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39-461: Glossed by Hesychius as "some kind of bird" (today arbitrarily identified with the Eurasian wigeon , to which Linnaeus gave the binomial Anas penelope ), where -elōps ( -έλωψ ) is a common Pre-Greek suffix for predatory animals; however, the semantic relation between the proper name and the gloss is not clear. In folk etymology , Pēnelopē ( Πηνελόπη ) is usually understood to combine

78-505: A glossary sometimes supersede them. In East Asian languages, ruby characters are glosses that indicate the pronunciation of logographic Chinese characters . Starting in the 14th century, a gloze in the English language was a marginal note or explanation, borrowed from French glose , which comes from medieval Latin glōsa , classical glōssa , meaning an obsolete or foreign word that needs explanation. Later, it came to mean

117-413: A gloss may be placed between a text and its translation when it is important to understand the structure of the language being glossed, and not just the overall meaning of the passage. Sign languages are typically transcribed word-for-word by means of a gloss written in the predominant oral language in all capitals; for example, American Sign Language and Auslan would be written in English. Prosody

156-803: A particular gloss, whose truth was taken to be scriptural. Indeed, in one case, it is generally reckoned that an early gloss explicating the doctrine of the Trinity made its way into the Scriptural text itself, in the passage known as the "three heavenly witnesses" or the Comma Johanneum , which is present in the Vulgate Latin and the third and later editions of the Greek Textus Receptus collated by Erasmus (the first two editions excluded it for lack of manuscript evidence), but

195-710: A plan to deal with her suitors while also responding to her desires. Sissa discusses how Penelope gives her suitors the opportunity to demonstrate themselves as the best candidate for her attention. Sissa writes, "Penelope innovates. And she does so because she responds in the same register to the desires of the men who have been awaiting her verdict for three years. This is an erotic desire to which she reacts, first, with seductive wiles of messages and promises, and then by inviting them to demonstrate their excellence, not in terms of wealth and social prestige, but in terms of something extremely personal and physical. In order to please Penelope, they have to be on par with Ulysses in showing

234-447: A simple fingerspelled word, but #JOB indicates a lexicalized unit, produced like J-O-B , but faster, with a barely perceptible O and turning the "B" hand palm side in, unlike a regularly fingerspelled "B". Eumaeus In Greek mythology , Eumaeus ( / j uː ˈ m iː ə s / ; Ancient Greek : Εὔμαιος Eumaios meaning 'searching well' ) was Odysseus ' slave, swineherd , and friend. His father, Ctesius , son of Ormenus ,

273-445: A statute or regulation by a judge . Judicial glosses are often very important in avoiding contradictions between statutes, and determining the constitutionality of various provisions of law. A gloss, or glosa , is a verse in traditional Iberian literature and music which follows and comments on a refrain (the " mote "). See also villancico . Glosses are of some importance in philology , especially if one language—usually,

312-501: A waiter during Odysseus' first supper back on Ithaca , in Eumaeus's hut with its owner and his fellow herders. Eumaeus also welcomes Odysseus' son, Telemachus , when he returns from his voyage to Pylos and Sparta . When Telemachus returns, he visits Eumaeus as soon as he gets off his boat, as Athena directed him. In Eumaeus's hut is Odysseus in disguise. Eumaeus greets Telemachus as a father, expressing his deep worry while Telemachus

351-418: Is a brief notation, especially a marginal or interlinear one, of the meaning of a word or wording in a text. It may be in the language of the text or in the reader's language if that is different. A collection of glosses is a glossary . A collection of medieval legal glosses, made by glossators , is called an apparatus . The compilation of glosses into glossaries was the beginning of lexicography , and

390-496: Is absent from all modern critical reconstructions of the New Testament text, such as Westcott and Hort , Tischendorf , and Nestle-Aland . In the medieval legal tradition, the glosses on Roman law and Canon law created standards of reference, so-called sedes materiae 'seat of the matter'. In common law countries, the term "judicial gloss" refers to what is considered an authoritative or "official" interpretation of

