Captain Percival Talbot "Percy" Molson, MC (August 14, 1880 – July 5, 1917) was a Canadian star athlete and soldier. After an outstanding sports career with McGill University , Molson joined its administration. Molson died fighting in World War I . In his will, he donated funds for McGill to build its football stadium, named Percival Molson Memorial Stadium in his honour.
126-593: An Anglo-Quebecer , Molson was born in the resort community of Cacouna, Québec , on the St. Lawrence River . He was the son of John Thomas Molson (1837–1910) and Jane (Jennie) Baker Butler (1850–1926). A gifted athlete, at the age of sixteen Percival Molson participated in several sports and as an ice hockey player he was a member of the Montreal Victorias that won the 1897 Stanley Cup championship . While studying at McGill University, Percival Molson captained
252-695: A Quebec context, are a linguistic minority in the francophone province of Quebec . According to the 2011 Canadian census, 599,225 people (around 7.7% of the population) in Quebec declare English as a mother tongue . When asked, 834,950 people (about 10.7% of the population) reported using English the most at home. The origins of English-speaking Quebecers include immigration from both English-speaking and non English-speaking countries, migration from other Canadian provinces , and strong English language education programs in Quebecois schools. This makes estimating
378-588: A few have become part of worldwide English ("high mucketymuck" or "high muckamuck" for a high-ranking and perhaps self-important official). A portmanteau language which is said to combine English and French syntax, grammar and lexicons to form a unique interlanguage , is sometimes ascribed to mandatory basic French education in the Canadian anglophone school systems. Many unilingual anglophone Canadians, for instance, will borrow French words into their sentences. Simple words and phrases like " C'est quoi ça? " (what
504-455: A first language. The sign languages of Canada share extremely limited rights within the country in large due to the general population's misinformation on the subject. Ontario is the only province or territory to formally make legal any sign language, enabling the use of American Sign Language, Quebec Sign Language (LSQ) and "First Nation Sign Language" (which could refer to Plains Sign Talk, Oneida Sign Language , or any other language) in only
630-450: A full language after children began to learn the language as a first language across many Nations. From "HANDS" and "TO TALK TO," Hand Talk was used as a lingua franca across linguistic and national boundaries across the continent and the language stretched across the provinces down through Mexico. As Plains Sign Talk was so widespread and was a spectrum of dialects and accents, it probably hosted several languages under its umbrella. One
756-423: A high percentage of the bilingual population in the rest of Canada resides in close proximity to the Quebec border. Similarly, the rate of bilingualism in Quebec has risen higher, and more quickly than in the rest of Canada. In Quebec, the rate of bilingualism has increased from 26% of the population being able to speak English and French in 1951 to 42.5% in 2011. As of 2011, in the rest of Canada (excluding Quebec)
882-427: A language on a regular basis as a second language (in addition to their main home language, English or French). In all, 20.0% of Canada's population reported speaking a language other than English or French at home. For roughly 6.4 million people, the other language was an immigrant language, spoken most often or on a regular basis at home, alone or together with English or French whereas for more than 213,000 people,
1008-564: A large portion of the tuition on the condition that they teach the provincial curriculum; almost all private schools accept these conditions and the accompanying subsidy. Access to English-language public and semi-private education is restricted by provincial law to children who have at least one parent educated in English in Canada. Temporary residents of Quebec and English-speaking immigrants whose children have special learning needs may apply to
1134-462: A larger proportion are French-speaking than before. However, immigrants from English-speaking countries such as Britain, the United States, and Jamaica usually come with a knowledge of English; Asians account for the fastest growing segment of the population, with over 26,000 Asians coming to Quebec between 1996 and 2001 and having English as their first official language spoken in 2001; as
1260-523: A linguistically diverse and fluid place, as cultures using different languages met and interacted. The need for a common means of communication between the indigenous inhabitants and new arrivals for the purposes of trade and (in some cases) intermarriage led to the development of hybrid languages . These languages tended to be highly localized, were often spoken by only a small number of individuals who were frequently capable of speaking another language, and often persisted only briefly, before being wiped out by
1386-742: A lot of variation in Slavey Jargon. Gwich’in verbs can be mixed with French nouns or phonemically modified French sentences exist. Spoken alongside the Basque/Breton–Inuit Belle Isle pidgin was another pidgin language that developed in the 16th century amongst the Basque in coastal areas along the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Strait of Belle Isle as the result of contact between Basque whalers and local Algonquian peoples , notably
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#17327808353521512-632: A result, over a quarter of anglophones now come from visible minority groups. Some First Nation peoples such as the Mohawk , the Cree, and Inuit also use English in their day-to-day lives. These groups blend in easily in a community that defines itself increasingly as multicultural and bilingual . Its large diversity, mobility and access to mainstream North American society means that most anglophones in Quebec will identify themselves as Canadian or by their cultural group, and identify as "anglophone" only in
1638-673: A result, programs to integrate English-speaking children into a French-speaking milieu (particularly in English-speaking areas on the West Island) are increasingly popular in French school boards, and have used in French-language private school for years. In an addition to the public system, many private schools provide instruction in English, including schools serving religious and cultural communities. Quebec subsidizes
1764-510: A sharp declines in language use across all nations, including amongst deaf and signing communities. Robert Falcon Ouellette , a Cree Member of Parliament, played a pivotal role in promoting indigenous languages within the Canadian Parliament and Canadian House of Commons . He was instrumental in obtaining unanimous consent from all political parties to change the standing orders to allow indigenous languages to be spoken in
1890-404: A significant minority of the population is English-speaking . Ninety-three municipalities offer bilingual services in Quebec . In 2002, Quebec's French Language Charter was amended with Bill 104 , which aims to prevent education received in fully private English schools or through temporary certificates from producing constitutional education rights. Several court cases are still pending . After
