Pemmasani Kamma Nayaks were a ruling clan in the south Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . They came into prominence during Vijayanagara Empire. After the Battle of Talikota in 1565 AD, the collapse of Vijayanagara Empire led to the emergence of Pemmasani Nayakas in the Rayalaseema region. They belonged to the Kamma social group.
24-430: According to Yadiki Kaifiat, Vijayanagara Emperor Phrauda Deva Raya granted Nayankarship of Yadiki to Pemmasani Timma Nayaka in 1424–1444 AD period marking the beginning of the rule of Pemmasani Nayaks. According to Tadipatri Kaifiat, Vijayanagara Emperor Sri Krishna Deva Raya granted Nayankarship of Tadipatri to Pemmasani Timma Nayaka between 1509 and 1529 AD period marking the beginning of the rule of Pemmasani Nayaks. After
48-491: A Kamma chief serving Krishnadeva Raya ( r. 1509–1529 ). It is not known whether he served Krishnadeva Raya or some later ruler. The Pemmasani Nayaks ruled Yadiki , Gooty , Tadipatri , and Gandikota . The maximum extent of Pemmasanis feudatorial influence ranged from Gandikota to Kondapalli during the reign of Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayaka which includes areas like Gooty, Kondaveedu, Bellamkonda, Kanchi, Tadipatri, Yadaki. Pemmasanis helped Araveeti kings to ascend
72-470: A number of historians have criticized or rejected this view. For example, Richard M. Eaton denies any religious motives behind the battle and describes the clash of civilizations hypothesis as emblematic of flawed Orientalist scholarship. In support of his position, Eaton cites a number of lines of evidence, including the multiple alliances of Rama Raya with various Muslim rulers at different points in time, (motivated by political rather than religious factors);
96-512: Is difficult, if not impossible. The exact venue of clash has been variously mentioned as Talikota, Rakkasagi-Tangadigi and Bannihatti, all on the banks of river Krishna. There exists debate as to the precise dates. Span-lengths vary from hours to days; descriptions of battle formations and maneuvers vary too. Rama Raya was eventually beheaded either by Sultan Nizam Hussain himself or by someone acting on his behest despite Adil Shah, who had friendly relations with Raya, intending against. In
120-587: Is the most prominent Zamindari estate in Tamil Nadu . It existed from 1565 to 1949. Aravidu dynasty The Aravidu Dynasty was the fourth and last Hindu dynasty of Vijayanagara Empire in South India . Its founder was Tirumala Deva Raya , whose brother Rama Raya had been the masterful regent of the last ruler of the previous dynasty. Rama Raya's death at the Battle of Talikota in 1565 led to
144-409: Is usually blamed on the gap in relative military prowess of the combatants. Orientalist and nationalist historians claimed the battle as part of a clash of civilizations between Hindus and Muslims. Contemporary scholars reject such characterizations as flawed. Rama Raya , after his installation of a patrimonial state and emerging as the ruler, adopted a political strategy of benefiting from
168-620: The Aravidu dynasty , which held sway over fragments of the erstwhile empire and even operated out of Vijayanagara for two years, before shifting to Pengonda. But faced with succession disputes, rebellions by multiple local chieftains—primarily Telugu Nayak houses—who did not wish for the reemergence of any central authority, and continuous conflicts with the Bijapur Sultanate —who might have been invited by Rama Raya's son—, it moved southwards before disintegrating in
192-647: The Deccan sultanates . The battle resulted in the defeat and death of Rama Raya , the de facto ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire, which led to the immediate collapse of the Vijayanagara polity and reconfigured South Indian and Deccan politics. The specific details of the battle and its immediate aftermath are notoriously difficult to reconstruct in light of the distinctly contrarian narratives present across primary sources. The defeat in this battle
216-686: The Rajas of Anegundi. These descendants of the Aravidu dynasty, despite not holding active political power, are often respected due to their association with the Vijayanagar Empire. [1] The main rulers of the Aravidu dynasty were: Battle of Talikota The Battle of Talikota , also known as that of Rakkasagi–Tangadagi (23 January 1565), was a watershed battle fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and an alliance of
240-553: The basis of similar analyses. Additional arguments include the fact that the Muslim Berar Sultanate did not join the battle, the fact the Sultanate-alliance dissipated soon after the battle, and the existence of harmonious Hindu-Muslim relations in the Vijayanagara Empire, which extended to the placement of Muslims in high positions in the royal court of Vijaynagara. The battle has been adopted into
264-562: The battle caused a political rupture for the state of Vijayanagara and permanently reconfigured Deccan politics. Patronage of monuments and temples ceased, the Vaishnava cult perished from the city of Vijayanagara due to the cessation of royal patronage, and the Royal Center was never rebuilt. The Bijapur Sultanate reaped maximum gains but their alliance with the other Deccan sultanates did not last long. Tirumala went on to establish
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#1732782966417288-423: The city. The first ruler of Pemmasani clan was Pemmasani Timmanayudu who fought many a battle and won the trust of Bukka Raya . Veera Thimma had a son by name Chennappa who had two sons Ramalinga Naidu and Peda Thimma Naidu. Ramalinga ruled Gandikota (1509-1530 CE) during the time of Krishna Deva Raya . Ramalinga had 80,000 soldiers under him and he played a crucial role in the victory of Krishna Deva Raya over
