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62-623: The brothers' grandfather was Jacob Rodrigues Pereira , one of the inventors of sign language for the deaf, who was born in Spain and established himself in France in 1741, where he became an interpreter for King Louis XV . Jacob Rodrigues Pereire (as he went by in French) married Miriam Lopès Dias, a Sephardic Jew from Bayonne , in Bordeaux in 1766. Their son Isaac (1770-1806) was conscripted during

124-552: A disabled one, Edouard, died in 1876 at age twenty-one. Eugène, Emile II, Henry and Gustave all studied at École Centrale Paris . Several of the Pereire children married into established families of French haute finance and business elite. Claire in 1853 married Georges Thurneyssen, son of the Protestant banker and Pereire business partner Auguste Thurneyssen. Eugène in 1859 married Juliette Betzi Fould, daughter of Emile Fould,

186-625: A lake or motor launches with up to three people fishing in coastal waters. About 85% of small craft are intended for lake fishing as in the Étang de Thau . Viticulture is the main economic activity of the department due to its rich and varied soils. It was the Greeks who established vineyards in Aude and the Romans who determined the rights of exploitation. The first vines were planted in Minervois in

248-467: A law of AOC was adopted under the leadership of Jean Capus. The INAO was set up as a body to control the application of the new laws. After the Second World War , the vineyards were revitalized and the region saw a mass of viticulture. The wine was produced in large quantities and satisfied a very demanding population. The product was supplied in large quantities at very low prices. In 1970

310-880: A luxury hotel in 1898 by César Ritz and is now the Hôtel Ritz Paris . In 1855 they acquired their urban mansion, the Hotel Pereire on 35-37 rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré , initially built in 1713, and had it extensively renovated until 1859, also by Armand. That property was purchased by the British government in 1947 and is now the Embassy of the United Kingdom in Paris . Their villa in Arcachon , built in 1863–1854 in their real estate development there,

372-653: A palatial country house there in the early 1860s, the Château d'Armainvilliers , to rival the Rothschilds ' nearby Château de Ferrières ; it was bombed by mistake by the US Air Force in 1944 and demolished in 1950. In 1854 they purchased the hôtel particulier on 15 Place Vendôme to make it the headquarters of the Crédit Mobilier , and kept it as such until 1867. The same building was transformed into

434-720: A project is under way to build a fast line to Spain as part of the Trans-European Rail network . Finally, Aude is crossed by the Canal du Midi which is a major waterway that allows tourists to pass from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. It comes into the west of Aude at Seuil de Naurouze then joins the Mediterranean at Sète . The people of Aude expressed royalist opinions until

496-518: A sound instead of to a letter. He is therefore seen as one of the inventors of manual language for the deaf, though he did not invent it in its entirety. The manual alphabet has roots dating back to medieval Catholic monasteries, though Pereira did adapt the Spanish manual alphabet published (though plagiarized) by Juan Pablo Bonet to better fit the French language. He is sometimes miscredited with being

558-531: Is a department in Southern France , located in the Occitanie region and named after the river Aude . The departmental council also calls it " Cathar Country" ( French : Pays cathare ) after a group of religious dissidents active in the 12th to 14th centuries. Its prefecture is Carcassonne and its subprefectures are Limoux and Narbonne . As of 2019, it had a population of 374,070. Aude

620-610: Is a frequent feminine French given name in Francophone countries, deriving initially from Aude or Oda, a wife of Bertrand, Duke of Aquitaine , and mother of Eudo, brother of Saint Hubertus . Aude was the name of Roland's fiancée in the chansons de geste . Aude is located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Pyrenees Mountains . It is part of the current region of Occitanie . It is surrounded by

682-504: Is a ground wind. It is a dry, somewhat violent wind and cold in winter. In the south-east blows the Autan, locally called the Marin , which is hot and wet and comes from the sea. These regular winds made it possible to install an industrial park of wind turbines , as in the area of Avignonet-Lauragais. The drainage system of Aude is dominated by its river of the same name. The river rises at

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744-469: Is demanding for flora and fauna, as it suffers from the rigours of sea, sun, dryness and floods. Halophile (i.e., salt-loving) plants grow there. The area is also noted for the pink flamingo and the white stilt . Inland to the west, shrub and scrub dominate the landscape of the drylands of the Aude and the Corbières Massif . This landscape is the result of forest clearance, maintained by

806-515: Is favorable to the culture of the vine and the olive-trees. Yet, the department has several contrasts in climate: In the north, the Montagne Noire and, in the south, the Pays de Sault, have a mountainous climate with temperatures sometimes very low in winter. In the west, the climate is under Aquitaine influence with heavier precipitation, while in the east the climate is purely Mediterranean. In