2016-523: A strong Canadian identity , with about 99% opposing Quebec sovereignty in 1980 and 1995 referendums. Having no distinct political representation in Quebec, they tend to vote for the federalist Liberal Party of Canada federally and for the Quebec Liberal Party at the provincial level. In 2001, English-speaking Quebeckers viewed provincial language legislation as the principal challenge facing their community and more generally look to
2142-554: A stylistic device, the grammar of French has been resistant to influences from English and the same conservatism holds true in Canadian English grammar, even in Quebec City. A pidgin trade language based on Haida, known as Haida Jargon , was used in the 1830s in and around Haida Gwaii . It was used by speakers of English, Haida, Coast Tsimshian, Heiltsuk, and other languages. As a result of cultural contact between
2268-461: A survey on the matter, English-speaking Quebecers cited limited economic prospects and politics ( Quebec's language policies and the Quebec independence ) as primary reasons for leaving. These political factors are also cited as having led to fewer Canadians from other provinces settling in Quebec. Anglophones are also less likely to migrate within the province than Francophones and Allophones. This
2394-450: A trade jargon" (p. 277). Spoken predominately in the Liard and Dehcho Countries of Denendeh, the nouns of the language generally consisted of English, Dënësųłınë́ Yatıé, Sahtúgot’įné / Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́ / K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́, and Dene Yatıé/Zhatıé, whereas the verbs and pronouns are derived from French. Adverbs are typically pulled from Dënësųłınë́ and Gwich’in. There is, however,
2520-588: A working knowledge of English, while 29.8% have a working knowledge of French. Under the Official Languages Act of 1969, both English and French have official status throughout Canada in respect of federal government services and most courts. All federal legislation is enacted bilingually. Provincially, only in New Brunswick are both English and French official to the same extent. French is Quebec 's official language, although legislation
2646-555: A working knowledge of French. In 1974, the Liberal government of Robert Bourassa passed Bill 22 and restricted access to English schools to children who could pass a language test. In 1977, the separatist Parti Québécois passed the more intensive Charter of the French Language (Bill 101). This law made French the sole language of the civil service and of business in private workplaces with over 50 employees and established
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#17327808353522772-689: Is a common vehicular language in territorial government. In the Northwest Territories , the Official Languages Act declares that there are eleven different languages: Cree, Dënësųłıné , Dene Yatıé / Dene Zhatıé , English, French, Gwich’in , Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun , Sahtúgot’įné Yatı̨́ / K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́ / Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́ , and Tłįchǫ . Besides English and French, these languages are not vehicular in government; official status entitles citizens to receive services in them on request and to deal with
2898-613: Is a cultural hub for Quebec City's English-speaking community, linked together by media institutions such as the Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph , CBC Radio One ( CBVE-FM ) in Quebec City, and the La Maison Anglaise bookstore All English-speaking communities outside the Montreal metropolitan area have been in decline for over a century. However, communities near Montreal, the border with Ontario, and
3024-682: Is a mixed language predominantly anchored in English that evolved within the Prairie Métis community, specifically the Countryborn or Anglo-Métis . Due to the multicultural nature of the Red River Settlement , Bungi was influenced by Scottish English , Nehiyawewin , Nakawemowin , the Orcadian dialect of Scots , Norn , Scottish Gaelic , and Canadian French . The vocabulary and word order were primarily English, but
3150-593: Is actually a language family with several languages under its umbrella), belonging to four to six distinct language families , those being: French Sign Language family, BANZSL family, the Plains Sign family, the Inuit Sign isolate, perhaps the Coast Salish Sign isolate, and perhaps a Plateau Sign family composed of Secwepemcékst and Ktunaxa Sign Language . As with all sign languages around
3276-428: Is collected for all three, which together provide a more detailed and complete picture of language-use in Canada. In 2011, just under 21.5 million Canadians, representing 65% of the population, spoke English most of the time at home, while 58% declared it their mother language. English is the major language everywhere in Canada except Quebec and Nunavut , and most Canadians (85%) can speak English. While English
3402-457: Is documented. A considerable number of census respondents in each category cite equal proficiency, knowledge, and use of different languages. In this case, census respondents are divided evenly among the language groups involved. As allophone immigrants (mother tongue other than English or French) generally arrive with knowledge of either English or French and eventually integrate into these two linguistic groups, first official language learned
3528-416: Is due to a strong sense of belonging among those in the Montreal area, the relative lack of English-language services and institutions outside Montreal, and a weak sense of identification with Quebec. Despite a lull in this outflux during an economic boom and break from separatist governments in 2003, this outmigration had returned to established levels by 2006 and is projected to continue at these rates over
3654-443: Is enacted in both French and English and court proceedings may be conducted in either language. English is the official language of Ontario , Manitoba and Alberta , but government services are available in French in many regions of each, particularly in regions and cities where Francophones form the majority. Legislation is enacted in both languages and courts conduct cases in both. In 2022, Nova Scotia recognized Mi'kmawi'simk as
3780-534: Is generally understood that this happened because of the concentration of the Liberal vote in the Centre and Western part of Montreal, where English speakers are often a majority. In 2001, Quebec had 340 primary and secondary English-language schools administered by nine English-language school boards. As in French-language schools, elementary education goes from Kindergarten to Elementary 6 (K-6), while high school goes from Secondary 1 to 5 (grades 7-11). The curriculum
3906-600: Is growing in French Canada but still lags behind the English-speaking parts of the country. In 2006, 91.5% of Quebecers considered themselves to be of either "French" or "Canadian" origin. As a result of the growth in immigration, since the 1970s, from countries in which French is a widely used language, 3.4% of Quebecers indicated that they were of Haitian, Belgian, Swiss, Lebanese or Moroccan origin. Other groups of non-francophone immigrants (Irish Catholics, Italian, Portuguese, etc.) have also assimilated into French over
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4032-582: Is not the preferred language in Quebec, 36.1% of Québécois can speak English. Nationally, Francophones are five times more likely to speak English than Anglophones are to speak French – 44% and 9% respectively. Only 3.2% of Canada's English-speaking population resides in Quebec—mostly in Montreal. In 2011, 28.4 million Canadians had knowledge of English while only 21.6 million Canadians spoke it most often at home. In 2011, just over 7.1 million Canadians spoke French most often at home, this
