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88-457: Earlier campaigns for Pepsi-Cola had emphasized price competition . Twelve US fl oz (350 ml) Pepsi bottles contained nearly twice as much beverage as seven US fl oz (210 ml) standard Coca-Cola bottles, and Coca-Cola was by far the leading brand of soft drink. Pepsi launched a jingle campaign in 1939, " Pepsi-Cola Hits the Spot ": This 1939 jingle focused on

176-590: A Pepsi person you are young, and the future's on your side. This "image campaign" inspired Coca-Cola to do a similar "hip" campaign in 1971, " I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (in Perfect Harmony) ," which also sold the lifestyle rather than the soft drink itself. Pottasch, creator of the campaign, said that "For us to name and claim a whole generation after our product was a rather courageous thing that we weren't sure would take off." The "Pepsi Generation"

264-797: A bidding war, they signed a five-album deal with Virgin Records in July 1995. Fuller took them on an extensive promotional tour in Los Angeles, where they met with studio executives in the hopes of securing film and television opportunities. Their name was changed to the Spice Girls as a rapper was already using the name Spice. The new name was chosen as industry people often referred to them derisively as "the Spice girls". They continued to write and record tracks for their debut album. On 8 July 1996,

352-485: A binding contract for them. Encouraged by the reaction they had received at the Nomis showcase, all five members refused to sign the contracts on legal advice from, among others, Adams's father. In January, the group began songwriting sessions with Richard Stannard , whom they had impressed at the showcase, and his partner Matt Rowe. During these sessions the songs " Wannabe " and " 2 Become 1 " were written. In March 1995,

440-507: A dozen or so women who advanced to a second round of auditions in April. Suffering from a tonsillitis , Melanie Chisholm couldn't be present at the second round of auditions. However, after said auditions, Melanie Coloma was let go by the Herberts, who called Melanie C to replace her, after Geri Halliwell persuaded the Herberts to let her attend the next round of auditions. A week after

528-418: A few of Heart Management's associates. In one performance, they added a rap section they had written to one of Thirkell and Keiles' songs. Keiles was furious with the changes and insisted they learn to write songs properly. The group began professional songwriting lessons; during one session, they wrote a song called "Sugar and Spice" with Hawes, which inspired them to change their name to Spice. By late 1994,

616-615: A more mature direction when American producers including Rodney Jerkins , Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis came on board to collaborate with the group. In December 1999, the Spice Girls embarked on a UK tour, Christmas in Spiceworld , in London and Manchester, during which they showcased new songs from the third album. The eight-show tour was attended by more than 153,000 people, grossing $ 5.7 million in ticket sales. The first four shows, at Manchester Evening News Arena , grossed $ 2.6 million;

704-830: A multi-artist compilation album compiled by the group. It reached number two on the UK Compilation Chart and was certified Gold by the BPI . At the Ivor Novello Awards , "Wannabe" won the awards for International Hit of the Year and Best-Selling British Single. Spice World began filming in June and wrapped in August. The film was to be set to the songs from the group's second studio album, but no songs had been written when filming began. The group thus had to do all

792-446: A price war by any competitor, (4) violation of industry norms through competitive interactions, (5) accelerated pricing interactions in comparison to the usual pace, (6) a downward direction of pricing, and (7) unsustainable pricing interplay. While price wars can offer short-term benefits to consumers by providing them with lower prices, they can have a negative impact on the companies involved by reducing their profit margins. Moreover,

880-511: Is implementing a long-term price change, the following reactions may be suitable: Empirical studies suggest that price wars can significantly damage the companies that practice such behaviour. Notably, price wars can have some short term benefits for firms as it allows them to quickly turnover inventory, alleviate financial pressure, increase social purchasing power , and may compel firms to enhance their production efficiency. But these short term gains are ultimately offset by long term losses. In

968-581: The Billboard Live Music Award for highest-grossing engagements, making the Spice Girls the top touring all-female group from 1998 to 2020. The Spice Girls have won five Brit Awards , three American Music Awards , four Billboard Music Awards , three MTV Europe Music Awards and one MTV Video Music Award . In 2000, they became the youngest recipients of the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music . Notable elements of

