A privately held company (or simply a private company ) is a company whose shares and related rights or obligations are not offered for public subscription or publicly negotiated in their respective listed markets. Instead, the company's stock is offered, owned, traded or exchanged privately, also known as " over-the-counter ". Related terms are unlisted organisation , unquoted company and private equity .
66-425: Pentland Group is a British privately held global company that owns and invests in, primarily, retail and wholesale businesses in the sports, outdoor and sports fashion sectors. The Group is the majority shareholder of JD Sports , which operates 2,420 stores across 19 territories. The Group owns Speedo , Berghaus , Canterbury of New Zealand , Endura, Boxfresh , Ellesse , Red or Dead , SeaVees and Mitre . It
132-622: A Rugby World Cup had been suggested on numerous occasions going back to the 1950s, but met with opposition from most unions in the IRFB. The idea resurfaced several times in the early 1980s, with the Australian Rugby Union (ARU; now known as Rugby Australia) in 1983, and the New Zealand Rugby Union (NZRU; now known as New Zealand Rugby) in 1984 independently proposing the establishment of a world cup. A proposal
198-557: A Springbok jersey , presenting the trophy to South Africa's captain, Francois Pienaar . The 1999 tournament was hosted by Wales with matches also being held throughout the rest of the United Kingdom, Ireland and France. The tournament included a repechage system, alongside specific regional qualifying places. The number of participating nations was increased from sixteen to twenty — and has remained to date at twenty. Australia claimed their second title, defeating France in
264-570: A division of Pentland Group, announced it had bought a majority stake in California-based sneaker brand, SeaVees. For the year ended December 2017, Pentland Group recorded total group revenue increase of 25 percent to 3.6 billion pounds (4.7 billion dollars). In January 2018, Pentland Group announced a 50/50 joint venture footwear partnership with the Lacoste Group. In March 2018, Pentland Brands Limited announced its acquisition of
330-500: A majority of the shares. Following the exponential growth associated with their operation of Reebok, they floated an increased public offering in 1989, then bought back the entire public float in 1999, returning it to a 100% private family-held operation "to focus on longer-term investments". However, according to an article in The Independent , prior to the company returning to a private holding, institutional investors in
396-423: A match by one player, 45, as well as the record for most conversions in a match, 20. All Black Marc Ellis holds the record for most tries in a match, six, which he scored against Japan in 1995. New Zealand's Jonah Lomu is the youngest player to appear in a final – aged 20 years and 43 days in the 1995 final. Lomu (playing in two tournaments) and South African Bryan Habana (playing in three tournaments) share
462-579: A match is 8, held by Australian Matt Burke , Argentinian Gonzalo Quesada , Scotland's Gavin Hastings and France's Thierry Lacroix , with Quesada also holding the record for most penalties in a tournament, with 31. The most points scored in a game is 145, by the All Blacks against Japan in 1995, while the widest winning margin is 142, held by Australia in a match against Namibia in 2003. A total of 25 players have been sent off (red carded) in
528-506: A non-executive director. This measure was a precursor to the business increasing its international expansion. In June 2016, Pentland Group announced a 10% increase in sales to £2.4bn (year to December 2015). Rugby-inspired label Canterbury Brands had "record-breaking sales", boosted by the Rugby World Cup . Operating profits, before tax and exceptional items, was up 36% year on year, to £220m. On 15 March 2017 Pentland Brands Limited,
594-567: A number of other tournaments. One of the oldest is the annual Six Nations Championship , which started in 1883 as the Home Nations Championship, a tournament between England , Ireland , Scotland and Wales . It expanded to the Five Nations in 1910, when France joined the tournament. France did not participate from 1931 to 1939, during which period it reverted to a Home Nations championship. In 2000, Italy joined
660-562: A one-off test match. The resumption of international rugby in South Africa came after the dismantling of the apartheid system. With their return to test rugby, South Africa were selected to host the 1995 Rugby World Cup . After upsetting Australia in the opening match, South Africa continued to advance through the tournament and met New Zealand in the final. After a tense final that went into extra time , South Africa emerged 15–12 winners, with then President Nelson Mandela , wearing
726-561: A pool, followed by a knockout round. Nations are divided into four pools, A through to D, of five nations each. The teams are seeded based on the World Rankings . The four highest-ranked teams are drawn into pools A to D. The next four highest-ranked teams are then drawn into pools A to D, followed by the next four. The remaining positions in each pool are filled by the qualifiers. Nations play four pool games, playing their respective pool members once each. A bonus points system