4158-578: Is not the primary language, such as Montreal or Nunavut . ASL is part of the French Sign Language (Francosign) family , originating on the East Coast of the United States from a mix of Langue des signes françaises (LSF) and other local languages. There is evidence that Coast Salish citizens speak a distinct sign language. Originally a trade pidgin, Plains Sign Talk , also known as Plains Standard or Prairie Sign Language, became
4284-587: Is often popularly considered a variant of Franglais , with examples such as: Espère-moi su'l'corner, j'traverse le ch'min pi j'viens right back (Wait for me at the corner, I'm crossing the road and I'll be right back) and On va amarrer ça d'même pour faire sûr que ça tchenne (We will tie it like this to make sure it stays). However, Chiac is not simply a Franglais / Frenglish mix of French and English, as it differs distinctly from other French-English mixed-use cases such as those found amongst Fransaskois or Ontarois . In British Columbia, Yukon and throughout
4410-925: Is only symbolic as anglophones have moved away, or assimilated into the French-speaking community (usually Catholics such as the Irish). English-speaking communities in the Gaspé Peninsula and the Lower North Shore remain, as well as a small community in the Magdalen Islands . English-language media tend to come from outside the province. Most local English-language media are based in the Montreal area. The province's English-language television stations are CBMT ( CBC ), CFCF ( CTV ), CKMI ( Global ) and CJNT ( Citytv ), all in Montreal. These stations are available on cable throughout
4536-526: Is potentially Navajo Sign Language which is in use by a sole Navajo clan. Born out of the Oneida Nation , OSL is a mixed language, descended primarily from both Prairie Sign Language (or Hand Talk) and the oral Oneida language , with some additions from ASL. Onʌyota'a:ká (or Oneida) Sign Language is a young and growing language, spreading especially amongst deaf Oneida citizens. Inuit Sign Language , also known as Atgangmuurngniq or Uukturausingit,
4662-634: Is primarily English-speaking. Territorially, both the Northwest Territories and Nunavut have official indigenous languages alongside French and English: Inuktut ( Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun ) in Nunavut and, in the NWT, nine others ( Cree , Dënësųłıné , Dene Yatıé/Zhatıé , Gwich’in , Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun , Sahtúgot’įné Yatı̨́ / Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́ / K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́ , and Tłįchǫ Yatıì ). Canada's official languages commissioner (the federal government official charged with monitoring
4788-474: Is strictly controlled by the Ministère de l'Education, Quebec's provincial education ministry, and is generally identical to that offered in the French-language public school system. The exception is language education. French is taught as a second language in English schools from Grade 1 onwards, and English is symmetrically taught as a second language in French schools from grade 1 onwards. English schools in
4914-485: Is that?) or words like " arrête " (stop) can alternate with their English counterparts. This phenomenon is more common in the eastern half of the country where there is a greater density of Francophone populations. Franglais can also refer to the supposed degradation of the French language thanks to the overwhelming impact Canadian English has on the country's Francophone inhabitants, though many linguists would argue that while English vocabulary can be freely borrowed as
5040-630: Is used to determine the Official Language minority population. It is used by the federal government and Quebec anglophone community organizations to determine the demand for minority language services. Specifically, it classifies members of immigrant groups who learn English before French as English-speaking. Half of the people equally proficient since childhood in both English and French are placed into each linguistic community. The English-speaking population has shown an accelerated decline in population between 1971 and 2001. During this interval,
5166-1102: The Stanstead Journal in Stanstead , The First Informer in the Magdalen Islands , The Gleaner in Huntingdon , the Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph in Quebec City, SPEC in the Gaspé region, the West Quebec Post in Buckingham , the Aylmer Bulletin in Aylmer , the Townships Sun in Lennoxville, the Suburban, Montreal Island's Largest English Weekly , the Chronicle and
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5292-509: The 2022 Quebec general election , political leaders and commentators of the province issued growing concerns about the political weight of the English speaking Quebeckers in Quebec's democracy. The Quebec Liberal Party did indeed win the second place in parliament having 21 seats while having 14.37% of the popular vote, behind Québec Solidaire and the Parti Québécois , respectively in third and fourth place with 11 and 3 seats. It
5418-589: The British North America Act of 1867 thanks to D'Arcy McGee , a prominent Irish Montrealer. Prior 2000, these school systems were merged into linguistic English-language boards. An English-speaking Black Canadian community grew in the 1860s with the coming of the railway industry centred in Montreal, settling in Little Burgundy and Saint-Henri . The first school built by the new Protestant Board of School Commissioners of Montreal
5544-521: The Gwich'in (formerly called "Loucheaux") and Europeans (predominately French coureurs des bois and voyageurs ), a pidgin language was historically used across Gwich'in Nành, Denendeh . The language is often called in English "Jargon Loucheux" using the traditional French syntax. Michif (also known as Mitchif, Mechif, Michif-Cree, Métif, Métchif, and French Cree) is a mixed language which evolved within
5670-458: The Mi'kmaq . The name "Souriquois" has an obscure history and most likely refers to region around Souris and the Basque suffix koa , perhaps from zurikoa “that of the whites." Alongside the numerous and varied oral languages, Canada also boasts several sign languages . Currently, Canada is home to some five or more sign languages (that number rising with the probability that Plains Sign Talk
5796-652: The Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne , broadcasts in English and Kanien'keha . Listeners in Sherbrooke , Lennoxville and the Eastern Townships are served by CBC Radio One and CBC Radio 2 and the community radio station CJMQ . CBC Radio One is also available in many other Quebec communities. Parts of the province also receive English-language signals from Ontario , New Brunswick , New York or New England , notably VPR and PBS . However, no community in
5922-421: The Official Languages Act of 1988 that ensures equality between English and French in the federal civil service and ensures that official minority language groups in Canada receive service in their language where numbers warrant and that supports the development of communities of speakers of official languages when they constitute a minority in a province or territory. Provincial legislation has also delimited