429-510: Is generous in his offerings to guests and gods ( Hermes in particular) and so fair-minded as to strive to divide meals equally between everyone he feeds. The axiom "The god will give, and the god will take away, according to his will, for he can do anything" fairly encapsulates his philosophy. During his master's long absence, Eumaeus acquires from the Taphians a servant, Mesaulius , with his own ostensibly meagre resources. Mesaulius serves as

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468-463: Is in disguise – and has his misgivings, Eumaeus treats Odysseus well, offering food and shelter to one whom he thinks is simply a pauper. On being pushed to explain himself, Odysseus spins a distorted tale, misleading Eumaeus into believing that he is the son not of Laertes but of Castor . The swineherd refuses to accept the assurance that Odysseus is finally on his way home, though he loves him above all others (rendering him especially bitter towards

507-433: Is often glossed as superscript words, with its scope indicated by brackets. [I LIKE] [WHAT?] , GARLIC. "I don't like garlic." Pure fingerspelling is usually indicated by hyphenation. Fingerspelled words that have been lexicalized (that is, fingerspelling sequences that have entered the sign language as linguistic units and that often have slight modifications) are indicated with a hash. For example, W-I-K-I indicates

546-486: The suitors of Penelope ). Eumaeus has become inured to such claims owing to their frequency during Odysseus' absence, and additionally because he had been misled previously by an impostor from Aetolia . He cautions: Don't you try to gratify or soothe my heart with falsehoods. It is not for that reason that I shall respect and entertain you, but because I fear Zeus , the patron of strangers, and pity you. God-fearing, suspicious, and scrupulous, Eumaeus delivers probably

585-643: The Greek word pēnē ( πήνη ), " weft ", and ōps ( ὤψ ), "face", which is considered the most appropriate for a cunning weaver whose motivation is hard to decipher. Robert S. P. Beekes believed the name to be Pre-Greek and related to pēnelops ( πηνέλοψ ) or pēnelōps ( πηνέλωψ ). Penelope is married to the main character, the king of Ithaca , Odysseus (Ulysses in Roman mythology), and daughter of Icarius of Sparta and Periboea (or Polycaste ). She only has one son with Odysseus, Telemachus , who

624-707: The Greek word for "all" ( πᾶν ). The Odyssey carefully suppresses this variant tradition. Penelope is recognizable in Greek and Roman works, from Attic vase-paintings—the Penelope Painter is recognized by his representations of her—to Roman sculptures copying or improvising upon classical Greek models, by her seated pose, by her reflective gesture of leaning her cheek on her hand, and by her protectively crossed legs, reflecting her long chastity in Odysseus' absence, an unusual pose in any other figure. Latin references to Penelope revolved around her sexual loyalty to

663-611: The Spanish Décima style. Glosses were originally notes made in the margin or between the lines of a text in a classical language ; the meaning of a word or passage is explained by the gloss. As such, glosses vary in thoroughness and complexity, from simple marginal notations of words one reader found difficult or obscure, to interlinear translations of a text with cross references to similar passages. Today parenthetical explanations in scientific writing and technical writing are also often called glosses. Hyperlinks to

702-642: The absent Odysseus. It suited the marital aspect of Roman society representing the tranquility of the worthy family. She is mentioned by various classical authors including Plautus , Propertius , Horace , Ovid , Martial and Statius . The use of Penelope in Latin texts provided a basis for her ongoing use in the Middle Ages and Renaissance as a representation of a chaste wife. This was reinforced by her being named by Saint Jerome among pagan women famed for their chastity. Gloss (annotation) A gloss

741-416: The bed himself and knows that one of its legs is a living olive tree . Penelope finally accepts that he truly is Odysseus, a moment that highlights their homophrosýnē ( ὁμοφροσύνη , "like-mindedness"). Homer implies that from then on Odysseus would live a long and happy life together with Penelope and Telemachus, wisely ruling his kingdom, and enjoying wide respect and much success. Penelope also appears in