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#1732780728715792-473: A record performance. In 2015, Pentland Group reported a revenue increase of 14%, to £2.2bn (year to December 2014). Within the Pentland Brands portfolio, Speedo achieved "record sales" for the second year in a row. From 1 January 2015, Andy Rubin was promoted to Chairman at Pentland Brands plc (a division of Pentland Group plc). In February 2016, JD Sports Fashion appointed Andy Rubin to its board as
858-413: A title. Japan's hosting of the 2019 World Cup marked the first time the tournament had been held outside the traditional rugby strongholds; Japan won all four of their pool matches to top their group and qualify to the quarter-finals for the first time. The tournament saw South Africa claim their third trophy to match New Zealand for the most Rugby World Cup titles. South Africa defeated England 32–12 in
924-543: A venue with a capacity of at least 60,000 spectators for the final. Host nations sometimes construct or upgrade stadia in preparation for the World Cup, such as Millennium Stadium – purposely built for the 1999 tournament – and Eden Park , upgraded for 2011. The first country outside of the traditional rugby nations of SANZAAR or the Six Nations to be awarded the hosting rights was 2019 host Japan. France hosted
990-518: Is a rugby union tournament contested every four years between the top international teams, the winners of which are recognised as the World champions of the sport. The tournament is administered by World Rugby , the sport's international governing body. The winners are awarded the Webb Ellis Cup , named after William Webb Ellis who, according to a popular legend, invented rugby by picking up
1056-417: Is accurate. Reports emanating from World Rugby and its business partners have frequently touted the tournament's media growth, with cumulative worldwide television audiences of 300 million for the inaugural 1987 tournament, 1.75 billion in 1991, 2.67 billion in 1995, 3 billion in 1999, 3.5 billion in 2003, and 4 billion in 2007. The 4 billion figure was widely dismissed as the global audience for television
1122-568: Is also the UK footwear licensee for Kickers and has a joint venture partnership for Lacoste footwear. The Group also holds interests directly and indirectly, through fund managers, in activities and businesses operating in sectors outside of its core trading activities, to provide the Group with an element of diversification. With annual sales of $ 6.4 billion, Pentland Group is headquartered in London and
1188-406: Is decided by a vote of World Rugby Council members. The voting procedure is managed by a team of independent auditors, and the voting kept secret. The host nation is generally selected five or six years before the competition. The tournament has been hosted by multiple nations. For example, the 1987 tournament was co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand. World Rugby requires that the hosts must have
1254-420: Is estimated to be about 4.2 billion. However, independent reviews have called into question the methodology of those growth estimates, pointing to factual inconsistencies. The event's supposed drawing power outside of a handful of rugby strongholds was also downplayed significantly, with an estimated 97 percent of the 33 million average audience produced by the 2007 final coming from Australasia , South Africa,
1320-407: Is held by English player Jonny Wilkinson , who scored 277 during his World Cup career. New Zealand All Black Grant Fox holds the record for most points in one competition, with 126 in 1987; Jason Leonard of England holds the record for most World Cup matches: 22 between 1991 and 2003 along with Richie McCaw 22 between 2003 and 2015. All Black Simon Culhane holds the record for most points in
1386-467: Is now the majority owner of JD Sports (55%), which has 2,500 retail outlets worldwide, including JD, Scotts, Size, Blacks , GO Outdoors and Millets in the UK. In 2013, the company reported a 45% drop in pre-tax profits to £ 62.9m. However, Pentland Group saw total revenues rise 14.2%, to £1.74bn, a fact Drapers magazine linked to the Olympics fuelling growth from sportswear brands such as Speedo. On
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#17327807287151452-571: Is often found in former Eastern Bloc countries to differentiate from former state-owned enterprises , but it may be used anywhere in contrast to a state-owned or a collectively owned company. In the United States , a privately held company refers to a business entity owned by private stakeholders, investors, or company founders, and its shares are not available for public purchase on stock exchanges. That contrasts with public companies, whose shares are publicly traded, which allows investing by
1518-412: Is referred to as privatization . A privately owned enterprise is one form that private property may take. In the United Kingdom, a close or closely held company is defined as a company which is controlled by either five or fewer shareholders or is controlled by shareholders who are also directors. Rugby World Cup This is an accepted version of this page The Men's Rugby World Cup