6048-678: The Pacific Northwest , a pidgin language known as the Chinook Jargon (also rendered "Chinook Wawa") emerged in the early 19th century that was a combination of Chinookan , Nootka , Chehalis , French and English, with a smattering of words from other languages including Hawaiian and Spanish . Later in that century, it had creolized in the Pacific Northwest. Certain words and expressions remain current in local use , such as skookum , tyee , and saltchuck , while
6174-829: The West End Times in the West Island of Montreal , the Westmount Independent in Westmount , and The LowDown to Hull and Back News in La Pêche . From the 1990s until 2012, Montreal also had two English alternative weeklies, Hour and Mirror . Maisonneuve is a culturally literate bimonthly general-interest English-language magazine published in Montreal. The politics of language has always played against issues of Quebec nationalism and Quebec separatism . English-speaking Quebeckers maintain
6300-461: The sign languages of the Plateau , possibly hosting languages like Secwepemcékst and Ktunaxa Sign Language , remains unlisted by Glottolog. It remains unknown to academia the extent which sign languages are spoken and how they relate to and across linguistic families. In Canada, as elsewhere in the world of European colonization , the frontier of European exploration and settlement tended to be
6426-446: The 1950s, more immigration from Europe again changed the face of Montreal. Immigrants flocked to Montreal from all across Europe, bolstering the numbers of established cultural communities, with a Greek community planting strong roots in the English-speaking community. Immigrants of today come from all over the world (some have argued that they are largely more secular than members of the established English-speaking communities ). Also,
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#17327808353526552-595: The 1960s; the heritage of this era remains in neighbourhoods such as Westmount and the Golden Square Mile . Irish Quebecers established their schools, churches and hospitals in the mid-19th century in traditionally working-class neighbourhoods such as Point St. Charles and Griffintown . Separate English-language confessional (Protestant and Catholic) school systems emerged, in the religious-based Montreal Catholic School Commission and Protestant School Board of Greater Montreal , and would be guaranteed in
6678-515: The 1989 provincial election. As the sign law would have to be renewed in 1993, the Liberal government passed a law that mandated French on signs. As recommended by the Supreme Court, this law allowed other languages on the sign, as long as French was predominant. Although this law stands up to Supreme Court challenges, many anglophones refer to the inspectorate that enforces the law as "tongue troopers" and "language cops". In addition to
6804-448: The 2011 census, 98.2% of Canadian residents have knowledge of one or both of the country's two official languages, Between 2006 and 2011, the number of persons who reported being able to conduct a conversation in both of Canada's official languages increased by nearly 350,000 to 5.8 million. The bilingualism rate of the Canadian population edged up from 17.4% in 2006 to 17.5% in 2011. This growth of English-French bilingualism in Canada
6930-540: The Anglophone population in Quebec. The rise of 16,000 people (from 591,000 in 2001 to 607,000 in 2006) represents a growth rate of +2.7%, which is higher than that for the Francophone population (+2.0%) for the same period. This increase is attributed to a much reduced net outmigration of Anglophones, with some 34,000 departures vs 26,000 arrivals (primarily from Ontario). Emigration to other Canadian provinces
7056-638: The British North America Act of 1867 ( Constitution Act, 1867 ) guaranteeing Protestant confessional boards the right to administer most English schools. Section 133 still allows French and English to be used in the Parliament of Canada and the Legislature of Quebec and makes both languages mandatory for the laws, records, and journals of those houses. It also gives any person the right to plead in either English or French in any of
7182-498: The Canadian constitution and international law overturned some of these provisions, forcing subsequent Quebec governments to blunt these Charter provisions many times. The Charter coupled with the looming 1980 Referendum on Sovereignty triggered an exodus of English-speaking Quebeckers between 1976 and 1980, exacerbating the already existing demographic decline. Head offices that employed anglophones moved mostly to Toronto, taking their employees with them. Structural unemployment in
7308-406: The Canadian population report an indigenous language as their mother tongue. Since the establishment of the Canadian state , English and French have been the co-official languages and are, by far, the most-spoken languages in the country. According to the 2016 census, English and French are the mother tongues of 56.0% and 21.4% of Canadians respectively. In total, 86.2% of Canadians have
7434-588: The Chateauguay Valley and Vaudreuil-Soulanges , are home to a significant anglophone presence. The town of Hudson , and the cities of Saint-Lazare and Pincourt , have an anglophone majority and pluralities respectively. In Laval, the neighbourhoods of Chomedey and Sainte-Dorothée have noticeable English-speaking communities, particularly of Italian and Greek descent . Many American and Anglo-Scottish merchants settled in Quebec City in
7560-471: The Constitutional guarantee to English legal proceedings and eliminated English translations of Quebec laws. It banned all languages other than French on all public signs, both inside and outside. (The regulations for signs would be modified in 1988 and 1993.) The law has therefore polarized Quebec along linguistic lines to this day. Legal challenges by English-speaking Quebeckers using provisions of
7686-728: The Courts of Quebec. In 1982, Section 23 of the Constitution Act, 1982 guaranteed the right of Canadian citizens educated in English in Canada to attend English schools. This paved the way for the Constitutional Amendment, 1999 (Québec) which was passed unanimously by the federal Parliament and the National Assembly of Quebec that transformed Protestant confessional school boards into English linguistic school boards. The federal government also maintains
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#17327808353527812-414: The Eastern Townships and were in fact forced by the British to move from the lands that they were squatting on because the British desired to keep the Eastern Townships as an unpopulated buffer zone between the Canadians and the Americans. By the end of the 1790s, American homesteaders were allowed to come northward to settle lands across the border. Today, the southwestern portion of the Montérégie, notably
7938-526: The English-speaking population in these regions, but sizeable English-speaking communities remain in Sherbrooke ( Lennoxville ), North Hatley , Richmond , Ayer's Cliff , Brome Lake (Knowlton), and Sutton . The English-speaking population is anchored by such institutions as Bishop's University in Sherbrooke and the Eastern Townships School Board . There has been English-speaking settlement or immigration to some degree in almost all areas of Quebec at one time or another. What remains today in many regions
8064-471: The House of Commons, with full translation services provided. This historic change enabled Ouellette to deliver a speech in Cree, marking the first use of an indigenous language in the House on Jan 28, 2019. Furthermore, Bill C-91, the Indigenous Languages Act passed in 2019, was enacted to support and revitalize indigenous languages across Canada. This legislation, aims to reclaim, revitalize, and maintain indigenous languages through sustainable funding and