868-548: Is made up of forests of oak and beech . The Lauragais is a wooded landscape where grain farming has shaped the hills. There are bodies of water like the Lac de la Ganguise . Finally, the high valley of the Aude, otherwise called the Razès, consists of a riparian forest made of beech, alder , poplar or ash . It includes some peatlands that are very rare in southern France. The landscapes of Aude can be explained by its geology. In

930-558: Is named after Isaac's second wife, Fanny. Jacob Rodrigues Pereira Jacob Rodrigues Pereira or Jacob Rodrigue Péreire (April 11, 1715 – September 15, 1780) was a Portuguese Jewish educator and academic . He was the first teacher of deaf patients in France . Jacob Rodrigues Pereira was born in Berlanga (Badajoz) , Spain , a descendant of a Portuguese Crypto-Jewish family from Chacim, Trás-os-Montes . His baptismal name

992-646: Is one of the original 83 departments created by the Constituent Assembly during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc . Administrative divisions were amended by the Act of 28 Pluviôse of Year 8, which created four arrondissements (reduced to three by Premier Raymond Poincaré in 1926) and reduced the number of cantons from 45 to 31. The Aude enjoyed strong wine production whilst at

1054-563: Is strong in the upper valley of the Aude. It has been especially prominent around Limoux since the late nineteenth century; and the Lafarge brick plant there is still booming. Since the 1970s, however, the Aude has seen a rapid decline in its traditional industries such as shoe and hat making. More recent activity is mostly centred around Narbonne , particularly dock facilities and oil depots in Port-la-Nouvelle . From 1889,

1116-415: Is the leading department in France for the number of wind turbines installed. There are 113 in operation. They produce some 91 megawatts , which is the domestic electricity consumption of about 100,000 people. With the proliferation of these machines, the prefecture is seeking to establish with stakeholders a charter of good conduct for wind turbines. Crafts are very well represented in Aude with 14.6% of

1178-469: Is the second-most populous. As of 2019, there are 5 communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants: Hammers and worked tools have been found on the hill of Grazailles at Carcassonne, dating from between 690,000 and 300,000 years ago. Most interesting is the skull of Tautavel Man , discovered in 1971 by Henry de Lumley in the commune of Tautavel in the Pyrénées-Orientales department. It is

1240-656: The Bagaudes , who were brigands or lawless types in central and northern Gaul. Roman authority was restored until 462. In 507, the victory of Clovis I at the battle of Vouillé permitted him to conquer Toulouse and Aquitaine . However, he could not recover the Aude territory, which, thanks to the help of the King of the Ostrogoths , remained in the hands of the Visigoths. His troops defeated Clovis's son in 508. The region

1302-724: The Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft , the Allgemeine Deutsche Credit-Anstalt  [ de ] , and the Stockholms Enskilda Bank . The Pereires also sponsored coal mining developments in Lorraine and Northern France. The Pereires were deeply involved in French politics. Emile Pereire was member of Parliament ( député ) for the département of Gironde between 1863 and 1869. Isaac was similarly député for

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1364-561: The French Revolutionary Wars and in 1800 married Rebecca Henriette Lopès Fonseca (1777-1827), daughter of Mardochée Lopès Fonseca and Esther de Daniel Delvaille, both also Sephardic Jews from Bayonne who had moved to Bordeaux in 1788. They had three male children, of whom the second, Mardochée Télèphe (1803-1820) died in young age. In 1824 Emile Pereire married his cousin Herminie Rodrigues, whose mother

1426-528: The Massif Central . These ancient rocks are over 300 million years old and were deformed by the formation of the Hercynian chain. The Montagne d'Alaric ( Alaric 's Mountain) is an antiform fold in the shape of a vault and made of limestone . Aude is under the influence of a Mediterranean climate. The autumn is characterized by violent and short storms. The summer is often hot and dry, which

1488-687: The Pyrénées-Orientales between 1863 and 1869, and for the Aude in 1869–1870. Isaac's son Eugène was also a député in the Tarn during the same period. They also maintained a lifelong involvement in public debates through the media. In the 1820s Emile wrote regularly in Le Globe and from 1830, in Le National . In November 1871, Isaac acquired the conservative newspaper La Liberté from Émile de Girardin , and heavily influenced its editorial line in

1550-404: The 1st century. But the grapes and wines were not consumer products or self-sufficient for many years. Cereals and olive trees dominated the fertile plains of Aude. It was at the beginning of the 19th century that the wine industry developed in Aude and the rest of Languedoc-Roussillon. Wine then became a consumer product. Higher output was needed and vineyards replaced cereals on the plains. There

