landing of Ibrahim Pasha. Then, the Greek insurgents had triumphed on all fronts. After the Morea military expedition, the regular troops of the recently established Hellenic Armed Forces , only had to face the Turkish troops in Central Greece . Livadeia , gateway to Boeotia, was conquered at the beginning of November 1828 by the commander of the Army of Eastern Greece, Demetrios Ypsilantis . A counterattack by Mahmud Pasha from Euboea
5520-449: The last Egyptian transport sailed away on 5 October, taking Ibrahim Pasha. Of the 40,000 men he had brought from Egypt, he was returning with barely 21,000. A few Ottoman soldiers (2,500) remained to hold the different strongholds of the Peloponnese. The next mission of the French troops was to secure them, and hand them back to an independent Greece. The dispatches sent by Lieutenant-General Nicolas-Joseph Maison , Commander in chief of
5612-662: The liberal Greeks first and foremost as Christians, and their uprising against the Muslim Ottomans had undertones of a new crusade. Great Britain, a liberal country, was interested in the situation of the region, primarily because it was on the route to India and London wished to exert there a form of control. Finally, for all of Europe, Greece represented the cradle of Western civilisation and of art since antiquity . The Greek victories had been short-lived. The Sultan had called for aid from his Egyptian vassal Muhammad Ali , who dispatched his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with
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#17327758432455704-515: The linchpin of classical antiquity as it was perceived and taught in academe. Enlightenment philosophers, for whom the notions of Nature and Reason were so important, believed that these had been the fundamental values of classical Athens. The ancient Greek democracies, and above all Athens , became models to emulate. There they searched for answers to the political and philosophical problems of their time. Works such as Abbé Barthélemy 's Voyage du Jeune Anacharsis (1788) served to fix definitively
5796-587: The military engineering Auguste-Théodore Garnot , of the artillery Jean-Henri-Pierre-Augustin Pauzié-Banne and of the topographic service Pierre Peytier , were sent to Greece in 1828, a few months before the arrival of the Morea military expedition, to which they were attached, in order to train young Greek military engineers. Captains Voulgaris and Garnot designed the urban plans of several Greek cities: Tripolitza , Corinth (which Garnot continued alone), Nafplio (Voulgaris reworked its urban plan and that of
5888-452: The most dreadful spectacle I had seen in my life awaited me. In the middle of a few wooden huts built on the shore, outside the city ( Navarino ), of which only ruins remained, circulated, hasty and ragged, men, women, children, who had nothing left human in features: some without noses, others without ears, all more or less covered with scars; but what moved us at the last point was a little child of four or five years old whom his brother led by
5980-470: The mountain's half-slope, one sees nothing any more but long charred walls, and the huts of the Pasha's troops in the form of clay boats, moored at the feet of the mountains. Once, I headed to the remains of a Byzantine church, where I thought I saw collapsed marble; but it turned out that the porch and the circuit were strewn with white skeletons. — Edgar Quinet The day after we arrived, we went ashore, where
6072-784: The name given to the land intervention of the French Army in the Peloponnese between 1828 and 1833, at the time of the Greek War of Independence , with the aim of expelling the Ottoman-Egyptian occupation forces from the region. It was also accompanied by a scientific expedition mandated by the French Academy . After the fall of Messolonghi in 1826, the Western European powers decided to intervene in favour of revolutionary Greece. Their primary objective
6164-463: The names "Charles X" (King of France), "George IV" (King of the United Kingdom; this attention was greeted by the British), "Duke of Angoulême" (son of the king and Dauphin of France), "Duke of Bordeaux" (grandson of the king, and future count of Chambord) and "La Marine". A part of the French fleet, including the Breslaw and the Conquérant , and the British HMS Blonde under Admiral Edmund Lyons came to add their cannons. Some parts of
6256-411: The northwest part of the Gulf and began disembarking on the evening of 29 August with no opposition, and finished on 30–31 August. Soldiers pitched camp north of the plain of Koroni, ten minutes north of the ruins of ancient Coronea (near Petalidi), on the banks of the rivers Djane (for the General Staff), Karakasili-Karya and Velika . A proclamation by governor Ioannis Kapodistrias had informed
6348-493: The pinnacle of artistic achievement, culminating with the career of the sculptor Phidias . Further, Winckelmann believed that the most beautiful works of Greek art had been produced under ideal geographic, political and religious circumstances. This frame of thought long dominated intellectual life in Europe. He classified Greek art into four periods: Ancient (archaic period), Sublime (Phidias), Beautiful ( Praxiteles ) and Decadent (Roman period). Winckelmann concluded his theory on