8190-422: The Liberal government of Robert Bourassa passed Bill 178 that made French the only language that could be used on outdoor commercial signs. This required invoking the notwithstanding clause in the Canadian Constitution , which overrode the Supreme Court decision. Discontent with the Liberals led anglophones in Western Montreal to form the Equality Party in protest, which surprised many by electing 4 candidates in
8316-409: The Long Jump in which he set a world record at the American Athletics Meet in 1900. In 1903, he won the United States Outdoor Track and Field Long Jump championship. After Molson easily beat American Harry Hillman at the 1903 Canadian Championships in the 400 meter race, it was thought he had a chance in that event at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri . However, he finished well back in
8442-502: The Ministère de l'Education for permission to enter these schools. (see Charter of the French Language ). Access to private schools is open to anyone who can afford the tuition. Colleges provide 3-year career certification programs or 2-year pre-University curricula following Grade 11 (Secondary 5) high school. Most are public colleges and have very low tuition fees; a few are subsidized private institutions. Core courses in English literature, humanities, and French represent about 25% of
8568-528: The Mi’kmaw language for generations to come," collaboratively developing strategy between the Mi'kmaq of Nova Scotia and the Government of Nova Scotia . According to the 2016 census, less than one per cent of Canadians (213,225) reported an indigenous language as their mother tongue, and less than one per cent of Canadians (137,515) reported an indigenous language as the language spoken most often at home. Whilst most Canadian indigenous languages are endangered and their current speaker numbers are frequently low,
8694-538: The Montreal area were pioneers in French immersion and bilingual education starting in the late 1960s. As a result, they offer a range of established bilingual and short- and long-immersion programs. Programs offering both French and English curricula as a first language have recently been approved by the Minister of Education and are increasingly popular. English immersion programs are not common in French-language public schools. Some English-speaking Quebecers also opt to send their children to French-language schools. As
8820-455: The Patricia's in the field with the 2nd University Company in October 1915. In June 1916, he was badly wounded in the Battle of Mount Sorrel at Sanctuary Wood near Hooge , West Flanders in Belgium. During horrific encounters with the German Army , where members of the 1st , 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions suffered 8,430 casualties, Percival Molson received the Military Cross for his valour. After recovering from his wounds, he returned to
8946-477: The Prairie Métis community that was oriented towards Cree and Franco-Catholic culture. It is based on elements of Cree and French along with elements of Ojibwa and Assiniboine . Michif is today spoken by fewer than 1,000 individuals in Saskatchewan, Manitoba and North Dakota . At its peak, around 1900, Michif was understood by perhaps three times this number. Based in the late 18th and early 19th centuries and likely one precursor to Chinook Wawa , Nootka Jargon
9072-537: The arrival of a large population of permanent settlers, speaking either English or French. Spoken until about 1760, this pidgin was spoken between Breton and Basque fishermen and NunatuKavummiut of NunatuKavut ( Labrador ). Named from the Ojibwe word bangii meaning "a little bit," the meagrely documented Bungi Creole (also known as Bungee, Bungy, Bungie, Bungay, and as the Red River Dialect)
9198-743: The border with the United States are still large enough to constitute a sizeable yet shrinking minority in these regions. Immigrants from England, Scotland, and Ireland would further settle these regions in the mid 19th century, and pioneer the Outaouais region ( Gatineau and Pontiac region ) and many Laurentian communities. By the end of the nineteenth century, many grew into thriving small cities: Shawville , Aylmer, Hull , Lachute , Huntingdon , St. Johns (now Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ), Granby , Saint-Hyacinthe , Victoriaville , Drummondville , Magog , Sherbrooke , Sawyerville . Migration to larger cities in Canada (including Montreal) has since reduced
9324-427: The censuses of most other countries, including home language , mother tongue , first official language , and language of work . Canada's linguistic diversity extends beyond English, French and numerous indigenous languages. "In Canada, 4.7 million people (14.2% of the population) reported speaking a language other than English or French most often at home and 1.9 million people (5.8%) reported speaking such
9450-975: The construction of the stadium. Although it was officially dedicated as McGill Graduates' Stadium at an intercollegiate track meet on October 22, 1915, the Board of Governors of the university renamed the facility Percival Molson Memorial Stadium on October 25, 1919, in honour of this fallen hero. In 1996, Captain Percival Molson was an inaugural inductee to the McGill University Sports Hall of Fame . Anglo-Quebecer Home language : 767,770 (9.6%) English-speaking Quebecers , also known as Anglo-Quebecers , English Quebecers , or Anglophone Quebecers (all alternately spelt Quebeckers ; in French Anglo-Québécois , Québécois Anglophone ) or simply Anglos in
9576-534: The context of Quebec's French-speaking majority. In the late 18th century and the early 19th century, the Eastern Townships and the Chateauguay Valley were pioneered by English-speaking settlers who moved north from the United States; the first were Loyalists (Tories in the U.S.) wishing to remain British subjects after The American Revolution . Very few of these Loyalists were allowed to stay in
9702-415: The curriculum. There are eight English-language Colleges, open to all Quebec residents. English is also the language of instruction at three Quebec universities ( McGill University , Concordia University and Bishop's University ) that offer 3-year undergraduate programs for Quebec students graduating from college. They also offer standard 4-year programs to students from all over Canada, North America, and
9828-731: The domains of education, legislation and judiciary proceedings. The only other language afforded any other rights is Inuiuuk, which sees interpretation in the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut . There have been efforts to make LSQ an official language of Quebec, but all efforts have failed. The most spoken sign language in Canada, American Sign Language or ASL, can be found across the country in mostly anglophone regions. The ties with anglophone Canada are not due to ASL and English's similarity, but to cultural similarities and linguistic history (as several ASL words are borrowed from English). As such, ASL can be found in areas where English
9954-548: The east end as well, notably Saint-Leonard and Rivière-des-Prairies . The earliest English-speaking people arrived in Montreal at the beginning of the British regime in the second half of the 18th century. By 1831 the majority of the population were of British origin. American merchants, United Empire Loyalists and Anglo-Scot Protestants founded Quebec's public and private English-language institutions and would represent Quebec's elite merchant and financial classes up until