1584-431: Is used during pool play. If two or more teams are level on points, a system of criteria determines the higher ranked. Eight teams — the winner and runner-up from each of the four pools — enter the knockout stage. The knockout stage consists of quarter- and semi-finals, and then the final. The winner of each pool is placed against a runner-up of a different pool in a quarter-final. The winner of each quarter-final goes on to
1650-728: The Corporations Act 2001 requires publicly traded companies to file certain documents relating to their annual general meeting with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). There is a similar requirement for large proprietary companies, which are required to lodge Form 388H to the ASIC containing their financial report. In the United States, private companies are held to different accounting auditing standards than public companies, overseen by
1716-467: The 2015 tournament , hosted by England, generated the biggest upset in Rugby World Cup history when Japan, who had not won a single World Cup match since 1991, defeated heavily favored South Africa. Overall, New Zealand once again won the final, this time against Australia. In doing so, they became the first team in World Cup history to win three titles, as well as the first to successfully defend
1782-597: The 2023 tournament . The next tournament to be hosted by a nation outside the traditional nations will be the 2031 tournament in the United States . Organizers of the Rugby World Cup, as well as the Global Sports Impact, state that the Rugby World Cup is the third largest sporting event in the world, behind only the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics , although other sources question whether this
1848-586: The British Isles and France. Other sports have been accused of exaggerating their television reach over the years; such claims are not exclusive to the Rugby World Cup. While the event's global popularity remains a matter of dispute, high interest in traditional rugby nations is well documented. The 2003 final, between Australia and England, became the most watched rugby union match in the history of Australian television. The 2023 tournament achieved 1.33 billion viewing hours across all programming making it
1914-478: The Corporations Act 2001 limits a privately held company to 50 non-employee shareholders. A privately owned enterprise is a commercial enterprise owned by private investors, shareholders or owners (usually collectively , but they can be owned by a single individual ), and is in contrast to state institutions, such as publicly owned enterprises and government agencies . Private enterprises comprise
1980-599: The private company limited by shares in the United Kingdom (abbreviated Ltd ) or unlimited company and the proprietary limited company (abbreviated Pty Ltd ) or unlimited proprietary company (abbreviated Pty ) in South Africa and Australia . In India , private companies are registered by the Registrar of Companies , which is under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs . Indian private companies must contain
2046-408: The private sector of an economy. An economic system that 1) contains a large private sector where privately run businesses are the backbone of the economy, and 2) a business surplus is controlled by the owners, is referred to as capitalism . This contrasts with socialism , where the industry is owned by the state or by all of the community in common. The act of taking assets into the private sector
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2112-492: The second tournament , where eight of the sixteen places were contested in a twenty-four-nation tournament. This tournament saw the introduction of a qualifying tournament; eight places were allocated to the quarter-finalists from 1987, and the remaining eight decided by a thirty-five nation qualifying tournament. Australia won the second tournament, defeating England 12–6 in the final. In 1992, eight years after their last official series, South Africa hosted New Zealand in
2178-408: The 16 places were automatically filled by seven eligible International Rugby Football Board (IRFB, now World Rugby) member nations, and the rest by invitation. New Zealand became the first-ever champions, defeating France 29–9 in the final. The subsequent 1991 tournament was hosted by England, with matches played throughout Britain, Ireland and France. Qualifying tournaments were introduced for
2244-524: The 2021 event was the only one to use this naming convention as at the end of the 2023 World Cup , World Rugby announced that all preceding tournaments would include the words "Men's" or "Women's" in their titles. The first event to use this convention will be the 2025 Women's Rugby World Cup , while the 2027 Men's Rugby World Cup will be the first to include "Men's" in its title. Under the current format, 20 teams qualify for each Rugby World Cup. Twelve teams qualify automatically based on their performance in