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1056-486: The 1997 Brit Awards , with Geri Halliwell wearing a Union Jack mini-dress that became one of pop history's most famed outfits. At the ceremony, the group won two Brit Awards ; Best British Video for "Say You'll Be There" and Best British Single for "Wannabe". In March 1997, a double A-side of " Mama "/"Who Do You Think You Are" was released in Europe, the last from Spice , which once again saw them at number one, making

1144-484: The 1998 MTV Europe Music Awards without their other bandmates, accepting two awards on behalf of the Spice Girls for Best Pop Act and Best Group. That year, Brown and Adams announced they were pregnant. Brown was married to the dancer Jimmy Gulzer and became known as Mel G for a brief period; she gave birth to their daughter Phoenix Chi in February 1999. Adams gave birth a month after to her son Brooklyn , whose father

1232-543: The MTV Europe Music Awards and won the Best Group award . The morning of the performance, they fired Fuller and began managing themselves. To ensure a smooth transition, Halliwell allegedly stole a mobile phone from Fuller's assistant that contained the group's schedule and Fuller's business contacts. The firing was front-page news around the world. Many commentators speculated that Fuller had been

1320-567: The Spiceworld Tour , which was attended by an estimated 2.1 million people worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing concert tour by a female group. Halliwell left the Spice Girls mid-tour in May 1998. Following a number-one single with " Goodbye " (1998) and a successful 1999 concert tour , the Spice Girls released their R&B -influenced third album Forever in 2000. It featured their ninth number one single with " Holler "/" Let Love Lead

1408-667: The UK Singles Chart at number three before spending the next seven weeks at number one. The song proved to be a global hit, hitting number one in 37 countries, including four consecutive weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 in the US, and becoming not only the best-selling debut single by an all-female group but also the best-selling single by an all-female group of all time. Following the release of "Wannabe", an article in Top of

1496-585: The UK Singles Chart , making it the group's lowest-charting British single to date. The album peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart . On 1 February 2008, it was announced that due to personal and family commitments their tour would come to an end in Toronto on 26 February 2008, meaning that tour dates in Beijing, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Sydney, Cape Town and Buenos Aires were cancelled. The tour

1584-406: The death of Diana, Princess of Wales , with tributes paid to her throughout the ceremony. Chisholm stated, "We'd like to dedicate this award to Princess Diana, who is a great loss to our country." At the 1997 Billboard Music Awards , the group won four awards for New Artist of the Year , Billboard Hot 100 Singles Group of the Year, Billboard 200 Group of the Year and Billboard 200 Album of

1672-566: The "GeneratioNext" slogan, a continuation of the "Pepsi Generation" advertisement theme. The new slogan aimed to replace the various catch phrases used in the United States such as "Nothing else is a Pepsi", and those used in international markets such as "Change the script" and "Choice of a new generation". Pepsi bought around four minutes of commercial time during the Super Bowl XXXI , which aired on 26 January 1997. The commercial

1760-731: The 1960s-era " generation gap ". Television ads featuring the campaign typically displayed young people pursuing exotic entertainments like motorcycle or watercycle riding or piloting a windship through a desert, while an announcer described Pepsi drinkers as people who saw the "young view of things". "Who is the Pepsi Generation? Livelier, active people with a liking for Pepsi-Cola!" Previous Coca-Cola advertisements had featured Norman Rockwell styled images of small towns and nostalgic scenes, as well as traditional figures such as Santa Claus . Pepsi told soft drink consumers that there are Coke people, and there are Pepsi people, and if you're

1848-710: The 2008 Billboard Touring Award for Top Boxscore. The group's comeback also netted them several other awards, including the Capital Music Icon Award, the Glamour Award for Best Band, and the Vodafone Live Music Award for Best Live Return, the last of which saw them beat out acts such as Led Zeppelin and the Sex Pistols . At the 2010 Brit Awards , the Spice Girls received a special award for "Best Performance of

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1936-700: The 2019 Billboard Live Music Award for Top Boxscore. Despite sound problems in the early concerts, Anna Nicholson in The Guardian wrote, "As nostalgia tours go, this could hardly have been bettered." Alongside the tour, the group teamed up with the children's book franchise Mr. Men to create derivative products such as books, cups, bags and coasters. On 13 June 2019, it was reported that Paramount Animation had greenlit an animated Spice Girls film with old and new songs. The project will be produced by Simon Fuller and written by Karen McCullah and Kirsten Smith . A director has not been announced. To mark