10080-622: The establishment of the Office of the Commissioner of Indigenous Languages. Ouellette was the chair of the indigenous caucus in the House of Commons and helped ensure it passage before the election of 2019. Two of Canada's territories give official status to native languages. In Nunavut , Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun, known collectively as Inuktut , are official languages alongside the national languages of English and French, and Inuktitut
10206-416: The exception of Inuktitut , Inuinnaqtun , and the Cree varieties Naskapi , Atikamekw , East Cree , and Plains Cree . Prior to colonization , multilingualism was common across indigenous nations, many of whom often seasonally migrated. However, the reserve system created more permanent stationary bands , which have generally selected only one of their various ancestral languages to try to preserve in
10332-423: The face of increasing Anglicization , Francization , or Amslanization (the process by which American Sign Language replaces local sign languages ). In addition, the residential school system attempted to institutionally exterminate languages and cultures from coast to coast to coast. The cruel methods (such as physical and sexual abuse , as well as death rates as high as one in twenty children ) resulted in
10458-417: The federal Commissioner of Official Languages and members worked with provincial administrations to maintain and increase access to English government services across the province. Sign laws governing language are a particular irritant to English-speaking Quebeckers . When the original Charter provision requiring French only on commercial signs and in trade names was struck down by the Supreme Court in 1988,
10584-441: The federal government to protect their individual and collective rights from provincial government limits on access to English education, health care, government services, and visibility on public signs. The Canadian constitution protects the language rights of English-speaking communities and individuals in Quebec; however, since 1867, the Quebec provincial government has had full jurisdiction over schools, with only Section 93 of
10710-469: The field. After graduation in 1901, Percival Molson was appointed to his University's Board of Governors, the youngest person ever named to that position. While a McGill University Board member he served as the chair of its Finance and Stadium committees. The university authorised construction of a new stadium to be built in Macdonald Park at the corner of University and Pine Avenues. However, with
10836-399: The first language of the province, and maintains two provincial language secretariats: the Office of Acadian Affairs and Francophonie (French language) and the Office of Gaelic Affairs ( Canadian Gaelic ). The remaining provinces ( British Columbia , Saskatchewan , Prince Edward Island , and Newfoundland and Labrador ) do not have an official provincial language per se but government
10962-720: The front lines with his Regiment (PPCLI) and on July 5, 1917, at the outskirts of Avion , Pas-de-Calais near Vimy Ridge in France, Captain Percival Molson was killed by a direct hit from a German howitzer . Captain Molson is interred in the Villers Station Cemetery in Villers-au-Bois in Pas-de-Calais. In Percival Molson's will he left $ 75,000 to McGill University to help pay most of the costs for
11088-578: The generations. The Irish, who started arriving in large numbers in Quebec in the 1830s, were the first such group, which explains why it has been possible for Quebec to have had five premiers of Irish ethnic origin: John Jones Ross (1884–87), Edmund James Flynn (1896–97), Daniel Johnson Sr. (1966–68), Pierre-Marc Johnson (1985), and Daniel Johnson Jr. (1994). In 1991, due to linguistic assimilation of Francophones outside Quebec, over one million Canadians who claimed English as their mother tongue were of French ethnic origin (1991 Census). According to
11214-534: The goal of the course is not to learn or improve the mastery of a language. Languages of Canada#Official language minority communities A multitude of languages have always been spoken in Canada . Prior to Confederation , the territories that would become Canada were home to over 70 distinct languages across 12 or so language families . Today, a majority of those indigenous languages are still spoken; however, most are endangered and only about 0.6% of
11340-479: The government in them. Awaiting royal assent in October 2022 on Treaty Day , Nova Scotia has affirmed Mi'kmawi'simk as the "First Language" of the province through a bill titled the "Mi'kmaw Language Act" (No. 148). The Act establishes a language committee co-developed and co-run by Miꞌkmaw Kinaꞌmatnewey as well as ensuring "government support for the preservation, revitalization, promotion and protection of
11466-670: The highest French language continuity ratio. British Columbia and Saskatchewan have the lowest French language continuity ratio and thus the lowest retention of French. From 1971 to 2011, the overall ratio for French language continuity outside Quebec declined from 0.73 to 0.45. Declines were the greatest for Manitoba , Saskatchewan, and Newfoundland . Canada is home to a rich variety of indigenous languages, most of which are spoken nowhere else. There are 14 indigenous language groups in Canada with about 100 distinct languages and dialects, including many sign languages. Almost all indigenous languages in Canada are considered endangered , with
11592-489: The hockey team, starred in track and field competitions, played racquet sports, and made the football team. He was named McGill University's best "all-round athlete" three years in a row, a feat unmatched in the university's history. Throughout competitions in which he participated, he was acclaimed for his sense of fair play and achieved the remarkable distinction of never having been penalized for misconduct in any sport. In track and field he competed in several events including
11718-511: The home has increased. Geographically, this trend remains constant, as usage of English and French have declined in both English and French speaking regions of the country, but French has declined more rapidly both inside and outside Quebec. The table below shows the percentage of the total Canadian population who speak Canada's official languages most often at home from 1971 to 2006. Note that there are nuances between "language most spoken at home", "mother-language" and "first official language": data
11844-422: The island's west coast. The percentage of the population who speak French both by mother tongue and home language has decreased over the past three decades. Whereas the number of those who speak English at home is higher than the number of people whose mother tongue is English, the opposite is true for Francophones. There are fewer people who speak French at home, than learned French after birth. Ethnic diversity
11970-551: The language rights of English-speaking Quebeckers and the role of their institutions since the Quiet Revolution as French-speaking Québécois sought to improve their economic prospects, assimilate immigrants into their community to maintain their population, and establish French as a language of business. Bill 63 , introduced by the Union nationale government in 1969, required that English schools provide all students with