6440-417: The public opinion. The European powers eventually decided to intervene in favour of Greece—a Christian vanguard in the Orient—whose strategic location in containing Muslim expansion was obvious to those political powers. By the Treaty of London of 6 July 1827, France, Russia and the United Kingdom recognised the autonomy of Greece, which remained a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. The three powers agreed to
6532-413: The rank of général de brigade (Brigadier-General), which he held until 1850, when he was promoted to général de division (Major-General). In 1852 he successfully commanded the Siege of Laghouat . After the battles of October and November 1854 before Sevastopol , Pélissier was sent to the Crimea , where on 16 May 1855 he succeeded Marshal Canrobert as commander-in-chief of the French forces before
6624-459: The refugee district Pronia ) and Patras . Garnot was also commissioned by Kapodistrias to found the first military engineering corps in 1828, called the Corps of Fortification and Architecture Officers, whose mission was to build, maintain and improve fortifications, military and civilian buildings, bridges, roads and other constructions. The Captain of artillery Pauzié was responsible for founding
6716-471: The regular army in 1829. Composed at that time of 2,688 men, General Trézel organized it "à la française", both for its administration and for its jurisdiction, for the training and for the advancement of the soldiers, and even for its uniforms which were the same than those of the French. In November 1829, General Trézel was replaced by General Gérard, who remained Commander of the regular Army until 1831. Finally, Governor Kapodistrias also commissioned in 1829
6808-465: The removal by Lord Elgin of half of the surviving marble sculptures of the Parthenon , as well as sculptures from other buildings, and their transport to Britain at the beginning of the 19th century, had inspired further philhellenic longing for the cultural glories of ancient Greece: it now seemed possible to build vast collections of ancient art in Western Europe. Much of the information concerning
6900-453: The same surrender conditions as in Navarino. The fortress of Methoni was taken and General Maison installed his apartments there (in the former home of Ibrahim Pasha), as well as the headquarters of the Morea expedition. It was more difficult to take Koroni . General Tiburce Sébastiani showed up there on 7 October with a part of his 1st brigade and announced the taking of the fortresses of Navarino and Methoni. The fort commander's response
6992-597: The scientific commission of the Morea between the months of March and December 1829 should be added as well. The French troops definitively withdrew from Greece in August 1833, shortly after the arrival of King Otto of Greece and the Bavarian Auxiliary Corps , in the previous January. They were then replaced by the corps of the Royal Army composed of 3,500 Bavarian soldiers and officers. Despite
7084-439: The southwestern Peloponnese. During October, soldiers took control of the principal strongholds still held by the Turkish troops. Although the bulk of the troops returned to France in early 1829 after an eight month-deployment, the French kept a military presence in the area until 1833. The French army would suffer about 1,500 dead, mainly due to fever and dysentery . As had occurred during Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign , when
7176-531: The surrender of Navarino, Methoni, Koroni and Patras, and that only stronghold was still under the control of the Turks, the Castle of the Morea. The Castle of the Morea ( Kastro Moreas or Kastelli ) was built by Bayezid II in 1499. It is located beside the sea, 10 km north of Patras, near Rion , and next to the current Rio–Antirrio bridge . Opposite the Castle of Rumelia on the northern coast, it guarded
7268-531: The troops who remained on land; these men had just endured a lengthy blockade. A first Egyptian division, 5,500 men and 27 ships, set sail on September 16, escorted by three ships from the joint fleet (two English ones and the French frigate Sirène ). The day before, on 15 September, the French troops had moved their camp from Petalidi and had crossed the Messenian peninsula to the west in order to get closer to Navarino. They had set up their new camp north of
7360-503: The voyage to Greece in March 1829; most of them stayed there for nine months. Their work proved essential to the ongoing development of the new Greek State and, more broadly, marked a major milestone in the modern history of archaeology, cartography and natural sciences, as well as in the study of Greece. 1822–1824 Greek civil wars of 1824–1825 Egyptian intervention (1825–1826) Great powers intervention (1827–1829) In 1821,