2310-610: The City had been unhappy with the way Rubin was running the company, which was underperforming the market by 40% since it floated in 1989. In January 2019, the "underperforming" company had grown to the point where Stephen Rubin, the majority shareholder within the family, was named by The Sunday Times as Britain's top-ranking taxpayer, with a tax liability of £181.6m. Pentland Group acquired 45% of JD Sports Fashion plc from its founders, John Wardle and David Makin, in May 2005. Pentland Group
2376-516: The Group employs more than 50,000 people. In 2017, Pentland Group was awarded the International Institute for Management Development (IMD) Global Family Business International Award in recognition of the group's commitment to sustainability, ethical trade, human rights, outstanding contributions to combating modern day slavery as well as its skill in regenerating itself through innovation and entrepreneurial venturing. The company
2442-686: The Private Company Counsel division of the Financial Accounting Standards Board . Researching private companies and private companies' financials in the United States can involve contacting the secretary of state for the U.S. state of incorporation (or for LLC or partnership, state of formation), or using specialized private company databases such as Dun & Bradstreet . Other companies, like Sageworks , provide aggregated data on privately held companies, segmented by industry code. By contrast, in
2508-513: The Rugby World Cup are presented with the Webb Ellis Cup, named after William Webb Ellis . The trophy is also referred to simply as the Rugby World Cup . The trophy was chosen in 1987 for use in the competition, and was created in 1906 by Garrard's Crown Jewellers. The trophy is restored after each game by fellow Royal Warrant holder Thomas Lyte . The words 'The International Rugby Football Board' and 'The Webb Ellis Cup' are engraved on
2574-502: The United Kingdom, all incorporated companies are registered centrally with Companies House . Privately held companies also sometimes have restrictions on how many shareholders they may have. For example, the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934 , section 12(g), limits a privately held company, generally, to fewer than 2000 shareholders, and the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940 , requires registration of investment companies that have more than 100 holders. In Australia, section 113 of
2640-529: The United Kingdom. The 2007 competition was hosted by France, with matches also being held in Wales and Scotland. South Africa claimed their second title by defeating defending champions England 15–6. The biggest story of the tournament, however, was Argentina who racked up wins against some of the top European teams — France, Ireland, and Scotland — to finish first in the Pool of death and finish third overall in
2706-605: The United States but not generally in the United Kingdom , the term is also extended to partnerships , sole proprietorships or business trusts . Each of those categories may have additional requirements and restrictions that may impact reporting requirements, income tax liabilities, governmental obligations, employee relations, marketing opportunities, and other business obligations and decisions. In many countries, there are forms of organization that are restricted to and are commonly used by private companies, for example,
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2772-414: The ball during a football game and running with it. The tournament was first held in 1987 and was co-hosted by New Zealand and Australia. Four countries have won the trophy; South Africa four times, New Zealand three times, Australia twice, and England once. South Africa is the current champion, having defeated New Zealand in the final of the 2023 tournament . Sixteen teams participated in
2838-487: The competition, which became the Six Nations. Rugby union was also played at the Summer Olympic Games , first appearing at the 1900 Paris games and subsequently at London in 1908 , Antwerp in 1920 , and Paris again in 1924 . France won the first gold medal, then Australasia, with the last two being won by the United States. However rugby union ceased to be on Olympic program after 1924. The idea of
2904-412: The face of the cup. It stands thirty-eight centimetres high and is silver gilded in gold, and supported by two cast scroll handles, one with the head of a satyr , and the other a head of a nymph . In Australia the trophy is colloquially known as "Bill" — a reference to William Webb Ellis. Tournaments are organised by Rugby World Cup Ltd (RWCL), which is itself owned by World Rugby. The selection of host
2970-534: The final. Starting in 2021, gender designations were removed from the titles of the men's and women's World Cups. Accordingly, all World Cups for men and women will officially bear the "Rugby World Cup" name. The first tournament to be affected by the new policy was the 2022 women's tournament held in New Zealand, which retained its original title of "Rugby World Cup 2021" despite having been delayed from its original schedule due to COVID-19 issues. Winners of
3036-413: The final. The combination of the sport turning professional after 1995 and the increase in teams from sixteen to twenty led to a number of remarkably lopsided results in both the 1999 and 2003 tournaments, with two matches in each tournament resulting in teams scoring over 100 points; Australia's 142–0 win over Namibia in 2003 stands as the most lopsided score in Rugby World Cup history. In 2003 and 2007,