1612-407: The Mediterranean basin. At the last census, the population of Aude represented 0.5% of the French population and 14.1% of the population of Languedoc-Roussillon. It is predominantly rural with a density of 48 inhabitants per km , which is slightly less than half the national average. The two main cities, Carcassonne and Narbonne, are medium-sized cities comprising only one third of the inhabitants of

1674-541: The Pereire group underwent a severe crisis largely triggered by the burden of their developments in Marseille . The Pereires were forced to relinquished control of the Crédit Mobilier on 14 September 1867, at the demand of the Banque de France. Even so, they kept some of their wealth and properties, but had to face numerous lawsuits in the ensuing years and in 1872 were compelled to sell their art collections. In any case,

1736-594: The Pereires' heyday came to an end with the demise of the Second Empire, with which they had been deeply associated. One of the Second Empire's key political protagonists, Persigny , would thus write in his memoirs: I wanted an instrument that would free the new regime (the Second Empire) from the tutelage under which financiers usually hold governments, and which would be particularly dangerous as I felt

1798-521: The Pereires' name are in Arcachon ( Plage Pereire , avenue du Parc Pereire , allée Emile Pereire ), Bayonne ( place Pereire ), Bordeaux ( rue Emile Pereire ), Rueil-Malmaison ( rue Pereire ), and Saint-Germain-en-Laye ( rue Pereire ). The former avenue Pereire  [ fr ] in Asnières-sur-Seine has been renamed after native son Henri Barbusse . The Bourbon rose Madame Isaac Pereire , bred in 1881 by Armand Garcon ,

1860-425: The Pereires' notary and himself a cousin of Achille Fould . Emile II in 1864 married Suzanne Chevalier, daughter of Michel Chevalier 's brother Auguste. Henriette married Eugène Mir  [ fr ] , a businessman and politician. Eugène Pereire , Isaac's elder son, led much of the remaining family business upon his father's death in 1880. His granddaughter Noémie Halphen married Maurice de Rothschild from

1922-641: The Pereires; and the holiday resort of Arcachon , developed from 1862. The Boulevard Pereire  [ fr ] in Paris, above the Pereires’ ligne d’Auteuil  [ fr ] , was given their name in 1863, an extremely rare distinction for living individuals. The nearby Place du Maréchal-Juin  [ fr ] was called Place Pereire until 1973. In the same neighborhood, the Pereire Metro Station and Pereire–Levallois RER station also carry their name. Other public spaces bearing

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1984-570: The Roc d'Aude and passes through the Matemale and Puyvalador dams on the Capcir plateau at 1500m, then crosses the department from south to north across Axat, Limoux, and Quillan following the upper valley of the Aude. At Carcassonne, the river changes direction toward the Mediterranean Sea to the east, where it empties near Fleury . The most populous commune is Narbonne ; the prefecture Carcassonne

2046-598: The centre, in the Limouxin, Carcassonnais and Razès areas, the climate is known as intermediary with significant exposure to winds. The winds are often present in Aude. It is one of the windiest French departments, with 300 to 350 days of wind per year. This phenomenon is due mostly to the variations in relief north and south which create a kind of corridor. In the north-west blows the Cers , called Tramontane in Provence, which

2108-560: The counties of Carcassonne and Toulouse, Pope Innocent III in 1209 declared a crusade against the Albigensians . The barons of the north united to form an army under the command of Simon de Montfort . Whereas the count of Toulouse Raymond VI received absolution, the Count of Carcassonne confronted the army alone. The city of Carcassonne became the refuge of numerous Cathars. In 1561, religious troubles again arose at Carcassonne in

2170-580: The crossroads of two Roman roads , the Via Aquitania and the Via Domitia , as well as by the sea near the mouth of the river Aude . Carcassonne became Latin in 30 BC with the creation of numerous grain farms. For almost two centuries, Aude enjoyed peace and strong economic growth. The Visigoths invaded the area in 435 AD at a time when Flavius Aetius , the Roman senator, was busy suppressing

2232-513: The department. In 2017, the department had 370,260 inhabitants. Two major roads cross the Aude. From west to east the A61 autoroute (Autoroute des Deux Mers) connects Narbonne and Toulouse via Carcassonne . From north to south, following the Mediterranean coast, the A9 autoroute links Montpellier with Spain . The rail network follows the same route as the road network. It is a low speed system, but