312-441: The collapse of Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 at the battle of Tallikota, Pemmasani Nayaks ruled Gandikota, Yadiki, Gutti and Tadipatri estates for over 100 years from 1565 to 1685. Pemmasani Nayaks are known to be the feudatory rulers of Gandikota in the sixteenth century, serving under Aravidu dynasty (1542–1652), especially Rama Raya . The late sixteenth century Telugu text Rayavachakamu mentions Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu as
336-464: The combined armies of Kalaburagi , Golkonda and Ahmednagar . His exploits in the battle were extolled by many Telugu poets. He was the most feared by the Generals of Bijapur , Ahmednagar and Golconda . Thimma Naidu II participated in the expeditions of Krishna Deva Raya and captured Udayagiri , Addanki , Kondapalli , Rajahmundry and Katakam ( Cuttack ). He also played a crucial role in
360-576: The conquest of Ummattur. After the death of Krishna Deva Raya in 1529, his son-in-law Rama Raya took control of the kingdom. The Bahamani sultan colluded with Salakam Timmaraja and raided Vijayanagar. Ramaraya took refuge in Gandikota. Bangaru Thimma Naidu vanquished Bahamanis in a fierce battle at Komali, killed Salakam Timmaraja and restored the throne to Ramaraya. After the battle of Talikota, one section of Gandikota Pemmasani family migrated to Tamil Nadu and established Kuruvikulam Zamindari. This
384-602: The internecine warfare among the multiple successors of the Bahmani Sultanate , and it worked well for about twenty years of his reign. However, after a series of aggressive efforts to maintain hold over Kalyan and diplomatic dealings with the Sultanates laden with insulting gestures by the Sultanates, the four Muslim Sultanates – Hussain Nizam Shah I and Ali Adil Shah I of Ahmadnagar and Bijapur to
408-406: The late 1640s. Colonial era historiography (e.g. the work of Robert Sewell and Jonathan Scott ), drawing from the accounts of Firishta and others , placed this battle within the context of a larger " Clash of civilizations " metanarrative. In this account, the battle pitted, on the one hand, Hindu civilization, represented by the "Rama-rajya" of Vijayanagara, against Islamic civilization on
432-473: The other hand, represented by the alliance of Deccan sultanates. The result of the battle, according to this view, was the fall of the last "Hindu bastion" of South India to "Mohammed" zealotry and expansionism. In the modern post-colonial era, a number of South Indian nationalist historians ( Aluru Venkata Rao , B. A. Saletore , S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar , K. A. Nilakanta Sastri ) have continued to endorse this view or one like it. However, in recent decades,
456-653: The resultant confusion and havoc, Raya's brother Tirumala deserted with the entire army; he did try to regroup in Vijaynagara but failed and moved to the outskirts. His other brother Venkatadri was blinded and likely killed in action. Vijayanagara side was winning the war, state Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund in a survey of Indian history, until two Muslim generals of the Vijayanagara army switched sides. The Sultanates' armies went on to plunder Vijayanagara, unopposed. Popular accounts and older scholarship describe Vijayanagara falling to ruins, in light of
480-713: The subsequent destruction of Vijayanagar by the combined forces of the Muslim states of the Deccan. The Aravidu family claimed to be Kshatriyas and were based in Andhra region. They claimed to belong to the Atreya gotra and traced their lineage to the Eastern Chalukya king Rajaraja Narendra . The Aravidu dynasty, after the fall of the Vijayanagar Empire in the 17th century, continued their rule by establishing themselves as
504-626: The thorough perfusion of Persian Islamate culture within the Vijaynagara Kingdom, as evident from court sanction and patronage of Islamic art, architecture and culture; and the strategic alliances of Rama Raya's heirs (the Aravidus ) with the heirs of the Deccan Sultans that fought at Talikota. Romila Thapar , Burton Stein , Sanjay Subrahmanyam , Muzaffar Alam , and Stewart N. Gordon have concurred with this perspective on
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#1732782966417528-590: The throne of great Vijayanagar Empire when there was power shift between Tuluva and Araveedu dynasties after the Battle of Tallikota in 1565 A. D. where the Vijayanagar empire under Tuluva dynasty rule faced huge defeat against combined forces of Deccan Sultanates. Pemmasanis played a crucial role in protecting the Vijayanagar empire. This is evident from the prime location of land that Vijayanagar kings have provided to Pemmasanis in Hampi as camp when they visited
552-476: The west, Ali Barid Shah I of Bidar in the center, and Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali of Golkonda to the east – united in the wake of shrewd marital diplomacy and convened to attack Rama Raya, in late January 1565. There exist multiple contemporary chronicles (literary as well as historical) documenting the war: The details of the battle and immediate aftermath are often distinctly contrarian and even accounting for biases, reconstruction
576-458: The widespread desecration of sacred topography; however, this view has been contested. Contemporary historians and archaeologists warn against conflating the state with the town as little evidence exists about any damage inflicted beyond the Royal Center; they further underline the politically strategic nature of destruction and arson, since sites associated with sovereignty, royal power, and authority were subject to more wanton means. Nonetheless,
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