2024-415: The 25th anniversary edition of their album Spiceworld . The new collection features previously unreleased live versions and remixes, plus previously available B-sides "Walk of Life" and "Outer Space Girls" and a megamix. Their song " Step to Me " was released digitally for the first time ever on the same day as the album announcement. Spiceworld25 was released on 4 November 2022 and charted at number 46 on

2112-472: The 25th anniversary of "Wannabe", an EP was released in July 2021 that included previously unreleased demos. On 29 October, the Spice Girls released Spice25, a deluxe reissue of Spice featuring previously unreleased demos and remixes. The deluxe release saw the album reenter the UK Albums Chart at number five. On 27 September 2022, the Spice Girls announced the tracklisting for Spiceworld25 ,

2200-467: The 30th Year". The award was for their 1997 Brit Awards performance of "Wannabe" and "Who Do You Think You Are", with Geri Halliwell and Mel B receiving the award from Samantha Fox on behalf of the group. That year, the Spice Girls collaborated with Fuller, Judy Craymer and Jennifer Saunders to develop a stage musical, Viva Forever! . Similar to the ABBA musical Mamma Mia! , Viva Forever! used

2288-736: The British boy bands popular at the time. After leaving Heart, the Spice Girls hired Simon Fuller as their manager and signed with Virgin Records . They released their debut single, " Wannabe ", in 1996, which reached number one on the charts of 37 countries. Their debut album, Spice (1996), sold more than 23 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in history . Producing three more number-one singles: " Say You'll Be There ", " 2 Become 1 " and " Who Do You Think You Are "/" Mama ". Their second album, Spiceworld (1997), sold more than 14 million copies worldwide. The Spice Girls achieved three number-one singles from

2376-551: The Olympics with over 116,000 tweets per minute on Twitter . On 8 July 2016, Brown, Bunton and Halliwell released a video celebrating the 20th anniversary of "Wannabe" and teased news from them as a three-piece. Beckham and Chisholm opted not to take part but gave the project their blessing. A new song, "Song for Her", was leaked online in November. The reunion project was cancelled due to Halliwell's pregnancy. In late 2018

2464-620: The Pops magazine identified each Spice Girl with a unique nickname based on their personalities . Though unintended, the use of these nicknames became widespread and they were later adopted globally. Riding a wave of publicity and hype, the group released their next singles in Europe. In October, " Say You'll Be There " was released topping the charts for two weeks. "2 Become 1" was released in December, becoming their first Christmas number one and selling 462,000 copies in its first week, making it

2552-691: The Spice Girls attracted a crowd of 500,000 when they switched on the Christmas lights in Oxford Street , London. At the same time, Fuller started to set up multi-million dollar sponsorship deals for the Spice Girls with Pepsi , Walkers , Impulse , Cadbury and Polaroid . The group ended 1996 winning three trophies at the Smash Hits awards at the London Arena , including best video for "Say You'll Be There". In January 1997, "Wannabe"

2640-546: The Spice Girls launched a feature-length film, Spice World . The world premiere, at the Empire Theatre in Leicester Square , London, was attended by celebrities including Prince Charles, Prince William and Prince Harry . The film was a commercial success but received poor reviews. The Spice Girls ended 1997 as the year's most played artist on American radio. In January 1998, the Spice Girls attended

2728-461: The Spice Girls officially announced their second reunion tour, with tickets going on sale in November 2018. They also revealed they would do it as a four-piece without Beckham, as she declined to join due to commitments regarding her fashion business. Each of the four participating members was reportedly paid £12 million for the tour. On 24 May 2019, they began the Spice World – 2019 Tour of

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2816-432: The Spice Girls released Spiceworld . It set a new record for the fastest-selling album when it shipped seven million copies over the course of two weeks. Gaining favourable reviews, the album went on to sell over 10 million copies in Europe, Canada, and the United States combined, and 14 million copies worldwide. Criticised in the United States for releasing the album just nine months after their debut there, which gave

2904-578: The Spice Girls released their debut single " Wannabe " in the United Kingdom. In the weeks before the release, the music video received a trial airing on music channel the Box . It was an instant hit and was aired up to seventy times a week at its peak. After the video was released, the Spice Girls had their first live broadcast TV slot on LWT 's Surprise Surprise . Earlier in May, they had conducted their first music press interview with Paul Gorman ,