12096-636: The languages collectively known as "Slavey" (North: Sahtúgot’įné Yatı̨́, K’ashógot’įne Goxedǝ́, and Shíhgot’įne Yatı̨́; South: Dene Yatıé or Dene Zhatıé and Dené Dháh). The Dene , Inuit , French, British, and Métis who spoke the language did so predominately for preaching the gospel, teasing and harassing clergymen, and for interpersonal relationships. The use of Slavey Jargon can be characterized as an innovation employed by speakers in order to meet several linguistic goals, such as introductions, advice, and disputes. Mishler specified, "For all these reasons, Slavey Jargon seems inaccurate to characterize it strictly as
12222-578: The large English-speaking market. English-language radio stations in Montreal include AM stations CKGM (sports), CJAD (news/talk) and FM outlets CBME ( CBC Radio One ), CKUT ( campus radio from McGill University ), CFQR ( Q92 , adult contemporary), CJFM ( Virgin Radio 96 , hot AC), CBM ( CBC Radio 2 ) and CHOM (mainstream rock). The Montreal off-island suburbs of Hudson / Saint-Lazare has English-language FM outlet CHSV ( Jewel 106.7 , soft adult contemporary). CKON-FM , owned by and serving
12348-592: The late 1980s, only a handful of elderly speakers remained. It is generally considered to be asleep today. Spoken in the Maritime provinces (mostly in New Brunswick ), Chiac is a creole language with a linguistic base in Acadian French and Maritime English with significant contributions from Mi'kmawi'simk and the Maliseet language . Notable for its code-switching between English and French, it
12474-405: The major factors in their departure. By 2001, 50% of mother-tongue anglophones had left the province. Faced with increasing marginalization from the political process in Quebec, English-speaking community groups across the province banded together to form Alliance Quebec , a provincial lobby group that would advocate for English-language education, health, and social services. It was supported by
12600-573: The next five years . At the time, this forecast made researcher Jack Jedwab predict a continued long term decline of the community. Most of Quebec's English-speaking population resides in the Montreal region on the Island of Montreal . The population is concentrated in the West Island and in the western half of Montreal 's urban core, where there is a large network of English-language educational, social, cultural, economic, and medical institutions. However, there are smaller English-speaking communities in
12726-401: The nineteenth century; however, the majority of anglophones were working-class Irish immigrants . In the 1860s, the proportion of English-speakers reached a historic high of 40%. The population gradually dwindled as Montreal replaced Quebec City as a centre of commerce and industry. English-speakers now represent 1.9% of the total population in the Quebec metropolitan area. The Morrin Centre
12852-457: The number of mother tongue anglophones decreased from 788,830 to 591,365, representing a drop in its share of the Quebec population from 13.1% to 8.3%. This is attributed primarily to an exodus of anglophones to other provinces and raised questions about the sustainability of the community. Immigration from other countries and integration of allophones helped to partially alleviate the impact of this trend. In 2001, one in three immigrants to Quebec
12978-518: The number of speakers has grown and even outpaced the number with an indigenous mother tongue, indicating that many people continue to learn the languages even if not initially raised with them. Given the destruction of indigenous state structures, academics usually classify indigenous peoples of Canada by region into " culture areas ", or by their language family. Glottolog 4.3 (2020) counted 13 independent indigenous language families and/or isolates in Canada. A potential fourteenth family, that of
13104-447: The official language minority communities. These communities are: The language continuity index represents the relationship between the number of people who speak French most often at home and the number for whom French is their mother tongue. A continuity index of less than one indicates that French has more losses than gains – that more people with French as a mother tongue speak another language at home. Outside Quebec, New Brunswick has
13230-601: The onset of World War I , matters had to be delayed. Percival Molson along with George McDonald were instrumental in establishing the University Companies at McGill and other Canadian campuses to reinforce Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry . Over a thousand men joined the Regiment through six University Companies. Many were subsequently commissioned from the ranks and went on to serve as officers in other Canadian and British units. Captain Molson joined
13356-447: The other language was an indigenous language. Finally, the number of people reporting sign languages as the languages spoken at home was nearly 25,000 people (15,000 most often and 9,800 on a regular basis)." The percentage of the population speaking English, French or both languages most often at home has declined since 1986; the decline has been greatest for French. The proportion of the population who speak neither English nor French in
13482-465: The population of those who identify as English-speaking Quebecers difficult. Statistics Canada uses census data to keep track of minority language communities in Canada. It has recorded mother tongue (the first language learned as a child and still spoken) since 1921, home language (language spoken at home) since 1971, and first official language learned (English or French) since 1991. In addition, conversational knowledge of English and French
13608-453: The private sector with the mass hiring of francophones in an expanding civil service limited the economic opportunities of especially young non-bilingual anglophones in Quebec leading them to search for work elsewhere. Young highly educated anglophones, despite high rates of bilingualism and increased contact and openness to francophones, cite limited economic prospects caused by linguistic discrimination and an unsatisfactory political climate as
13734-888: The province and can also be received for free with the use of home TV antennas in cities located near television transmission towers. Anglophones in the Outaouais region are served by English stations from Ottawa . Southern Quebec is also served by American network affiliates from Vermont and New York's North Country who actually depend on the Montreal market for most of their revenue. The Burlington, VT stations are WCAX ( CBS ), WVNY ( ABC ), WFFF-TV ( Fox ), and Vermont Public Television ( PBS ). The Plattsburgh, NY stations are WPTZ ( NBC ) and WCFE ( PBS ). These stations are carried on Montreal-area cable networks, along with other English and French-language cable stations. (See Multichannel television in Canada .) Western Montreal carries more English-language programming to better serve
13860-456: The province and in Toronto and Ottawa). Overall, 22% of people in Canada declare French to be their mother language, while one in three Canadians speak French and 70% are unilingual Anglophones. Smaller indigenous French-speaking communities exist in some other provinces. For example, a vestigial community exists on Newfoundland's Port au Port Peninsula , a remnant of the " French Shore " along