3102-558: The general public. In countries with public trading markets, a privately held business is generally taken to mean one whose ownership shares or interests are not publicly traded. Often, privately held companies are owned by the company founders or their families and heirs or by a small group of investors. Sometimes, employees also hold shares in private companies. Most small businesses are privately held. Subsidiaries and joint ventures of publicly traded companies (for example, General Motors ' Saturn Corporation ), unless shares in
3168-489: The immediate erosion of customer and stakeholder confidence in the event of financial duress. Further, with limited reporting requirements and shareholder expectations, private firms are afforded a greater operational flexibility by being able to focus on long-term growth rather than quarterly earnings. In addition, private company executives may steer their ships without shareholder approval, which allows them to take significant action without delays. In Australia, Part 2E of
3234-477: The most viewed rugby event of all time. Notes: Twenty-five nations have participated at the Rugby World Cup (excluding qualifying tournaments). The only nations to host and win a tournament are New Zealand (1987 and 2011) and South Africa (1995). The performance of other host nations includes England (1991 final hosts) and Australia (2003 hosts) both finishing runners-up, while France (2007 hosts) finished fourth, and Wales (1999 hosts) and Japan (2019 hosts) reached
3300-641: The performance cycling brand Endura. and later that year sold its Ted Baker footwear business back to the Ted Baker brand. Fuelled by a record-breaking performance from JD Sports Fashion, Pentland Group’s revenue soared 38.9% to £5.1bn for the year to 31 December 2018, with Group operating up by 9.3% to £411m. In 2018, JD Sports Fashion bought US retailer, Finish Line and opened 83 new stores, including 78 in international markets. In December 2019, Pentland Group sold 2.47 percent of its JD Sports' shares for £180m, intended for funding future group acquisitions. With
3366-571: The previous World Cup — the top three teams in each of the four group (pool) stages of the previous tournament qualify for the next tournament as seeded teams . The qualification system for the remaining eight places is region-based, with a total eight teams allocated for Europe, five for Oceania, three for the Americas, two for Africa, and one for Asia. The last place is determined by an intercontinental play-off. The tournament involves twenty nations competing over six weeks. There are two stages —
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#17327807287153432-424: The qualifying format allowed for eight of the twenty available positions to be automatically filled by the eight quarter-finalists of the previous tournament. The remaining twelve positions were filled by continental qualifying tournaments. Ten positions were filled by teams qualifying directly through continental competitions. Another two places were allocated for a cross-continental repechage . The 2003 event
3498-440: The quarter-finals. Wales became the first host nation to be eliminated at the pool stages in 1991 while England became the first solo host nation to be eliminated at the pool stages in 2015. Of the twenty-five nations that have participated in at least one tournament, ten of them have never missed a tournament. As of the 2023 World Cup, 26 nations have qualified to compete across 10 tournaments. The record for most points overall
3564-417: The record for most total World Cup tournament tries, both scoring 15. Lomu (in 1999) and Habana (in 2007) also share the record, along with All Black Julian Savea (in 2015) and Will Jordan (in 2023), for most tries in a tournament, with 8 each. South Africa's Jannie de Beer kicked five drop-goals against England in 1999 – an individual record for a single World Cup match. The record for most penalties in
3630-692: The sale, it remained JD's largest shareholder, controlling 55 percent of the business. At the time, Pentland Group said it was "committed to remaining a long-term majority shareholder in JD at the same time as growing its portfolio of sports, outdoor and fashion brands through organic investment and acquisitions". In January 2020, Pentland Group brought the spinoff Speedo USA and Speedo North America back under its Speedo brand by buying it out from PVH for $ 170 million in cash. Privately held company Private companies are often less well-known than their publicly traded counterparts but still have major importance in
3696-442: The semi-finals, and the respective winners proceed to the final. Losers of the semi-finals contest for third place, called the 'Bronze Final'. If a match in the knockout stages ends in a draw, the winner is determined through extra time . If that fails, the match goes into sudden death and the next team to score any points is the winner. Prior to the Rugby World Cup, there was no truly global rugby union competition, but there were