2992-511: The Spice Girls released their third and final album, Forever . With an edgier R&B sound, it received lukewarm reviews. In the US, it reached number 39 on the Billboard 200 albums chart. In the UK, it was released the same week as Westlife 's Coast to Coast and the chart battle was widely reported by the media; Westlife reached number one and the Spice Girls number two. The lead single,

3080-606: The Spice Girls the fastest-selling British act since the Beatles. In total, the album sold over 3 million copies in Britain, the best-selling album of all time in the UK by a female group, certified ten times platinum, and reached number one for fifteen non-consecutive weeks. In Europe the album became the best-selling album of 1997 and was certified 8× Platinum by the IFPI for sales in excess of 8 million copies. That same month,

3168-550: The Spice Girls the first group since the Jackson 5 to have four consecutive number one hits. Girl Power! , the Spice Girls' first book, was launched later that month at Virgin Megastore . It sold out its initial print run of 200,000 copies within a day, and was eventually translated into more than 20 languages. In April, One Hour of Girl Power was released; it sold 500,000 copies in the UK between April and June to become

3256-527: The Spice Girls' symbolism include Halliwell's Union Jack dress and the nicknames that were given to each member of the group by the British press. Numerous endorsement deals and merchandise brought the group additional success, with a global gross income estimated at $ 500–800 million by May 1998. According to the Music Week writer Paul Gorman , their media exposure helped usher in an era of celebrity obsession in pop culture. WANTED: R.U. 18–23 with

3344-458: The UK and Ireland at Croke Park in Dublin , Ireland. The tour concluded with three concerts at London's Wembley Stadium , with the last taking place on 15 June 2019. Over 13 dates, the tour produced 700,000 spectators and earned $ 78.2 million in ticket sales. The three-night sellout stand at Wembley Stadium was the highest-grossing engagement of the year, drawing an audience of 221,971 and winning

3432-630: The US for four weeks. In February, Spice was released in the US, and became the best-selling album of 1997 in the US , peaking at number one, and was certified 7× Platinum by the RIAA for sales in excess of 7.4 million copies. The album was also included in the Top 100 Albums of All Time list by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) based on US sales. In total, the album sold over 23 million copies worldwide becoming

3520-454: The US premiere of Spice World at the Mann's Chinese Theatre . At the 1998 American Music Awards a few days later, they won the awards for Favorite Album , Favorite New Artist and Favorite Group in the pop/rock category. In February, they won a special award for overseas success at the 1998 Brit Awards , with combined sales of more than 45 million albums and singles worldwide. That night,

3608-436: The United States, the Spice Girls wrote and recorded new material. They released a new song, " Goodbye ", before Christmas in 1998. It was seen as a tribute to Halliwell, although parts of it had originally been written when Halliwell was still a part of the group. It became the Spice Girls' third consecutive Christmas number one , equalling the record previously set by the Beatles . In November, Bunton and Chisholm appeared at

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3696-538: The Way ", setting a record for most UK number ones by a girl group of all time. By the end of 2000, the Spice Girls entered on a hiatus to concentrate on their solo careers. Since then, they have reunited for a performance at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony and for two concert tours: the Return of the Spice Girls from 2007 to 2008 as a five-piece and the Spice World — 2019 UK Tour , without Beckham. Both tours won

3784-470: The West End's Piccadilly Theatre in December 2012, with all five Spice Girls in attendance. It was panned by critics and closed after seven months, with a loss of at least £5 million. In August 2012, the Spice Girls reunited to perform a medley of "Wannabe" and "Spice Up Your Life" at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony . Their performance received acclaim, and became the most-tweeted moment of

3872-461: The World ", their last song with Halliwell until 2007. On 31 May 1998, Halliwell announced her departure from the Spice Girls through her solicitor. The announcement was preceded by days of frenzied press speculation after Halliwell missed two concerts in Norway and was absent from a performance on The National Lottery Draws . Halliwell first cited creative differences, and later said that she

3960-735: The Year for Spice . In October 1997, the Spice Girls released the first single from their second album, Spiceworld, " Spice Up Your Life ". It entered the UK Singles Chart at number one, making it the group's fifth consecutive number-one single. That same month, the group performed their first live major concert to 40,000 fans in Istanbul , Turkey. Later, they launched the Royal British Legion 's Poppy Appeal , then travelled to South Africa to meet Nelson Mandela , who announced, "These are my heroes." In November,