780-544: The enchantress Circe, while Telegonus married the new widowed Penelope. After burying Odysseus, Circe made the other three immortal. According to Hyginus , Penelope and Telegonus had a son called Italus who, according to some accounts, gave his name to Italy . This legend inspired Sophocles lost tragedy Odysseus Acanthoplex . In some early sources such as Pindar , Pan 's parents are Apollo and Penelope. Herodotus , Cicero , Apollodorus , and Hyginus all describe Hermes and Penelope as his parents. Pausanias records

819-420: The explanation itself. The Latin word comes from Greek γλῶσσα 'tongue, language, obsolete or foreign word'. In the 16th century, the spelling was refashioned as gloss to reflect the original Greek form more closely. Glosses and other marginal notes were a primary format used in medieval Biblical theology and were studied and memorized for their own merit. Many Biblical passages came to be associated with

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858-424: The glossaries so compiled were in fact the first dictionaries . In modern times a glossary, as opposed to a dictionary, is typically found in a text as an appendix of specialized terms that the typical reader may find unfamiliar. Also, satirical explanations of words and events are called glosses. The German Romantic movement used the expression of gloss for poems commenting on a given other piece of poetry, often in

897-426: The island and, assailed by hunger, began plundering it. Odysseus and his oldest son, Telemachus , defended their city and, in the ensuing melée, Telegonus accidentally killed his father with a lance tipped with the venomous spine of a stingray . After discovering the identity of his father, Telegonus brought Telemachus and Penelope to Circe's island. Here, Athena ordered the marriage of Telemachus to Telegonus' mother,

936-849: The language of the author of the gloss—has left few texts of its own. The Reichenau Glosses , for example, gloss the Latin Vulgate Bible in an early form of one of the Romance languages , and as such give insight into late Vulgar Latin at a time when that language was not often written down. A series of glosses in the Old English language to Latin Bibles give us a running translation of Biblical texts in that language; see Old English Bible translations . Glosses of Christian religious texts are also important for our knowledge of Old Irish . Glosses frequently shed valuable light on

975-467: The lost Greek epic Telegony . that does not survive except in a summary, but that was attributed to Eugamon or Eugammon of Cyrene and written as a sequel to the Odyssey . According to this epic, Odysseus had a son called Telegonus with Circe when he was in her island. When Telegonus had grown to manhood, Circe sent him in search of Odysseus. Shipwrecked on Ithaca by a storm, Telegonus misidentified

1014-462: The men she so loathes ... adding that she might take this opportunity to talk to Telemachus (which she will indeed do). It is important to consider the alternate perspective of Penelope entertaining, and even enjoying the attention of, her suitors. Italian philosophy historian Giula Sissa offers a unique perspective which supports this idea. The Odyssey allows room for Penelope’s identity free of being Ulysses’ wife. As she awaits his return, she makes

1053-464: The might of their bodies." She is ambivalent, variously asking Artemis to kill her and apparently considering marrying one of the suitors. When the disguised Odysseus returns, she announces in her long interview with him that whoever can string Odysseus's rigid bow and shoot an arrow through twelve axe heads may have her hand. "For the plot of the Odyssey , of course, her decision is the turning point,

1092-413: The move that makes possible the long-predicted triumph of the returning hero". There is debate as to whether Penelope knows that it is Odysseus. Penelope and the suitors know that Odysseus (were he in fact present) would easily surpass them all in any test of masculine skill, so she may have started the contest as an opportunity for him to reveal his identity. On the other hand, because Odysseus seems to be

1131-517: The oldest extant example of literary sarcasm when, after Odysseus offers a bargain entailing that he be thrown off a cliff should he lose, he answers: That would be virtuous of me, my friend, and good reputation would be mine among men, for present time alike and hereafter, if first I led you into my shelter, there entertained you as guest, then murdered you and ravished the dear life from you. Then cheerfully I could go and pray to Zeus, son of Kronos. (XIV.402–6, Lattimore translation) Eumaeus