7452-430: The works chronologically and stylistically. The views of Winckelmann on art encompassed the entirety of civilisation. He drew a parallel between a civilisation's general level of development and the evolution of its art. He interpreted this artistic evolution the same way that his contemporaries saw the life cycle of a civilisation in terms of progress—apogee and then decline. For him, the golden age of Greek art had been
7544-595: Was contained by the General Higonet). Finally, many improvements were made to the Peloponnesian cities (schools, postal services, printing companies, bridges, squares, fountains, gardens, etc.). The military engineering commander of the Morea expedition, Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph-Victor Audoy , was commissioned by the Governor of Greece Ioannis Kapodistrias to design the first urban framework plan of
7636-532: Was deployed. The Pasha immediately signed the capitulation of Patras and of the Castle of Morea. However, the aghas who commanded the latter refused to obey their pasha, whom they considered a traitor, and announced that they would rather die in the ruins of their fortress than surrender. However, as early as October 14, the corvette Oise had left for France, bearing son and aide-de-camp of General Maison, Captain of Staff Jean Baptiste Eugène, Viscount Maison , who carried dispatches to King Charles X announcing
7728-524: Was named senator , created Duke of Malakoff (22 July 1856; the only other victory title awarded by Napoleon III, also ducal, was for the victory by Patrice de MacMahon in the battle of Magenta , in the Italian campaign), and rewarded with a grant of 100,000 francs per annum. From March 1858 to May 1859, he was French ambassador in London , but was recalled to take command of the army of observation on
7820-440: Was pure, simple and moral, and that classical Hellas was the source from which artists should draw ideas of "noble simplicity and calm grandeur". Greece became the "motherland of the arts" and "the teacher of taste". The French government had planned the Morea expedition in the same spirit as those of James Stuart and Nicholas Revett , whose work it wished to complete. The semi-scientific expeditions commissioned and financed by
7912-402: Was put under siege by Admiral Henri de Rigny ’s fleet and the land siege was undertaken by General Higonet's soldiers. The Turkish commander of the fort refused to surrender: "The Porte is at war with neither the French nor the English; we will commit no hostile act, but we will not surrender the fort". Whereupon the sappers were ordered to open a breach in the walls and General Higonet entered
8004-554: Was recognized and guaranteed by the Great Powers. This Treaty of Constantinople thus marked the end of the Greek War of Independence . The territory of the new Kingdom of Greece , however, only extended over the regions liberated by the French and Greek troops: the Peloponnese, some islands and central Greece (the northern land border of the Kingdom was drawn along a line joining the cities of Arta and Volos ). The troops of
8096-661: Was repulsed in January 1829. The commander of the Army of Western Greece, Augustinos Kapodistrias , besieged and recaptured Naupaktos in April 1829 and the symbolic town of Messolonghi in May 1829. Ypsilantis recaptured Thebes on 21 May 1829 and defeated 7,000 Ottomans at the Battle of Petra (a narrow passage in Boeotia between Thebes and Livadeia ) on 12 September 1829. This battle
8188-584: Was significant as it was the first time the Greeks had fought victoriously on the field of battle as a regular army. The battle of Petra was the last of the Greek War of Independence . However, it took the military victory of Russia in the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29 and the Treaty of Adrianople , which was then ratified by the Treaty of Constantinople in July 1832, before the independence of Greece
8280-429: Was similar to those given at Navarino and Methoni. Sébastiani sent his sappers, who were pushed back by rocks thrown from atop the walls. A dozen men were wounded, among them Cavaignac and, more seriously, a captain (Boutauld), a sergeant and three sappers. The other French soldiers felt insulted and their general had great difficulty in preventing them from opening fire and taking the stronghold by force. The Amphitrite ,
8372-476: Was to force Ibrahim Pasha , the Ottoman Empire 's Egyptian ally, to evacuate the occupied regions and the Peloponnese. The intervention began when a Franco - Russo - British fleet was sent to the region and won the Battle of Navarino in October 1827, destroying the entire Turkish-Egyptian fleet. In August 1828, a French expeditionary corps of 15,000 men led by General Nicolas-Joseph Maison landed in
8464-465: Was with the first brigade, aboard the ship of the line Ville de Marseille . The first convoy was composed of merchant ships and was escorted by the frigates Amphitrite , Bellone and Cybèle . The second convoy was escorted by the ship of the line Duquesne and by the frigates Iphigénie and Armide . After a boat passage without problems, the first convoy transporting the two first brigades arrived on 28 August in Navarino bay, where
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