4048-494: The ability to sing/dance? R.U. streetwise, outgoing, ambitious, and dedicated? Heart Management Ltd. are a widely successful music industry management consortium currently forming a choreographed, singing/dancing, all-female pop act for a recording deal. Open audition. Danceworks, 16 Balderton Street. Friday 4th March. 11.00am–5.30pm. Please bring sheet music or backing cassette. – Advertisement placed in The Stage In

4136-399: The album with " Spice Up Your Life ", " Too Much " and " Viva Forever ". Both albums encapsulated the group's dance-pop style and message of female empowerment, with vocal and songwriting contributions shared equally by the members. In 1997, the Spice Girls made their live concert debut and released a feature film, Spice World , both to commercial success. In 1998, the group embarked on

4224-430: The best-selling album in pop music history by an all-female group. The dress has gone down in history – along with Liz Hurley 's safety-pin frock and Princess Diana 's "revenge" gown – as one of the most memorable fashion moments of all time. – Harper's Bazaar on Geri Halliwell's Union Jack dress at the 1997 Brit Awards . Later that month, the Spice Girls performed " Who Do You Think You Are " to open

4312-490: The best-selling girl group of all time . With their " girl power " mantra, the Spice Girls redefined the girl-group concept by targeting a young female fanbase. They led the teen pop resurgence of the 1990s, were a major part of the Cool Britannia era, and became popular culture icons of the decade. The Spice Girls were formed by Heart Management, who held auditions to create a girl group to compete with

4400-682: The best-selling pop video ever, and was eventually certified thirteen times platinum. In May, Spice World , a film starring the group, was announced by the Spice Girls at the Cannes Film Festival . The group also performed their first live UK show for the Prince's Trust benefit concert . At the show, they breached royal protocol when Brown and then Halliwell planted kisses on Prince Charles' cheeks and pinched his bottom, causing controversy. That same month, Virgin released Spice Girls Present... The Best Girl Power Album... Ever! ,

4488-559: The contributing editor of trade paper Music Week , at Virgin Records' Paris headquarters. His piece recognised that the Spice Girls were about to institute a change in the charts away from Britpop and towards out-and-out pop. He wrote: "Just when boys with guitars threaten to rule pop life— Damon 's all over Smash Hits , Ash are big in Big! and Liam can't move for tabloid frenzy—an all-girl, in-yer-face pop group have arrived with enough sass to burst that rockist bubble." "Wannabe" entered

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4576-609: The demand. The tour opened in Vancouver on 2 December 2007, with the Spice Girls performing to an audience of 15,000 people, singing 20 songs and changing outfits a total of eight times. Along with the tour sellout, the Spice Girls licensed their name and image to the supermarket chain Tesco . The Spice Girls' comeback single, " Headlines (Friendship Never Ends) ", was announced as the official Children in Need charity single for 2007 and

4664-870: The double A-side " Holler "/" Let Love Lead the Way ", became Spice Girls' ninth UK number one. However, it failed to enter the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, instead reaching number seven on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart and number 31 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. The Spice Girls' only major performance of the single came at the 2000 MTV Europe Music Awards in November. In total, Forever sold over four million copies. The Spice Girls ceased promotional activities in December 2000, as they began an indefinite hiatus to concentrate on their solo careers and ultimately split in February 2001. They however insisted that

4752-409: The early 1990s, Bob Herbert and Chris Herbert , the father-and-son duo of Heart Management, decided to create a girl group to compete with the boy bands who dominated UK pop music at the time. With the financier Chic Murphy, they envisioned an act comprising "five strikingly different girls" who would each appeal to a different audience. In February 1994, Heart Management placed an advertisement in

4840-471: The fastest-selling single of the year. The two tracks continued the group's remarkable sales, giving them three of the top five best-selling songs of 1996 in the UK. In November 1996, the Spice Girls released their debut album Spice in Europe. The success was unprecedented and drew comparisons to Beatlemania , leading the press to dub it "Spicemania" and the group the "Fab Five". In seven weeks Spice had sold 1.8 million copies in Britain alone, making