1170-425: The only person (except, perhaps, Telemachus) who can actually use the bow, she could just be further delaying her marriage to one of the suitors. When the contest of the bow begins, none of the suitors are able to string the bow, except Odysseus who wins the contest. Having done so, he proceeds to slaughter the suitors – beginning with Antinous whom he finds drinking from his cup – with help from Telemachus, Athena and

1209-559: The sailors continued to Ithaca where Odysseus' father Laertes bought him as a slave. Thereafter he was brought up with Odysseus and his sister Ctimene (or Ktimene) and was treated by Anticleia , their mother, almost as Ctimene's equal. In Homer 's Odyssey , Eumaeus is the first person that Odysseus meets upon his return to Ithaca after fighting in the Trojan War . He has four dogs, 'savage as wild beasts,' who protect his pigs. Although he does not recognize his old master – Odysseus

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1248-447: The slaves Eumaeus the swineherd and Philoetius the cowherd. Odysseus has now revealed himself in all his glory (with a little makeover by Athena); yet Penelope cannot believe that her husband has really returned – she fears that it is perhaps some god in disguise, as in the story of Alcmene – and tests him by ordering her slave Eurycleia to move the bed in their bridal-chamber. Odysseus protests that this cannot be done, since he made

1287-471: The story that Penelope had in fact been unfaithful to Odysseus, who banished her to Mantineia upon his return. In the 5th century AD Nonnus names Pan's mother as Penelope of Mantineia in Arcadia . Other sources report that Penelope had slept with all 108 suitors in Odysseus' absence, and gave birth to Pan as a result. This myth reflects the folk etymology that equates Pan's name ( Πάν ) with

1326-481: The suitors, one of which is to pretend to be weaving a burial shroud for Odysseus's elderly father Laertes and claiming that she will choose a suitor when she has finished. Every night for three years, she undoes part of the shroud, until Melantho , a slave, discovers her chicanery and reveals it to the suitors. Penelope's efforts to delay remarriage is often seen as a symbol of marital fidelity to her husband, Odysseus. But because Athena wants her "to show herself to

1365-482: The vocabulary of otherwise little attested languages; they are less reliable for syntax , because many times the glosses follow the word order of the original text, and translate its idioms literally. In linguistics , a simple gloss in running text may be marked by quotation marks and follow the transcription of a foreign word. Single quotes are a widely used convention. For example: A longer or more complex transcription may rely upon an interlinear gloss . Such

1404-609: The wooers, that she might set their hearts a-flutter and win greater honor from her husband and her son than heretofore", Penelope does eventually appear before the suitors Irene de Jong wrote  As so often, it is Athena who takes the initiative in giving the story a new direction ... Usually the motives of mortal and god coincide, here they do not: Athena wants Penelope to fan the Suitors’ desire for her and (thereby) make her more esteemed by her husband and son; Penelope has no real motive ... she simply feels an unprecedented impulse to meet

1443-490: Was born just before Odysseus was called to fight in the Trojan War . She waits twenty years for Odysseus' return, during which time she devises various cunning strategies to delay marrying any of the 108 suitors (led by Antinous and including Agelaus , Amphinomus , Ctessippus, Demoptolemus , Elatus , Euryades, Eurymachus and Peisander ). On Odysseus's return, disguised as an old beggar, he finds that Penelope has remained faithful. She has devised cunning tricks to delay

1482-429: Was gone and his relief now that is safely back. Homer even uses a simile to reiterate the father–son relationship between Telemachus and Eumaeus. He says, And as a loving father embraces his own son Come back from a distant land after ten long years, His only son, greatly beloved and much sorrowed for With Odysseus sitting beside Eumaeus and Telemachus, the audience is especially aware of this relationship. During

1521-472: Was king of an island called Syra (present-day Syros in the Greek islands of the Cyclades ), although it has also been suggested that Eumaeus may have referred to Syracuse, Sicily . When he was a young child a Phoenician sailor seduced his nurse, a slave, who agreed to bring the child among other treasures in exchange for their help in her escape. The nurse was killed by Artemis on the journey by sea, but

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