3762-522: The start of 1984 to £ 3 by the end of the year, and up to £ 10 in June 1985, while profits rose from £ 1 million in 1983 to £ 12.9 million in 1985. In 1985, Pentland listed 60% of Reebok in a flotation valuing the company at US$ 300 million (equivalent to $ 850 million in 2023). The Rubin family had initially listed their company on the London Stock Exchange in 1964, though still holding
3828-454: The subject, Andy Rubin commented: “There’s no doubt the Olympics helped overall, but in summarizing 2012 I’d say it was really starting to deliver on the investments we have put into global growth over the last 10 years. In 2014, Pentland Group reported a total sales growth of 10% to £1.9bn and reported pre-tax earnings of £85m (Year to December 2013). Excluding income from its retail investments, turnover rose 11% to £590m, with Speedo delivering
3894-637: The subsidiary itself are traded directly, have characteristics of both privately held companies and publicly traded companies. Such companies are usually subject to the same reporting requirements as privately held companies, but their assets, liabilities, and activities are also including the reports of their parent companies , as are required by the accountancy and securities industry rules relating to groups of companies. Private companies may be called corporations , limited companies , limited liability companies , unlimited companies , or other names, depending on where and how they are organized and structured. In
3960-479: The tournament from 1987 until 1995; in 1999, the tournament expanded to twenty teams. Japan hosted the 2019 Rugby World Cup and France hosted the 2023 Rugby World Cup . The tournament will expand again to twenty-four teams when it is held in Australia in 2027 . Starting in 2021 , the women's equivalent tournament was officially renamed the Rugby World Cup to promote equality with the men's tournament. However,
4026-575: The tournament. The attention from Argentina's performance led to Argentina participating in SANZAAR and the professionalization of rugby in Argentina. The 2011 tournament was awarded to New Zealand in November 2005, ahead of bids from Japan and South Africa. The All Blacks reclaimed their place atop the rugby world with a narrow 8–7 win over France in the 2011 final . The opening weekend of
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#17327807287154092-579: The word Private Limited at the end of their names. Privately held companies generally have fewer or less comprehensive reporting requirements and obligations for transparency , via annual reports, etc. than publicly traded companies do. For example, in the United States, privately held companies are not generally required to publish their financial statements . By not being required to disclose details about their operations and financial outlook, private companies are not forced to disclose information that may potentially be valuable to competitors and so can avoid
4158-544: The world's economy . For example, in 2008, the 441 largest private companies in the United States accounted for $ 1.8 trillion in revenues and employed 6.2 million people, according to Forbes . Separately, all non-government-owned companies are considered private enterprises . That meaning includes both publicly traded and privately held companies since their investors are individuals. Private ownership of productive assets differs from state ownership or collective ownership (as in worker-owned companies). This usage
4224-580: Was again put to the IRFB in 1985 and this time passed 10–6. The delegates from Australia, France, New Zealand and South Africa all voted for the proposal, and the delegates from Ireland and Scotland against; the English and Welsh delegates were split, with one from each country for and one against. The inaugural tournament, jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand, was held in May and June 1987, with sixteen nations taking part. The inaugural World Cup in 1987, did not involve any qualifying process; instead,
4290-890: Was founded in 1932, when immigrant couple Berko and Minnie Rubin (from eastern Europe) created the Liverpool Shoe Company. In 1959, their 21-year-old son, Stephen Rubin , who had recently graduated from University College London with a degree in law, began working alongside his father as joint managing director . When Berko died in 1969, Stephen took on the role of chairman. He later became chairman and chief executive of Pentland, remaining so until 1998 when he split his role and appointed his son, Andrew, as chief executive. The success of Pentland Group can be traced back to August 1981, when Pentland Industries acquired 55% of Reebok for US$ 77,500 (equivalent to $ 260,000 in 2023). By 1983/84, Reebok accounted for 70% of Pentland's turnover. Pentland's shares rose from £ 0.55 at
4356-428: Was hosted by Australia, although it was originally intended to be held jointly with New Zealand. England emerged as champions defeating Australia in extra time. England's win broke the southern hemisphere 's dominance in the event. Such was the celebration of England's victory that an estimated 750,000 people gathered in central London to greet the team, making the day the largest sporting celebration of its kind ever in
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