4928-411: The following: Has the competitor decided upon a long-term price reduction or is this just a short-term promotion? If the competitor has implemented a short-term promotion, the ideal response is to monitor the competitor's price changes and maintain prices at the current level. Price wars often begin when simple promotional activities are misunderstood as major strategic changes. If the competitor

5016-468: The group felt insecure, as they still did not have an official contract with Heart Management and were frustrated with the management team's direction. They persuaded Herbert to set up a showcase performance in front of industry writers, producers and A&R men in December 1994 at the Nomis Studios, where they received an "overwhelmingly positive" reaction. The Herberts quickly set about creating

5104-482: The group left Heart Management, feeling Heart was unwilling to listen to their ideas. To ensure they kept control of their work, they allegedly stole the master recordings of their discography from the management offices. The next day, the group tracked down the Sheffield -based songwriter Eliot Kennedy , who had been present at the Nomis showcase, and persuaded him to work with them. Through contacts they had made at

5192-510: The group performed their next single, " Stop ", their first not to reach number one in the UK, entering at number two. On 24 February 1998, the Spice Girls embarked on the Spiceworld Tour , starting in Dublin, Ireland, before moving to mainland Europe and North America and returning to the UK for two performances at Wembley Stadium . Later that year, the Spice Girls sang on the official England World Cup song " (How Does It Feel to Be) On Top of

5280-442: The group two simultaneous Top 10 albums in the Billboard album charts, and suffering from over-exposure at home, the Spice Girls began to experience a media backlash. They were criticised for their number of sponsorship deals—more than 20—and their chart positions declined. Nevertheless, the Spice Girls remained the best-selling pop group of both 1997 and 1998. On 7 November 1997, the Spice Girls performed "Spice Up Your Life" at

5368-492: The group was not splitting. On 28 June 2007, the Spice Girls, including Halliwell, held a press conference at the O 2 Arena revealing their intention to reunite for a worldwide concert tour, the Return of the Spice Girls . The plan to re-form had long been speculated by the media, with previous attempts by the organisers of Live 8 and Concert for Diana to reunite the group as a five-piece falling through. Each member of

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5456-399: The group was reportedly paid £10 million ($ 20 million) to do the reunion tour. Giving You Everything , an official documentary film about the reunion, was directed by Bob Smeaton and first aired on Australia's Fox8 on 16 December 2007, followed by BBC One in the UK on 31 December. Ticket sales for the first London date of the Return of the Spice Girls tour sold out in 38 seconds. It

5544-460: The group's music to create an original story. In June 2012, to promote the musical, the Spice Girls reunited for a press conference at the St. Pancras Renaissance London Hotel , where the music video for "Wannabe" had been filmed exactly sixteen years earlier. They also appeared in the documentary Spice Girls' Story: Viva Forever! , which aired on 24 December 2012 on ITV1 . Viva Forever! premiered at

5632-407: The initial price-cut due to the downward pricing pressure, referred to as “price-cutting momentum”. Heil and Helsen (2001) proposed that a price war exists only if one or more of a set of qualitative conditions are satisfied. These conditions include: (1) a primary focus on competitors rather than consumers, (2) undesirability of pricing interactions for competitors, (3) absence of intention to start

5720-428: The late Michael Jackson , and Britney Spears . Price competition A price war is a form of market competition in which companies within an industry engage in aggressive pricing strategies , “characterized by the repeated cutting of prices below those of competitors”. This leads to a vicious cycle, where each competitor attempts to match or undercut the price of the other. Competitors are driven to follow

5808-436: The long run, price wars can cause companies to incur losses in their margins, customer equity , innovation capabilities and competitive advantage. Victims of price wars may be downgraded in the market, and even incur bankruptcy. But the companies that involve themselves in price wars are not the only affected parties, as suppliers and investors will also be impacted. This can lead to compromised company image and reputation over

5896-959: The long run. Overall, society may suffer from less efficient allocation of resources as the resources that were poured into participating in a price war could have been allocated elsewhere. In the short term, consumers appear to benefit from lower prices during a price war. However, in the long run, consumers are likely to form unrealistic reference prices and may be faced with lower quality products. Price wars are prevalent in many industries, with academic literature citing cases in market segments, including: electricity, telecommunications, automotive, and airlines. Some key examples include: Spice Girls The Spice Girls are an English girl group formed in 1994, consisting of Mel B ("Scary Spice"); Melanie C ("Sporty Spice"); Emma Bunton ("Baby Spice"); Geri Halliwell-Horner (" Ginger Spice"); and Victoria Beckham (" Posh Spice"). They have sold over 100 million records worldwide, making them