13986-552: The province besides Montreal and Hudson/Saint Lazare has an English commercial station. Quebec has two English-language daily newspapers: the large Montreal Gazette , and the small Sherbrooke Record , a local newspaper for the Eastern Townships. Many smaller communities in Quebec also have English-language weekly papers, including The Equity in Shawville , The Pontiac Journal , a bilingual and bimonthly paper,
14112-469: The rate of bilingualism was 7.5%. English–French bilingualism is highest among members of local linguistic minorities. It is very uncommon for Canadians to be capable of speaking only the minority official language of their region (French outside Quebec or English in Quebec). Only 1.5% of Canadians are able to speak only the minority official language, and of these most (90%) live in the bilingual belt. As
14238-674: The right of all Quebeckers to work solely in French, now the sole official language of the province; it also favoured a demographic shift towards more francophones in Quebec by restricting access to English-language schools to children whose parents had attended Quebec English grade schools or high schools. The Charter is generally seen as emancipatory and a protector of culture and is immensely popular among Quebeckers. Other Charter provisions, though, deeply alienated English-speaking Quebeckers. The Charter cut off access to English schools to all but children who had parents who had received their education in English in Quebec. The Charter also eliminated
14364-535: The rights guaranteed by the constitution of Canada, the various regulations outside the Charter recognise other linguistic rights of Quebec anglophones. Quebeckers have the right to receive services in English from all public health care and social service institutions in Quebec. The charter also permits bilingual status to cities, but only those with a majority of English mother-tongue residents; other cities are not required to provide services in English but usually do if
14490-488: The speech was lilting like that of Gaelic speakers, with pronunciation and structural shifts coming from the Cree languages , such as: shawl becoming sawl , she becoming see , and the popular greeting I’m well, you but? . Bungi reached its peak in the nineteenth century, with about 5,000 Countryborn native speakers of the dialect in 1870. However, over the next century, standard Canadian English gradually replaced it; and by
14616-454: The table below shows, rates of bilingualism are much higher among individuals who belong to the linguistic minority group for their region of Canada, than among members of the local linguistic majority. For example, within Quebec around 37% of bilingual Canadians are Francophones, whereas Francophones only represent 4.5% of the population outside Quebec. French-speaking Canadians from outside Quebec and English-speaking Quebecers are, together,
14742-415: The two languages) said in 2009, "[I]n the same way that race is at the core of what it means to be American and at the core of an American experience and class is at the core of British experience, I think that language is at the core of Canadian experience." To assist in more accurately monitoring the two official languages, Canada's census collects a number of demolinguistic descriptors not enumerated in
14868-410: The two official languages) is largely limited to Quebec itself, and to a strip of territory sometimes referred to as the " bilingual belt ", that stretches east from Quebec into northern New Brunswick and west into parts of Ottawa and northeastern Ontario. 85% of bilingual Canadians live within Quebec, Ontario and New Brunswick. A majority of all bilingual Canadians, (57.4%) are themselves Quebecers, and
14994-508: The world that developed naturally, these are natural, human languages distinct from any oral language. As such, American Sign Language (unlike Signed English ) is no more a derivation of English than Russian is, all being distinct languages from one another. Some languages present here were trade pidgins which were used first as a system of communication across national and linguistic boundaries of First Nations, however, they have since developed into mature languages as children learned them as
15120-538: The world. For Quebec residents, 85% of tuition is subsidized by the provincial government. Canadian students pay differential tuition fees based on the Canadian average. Foreign students pay the full cost of their tuition, although Quebec has signed reciprocal agreements with some jurisdictions such as France, Belgium, Bavaria , and Catalonia allowing students to pay local Quebec tuition rates. McGill and Concordia offer some instruction in French, and exams and assignments may be done in French at all universities, as long as
15246-452: Was English-speaking and settled in Montreal. This made the decrease in home-language anglophones less pronounced, particularly in the Montreal area. This situation is rapidly changing as the vast majority of immigrants now adopt French as their first language: three quarters of linguistic transfers of allophones arriving between 2001 and 2006 allophones arriving have been towards French instead of English. The 2006 census showed an increase of
15372-477: Was a rise of 4.2%, although the proportion of people in Canada who spoke French "most often" at home fell slightly from 21.7% to 21.5% . Of these, about 6.1 million or 85% resided in Quebec. Outside Quebec, the largest French-speaking populations are found in New Brunswick (which is home to 3.1% of Canada's Francophones) and Ontario (4.2%, residing primarily in the eastern and northeastern parts of
15498-565: Was a trade language derived from Nuučaan̓uł , English, Spanish, and Russian, as well as other local languages. Also known as "Broken Slavey," this language was spoken until the mid-1900s, abruptly diminishing due to the influx of English into Denendeh and Inuit Nunangat . Documentation has also shown that the language was spoken by a range of fur traders, postmasters, and their wives, sisters, and daughters, who were often of Métis descent. The native languages of speakers who used Slavey Jargon were Denesuline , French, Gwich'in , Inuktitut , and
15624-418: Was mainly due to the increased number of Quebecers who reported being able to conduct a conversation in English and French. Bilingualism with regard to nonofficial languages also increased, most individuals speaking English plus an immigrant language such as Punjabi or Mandarin. According to the 2011 census , 94.3% of Quebecers have knowledge of French, and 47.2% have knowledge of English. Bilingualism (of
15750-412: Was perceived as the biggest challenge facing the continued presence of English-language communities in Quebec, particularly outside Montreal, during the 1976 to 2001 period. English-speakers accounted for half the out-migrants from Quebec as they are extremely mobile compared to their francophone neighbours because they share a language and cultural identity with most other Canadians and North Americans. In
15876-773: Was the Royal Arthur School which opened in 1870. The early 1900s brought waves of settlers from all over Europe. Jews from Poland, Romania and Russia established a large Jewish community , and integrated into the English-speaking "Protestant" schools and businesses. Italian immigrants would adopt the Catholic institutions of either the Irish or francophone community. These and many other immigrant communities would initially settle along Saint Lawrence Boulevard (nicknamed "The Main"), before moving on to more prosperous suburbs such as Côte-Saint-Luc and Saint-Léonard . In
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