5984-492: The mastermind behind the group, and that the Spice Girls had lost their impetus and direction. Later in November, the Spice Girls became the first pop group to host ITV 's An Audience with... Their show was watched by 11.8 million viewers in the UK, one fifth of the population. In December 1997, the second single from Spiceworld , " Too Much ", was released, becoming the Spice Girls' second Christmas number one and their sixth consecutive number-one UK single. That month,

6072-444: The negative effects of price wars on companies can extend beyond the short term, as the companies involved may struggle to recover their lost profits and maintain their market share. Firms may be cautious when engaging in price wars as this competition can lead to prices that are unsustainable for long-term profitability. The main reasons that price wars occur are: The first reaction to a price reduction should always be to consider

6160-697: The second audition, Adams, Brown, Halliwell and Stephenson were asked to attend a recall at Nomis Studios in Shepherd's Bush , performing " Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours " on their own and as a group. Chisholm was also invited. The five women were selected for a band initially named Touch. The group moved into a three-bedroom house in Maidenhead , Berkshire , and spent most of 1994 practising songs written for them by Bob Herbert's long-time associates John Thirkell and Erwin Keiles. According to Stephenson,

6248-614: The second portion of the tour saw the group play another four shows at Earls Court Arena , grossing $ 3.1 million. Earlier in the year, the Spice Girls recorded the song "My Strongest Suit" for Elton John and Tim Rice's Aida , a concept album which became the musical Aida . The Spice Girls performed again at the 2000 Brit Awards in March, where they received the Lifetime Achievement award. Halliwell attended but did not join her former bandmates on stage. In November 2000,

6336-638: The showcase, they were also introduced to the Absolute production team. With Kennedy and Absolute's help, the group spent the next several weeks writing and recording demos for the majority of the songs that would be released on their debut album, including " Say You'll Be There " and " Who Do You Think You Are ". Their demos caught the attention of Simon Fuller of 19 Entertainment , who signed them to his management company in May 1995. By this point, industry buzz around Spice had grown and major record labels in London and Los Angeles were keen to sign them. After

6424-415: The simple proposition that Pepsi was just as good as Coke, but better value. The Pepsi Generation campaign represented a major shift away from that line of thinking; rather than being just as good as Coke, Pepsi was different from Coke. The Pepsi Generation and its associated jingle — told Pepsi drinkers, now enrolled in the Pepsi Generation, that Pepsi-Cola was taking a stand with the "young" side of

6512-480: The slogan "Generation Next". The lyrics of the song mock past musical styles such as " rave , rap , punk , metal " urging listeners to not "do it over, cause that's over", while embracing the "next page, next stage, next craze, next wave". The Spice Girls later recorded their own version of the jingle for the commercials they did for Pepsi. Many other artists have also been the voice of the "Pepsi Generation" and "Generation Next" commercials, including Del Shannon ,

6600-573: The songs were aimed at a very young audience, and none were later used by the Spice Girls. During these first months, the group worked on demos at South Hill Park Recording Studios in Bracknell with the producer and studio owner Michael Sparkes and the songwriter and arranger Tim Hawes . They were also tasked with choreographing their own dance routines, which they worked on at Trinity Studios in Knaphill , near Woking , Surrey . A few months into

6688-592: The songwriting and recording at the same time as they were filming Spice World , resulting in a gruelling schedule that left them exhausted. Among the songs that were written during this period was " Stop ", the lyrics for which cover the group's frustrations with being overworked by their management. In September, the Spice Girls performed "Say You'll Be There" at the 1997 MTV Video Music Awards at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, and won Best Dance Video for "Wannabe". The MTV Awards came five days after

6776-527: The themes of the Pepsi Generation with "The Choice of a New Generation" campaign. This launch coincided with Michael Jackson 's appearance in commercials. During the time of the campaign, other actors and musicians have pitched the product, including Lionel Richie , Tina Turner , David Bowie , Glenn Frey , Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine and Michael J. Fox . In January 1997, Pepsi announced its new global marketing campaign under

6864-464: The trade paper The Stage asking for singers to audition for an all-female pop band at London's Danceworks studios. Approximately 400 women attended the audition on 4 March 1994. They were placed in groups of 10 and danced a routine to " Stay " by Eternal , followed by solo auditions in which they performed songs of their choice. After several weeks of deliberation, Victoria Adams , Melanie Brown , Melanie Coloma and Michelle Stephenson were among

6952-399: The training, Stephenson was fired for a perceived lack of commitment. Heart Management turned to the group's vocal coach, Pepi Lemer, to find a replacement. After Lemer's first recommendation declined the offer, Lemer recommended her former pupil Emma Bunton , who auditioned for the Herberts and joined as the fifth member. As their training continued, the group performed small showcases for

7040-546: Was attended by an estimated 2.1 million people over 97 shows with an estimated gross of $ 220-$ 250 million, the highest-grossing concert tour by a female group. It was accompanied by a documentary film, Spice Girls in America: A Tour Story . " Viva Forever ", the last single released from Spiceworld , and became the Spice Girls' seventh UK's number-one. The video was made before Halliwell's departure and features all five members in stop-motion animated form. While on tour in

7128-455: Was fast-paced and featured young boxers, waitresses and fun-seekers. Brian Swette, executive vice president and chief marketing officer at Pepsi, described the characters in it as "positive, in control and lay claim to the future—the antithesis of Generation X ". The ads featured the jingle " Move Over ", written by Mary Wood and Clifford Lane of the BBDO advertising agency , which contained

7216-475: Was one of the first and best known instances of what came to be known as " lifestyle marketing". It focused on portraying Pepsi drinkers as possessing desirable qualities such as youth, rather than on the characteristics of the product itself. Pottasch said that "Pepsi was young, spirited, people doing active things—playing volleyball on the beach.... but younger we said in mind, in attitude, in feeling. Young in spirit. Young in heart." In 1984, Pottasch repeated

7304-660: Was released 5 November. The first public appearance on stage by the Spice Girls occurred at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show , where they performed two songs, 1998 single "Stop" and the lead single from their greatest hits album, "Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)". The show was filmed by CBS on 15 November 2007 for broadcast on 4 December 2007. They also performed both songs live for the BBC Children in Need telethon on 16 November 2007 from Los Angeles. The release of "Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)" peaked at number eleven on

7392-490: Was released in the United States. It proved to be a catalyst in helping the Spice Girls break into the US market when it debuted on the Hot 100 Chart at number eleven. At the time, this was the highest-ever debut by a non-American act, beating the previous record held by the Beatles for " I Want to Hold Your Hand ", and the joint highest entry for a debut act alongside Alanis Morissette 's " Ironic ". "Wannabe" reached number one in

7480-621: Was reported that over one million people signed up in the UK alone and over five million worldwide for the ticket ballot on the band's official website. Sixteen additional dates in London were added, all selling out within one minute. In the United States, Las Vegas, Los Angeles and San Jose shows also sold out, prompting additional dates to be added. It was announced that the Spice Girls would be playing dates in Chicago and Detroit and Boston, as well as additional dates in New York to keep up with

7568-650: Was suffering from exhaustion and disillusionment. Rumours of a power struggle with Brown circulated in the press. Halliwell's departure shocked fans and became one of the biggest entertainment news stories of the year, making news international headlines. The four remaining members were adamant that the group would carry on. The North American leg of the Spiceworld Tour went on as planned, beginning in West Palm Beach, Florida , on 15 June, and grossing $ 93.6 million over 40 sold-out performances. The tour

7656-631: Was the Manchester United footballer David Beckham . Later that year, she married Beckham in a highly publicised wedding in Ireland, taking on his surname, becoming Victoria Beckham. By 1999, Brown, Bunton, Chisholm, and former member Halliwell, had all released music as solo artists. They returned to the studio in August 1999 after an eight-month recording break. It was initially more pop-influenced, similar to their first two albums, and included production from Eliot Kennedy. The sound took on

7744-427: Was the highest-grossing concert act of 2007–2008, measured as the twelve months ending in April 2008. It produced $ 107.2 million in ticket sales and merchandising, with sponsorship and ad deals bringing the total to $ 200 million. The tour's 17-night sellout stand at the O 2 Arena in London was the highest-grossing engagement of the year, netting £16.5 million (US$ 33 million) and drawing an audience of 256,647, winning

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