2294-548: The departments of Pyrénées-Orientales , Ariège , Haute-Garonne , Tarn , and Hérault , with the Golfe du Lion on the east. The countryside in this department falls into several natural regions : Each natural region of the Aude has its own particular landscape. In the east, lagoons or coastal lakes separate land and sea. These were formed by accumulations of sediments carried down by the rivers Aude, Orb and Hérault . There are many such lakes of brackish water. This environment

2356-415: The early 1830s. The Pereire brothers founded a leading business conglomerate . Enterprises created or sponsored by the Pereires included: The Pereires were also instrumental in the creation and/or development of businesses they did not effectively control. These included: Even though the Pereires were not involved, their success with the Crédit Mobilier was taken as a model for the creation in 1856 of

2418-803: The east are the wines of Corbieres and La Clape, in the centre are Minervois and Côtes de Malepère, and in the south Limoux wine . In Lauragais grain is predominant, whereas in the Montagne Noire only sheep farming is possible. More recently there has been an increase in cultivation of olive trees for their oil. Port-la-Nouvelle is the biggest fishing port in the department followed by Gruissan . In 1996 there were 127 vessels in Aude including 75 in Port-la-Nouvelle and 52 in Gruissan. These vessels were as follows: Small craft are recreational boats such as dinghies with one man fishing

2480-477: The end of the Bourbon Restoration . In 1830 republican ideas began to develop and made this department a bastion of the left . This growth is symbolized by two men, Armand Barbès and Theophile Marcou. Armand Barbès is a symbol of the struggle for a social democratic Republic. It was in Aude that François Mitterrand had his highest score in the 1981 presidential election with just over 63% of

2542-481: The family of the Pereires' longstanding competitors. Gustave's son Alfred Pereire was a noted historian and bibliographer. Emile and Isaac Pereire moved from Bordeaux to Paris in 1822 and 1823 respectively, where they initially lived in the house of their uncle Isaac Rodrigues-Henriques  [ fr ] , a banker. They became followers of Saint-Simonism . They kept their commitment to Saint-Simonian beliefs despite their break with Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin in

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2604-694: The first person to teach a non-verbal deaf person to speak, when in fact, Pedro Ponce de León is more reliably credited as the first back in the sixteenth century. In 1759, he was made a member of the Royal Society of London . A lifelong devotee to the well-being of the Jews of southern France , Portugal , and Spain , beginning in 1749 he was a volunteer agent for the Portuguese Jews in Paris . In 1777, his efforts led to Jews from Portugal receiving

2666-820: The form of a Protestant crisis. Duke Henri I de Montmorency , the Governor of the Languedoc , joined the Reformed side in 1574. On the Catholic side, the Duke Anne de Joyeuse became head of the Catholic League. In September 1632, Henri II de Montmorency fought against the royal troops at the Battle of Castelnaudary and was defeated. He was condemned to death and executed at Toulouse. The present department

2728-445: The high valley of Aude became increasingly important in generating hydroelectric power. Aude was the first department in France to transmit such power, from its plants at Alet-les-Bains and Quillan . Joachim Estrade established the first electricity company in France, the Southern Power Transmission Company (SMTF), in 1901. Its plant at Axat -Saint-Georges supplied the cities of Carcassonne and Narbonne at 20 kilovolts . Today Aude

2790-470: The hostility of the great financial powers-that-be against the new regime. Without a doubt, had the Credit Mobilier not been there to steer and move them forward, the policy of the Empire, as it would have been forced to compromise with the Haute Banque, could not have been as bold and unconstrained as it was. In 1852 the Pereires bought a vast estate in Gretz-Armainvilliers and commissioned their favorite architect Alfred Armand  [ fr ] to build

2852-419: The kingdom of Aquitaine . The first Count of Carcassonne was Oliba from the family of the Counts of Barcelona . He established himself in 819. Razès was another county that was formed by an archbishop of Narbonne who had been chased from his town by the Saracens . He had transferred his episcopal seat to Razès and had procured the honours of the feudal title for the area. Narbonne formed a third county. Thus, in

2914-448: The later 1870s. In the mid-1860s, the Pereires' alliances in the haute finance began to fray. Their attempt to challenge the issue monopoly of the Banque de France through the restructuring of the Bank of Savoy , the note-issuing bank of the former Duchy of Savoy which had come under French rule following the Treaty of Turin (1860) , was resented by the Pereires' former associate Adolphe d'Eichthal  [ fr ] . In 1866–7,

2976-506: The mark of wine from Aude. The rich and varied soil of Aude together with abundant sunshine abounds enables Aude to produce quality wines. Many wines emanate from the department, ranging in quality from table wines to AOCs , passing through vins de pays and VDQS . There are seven main areas of production: These areas produce different wines such as Blanquette de Limoux , Chardonnay and sparkling wine from Limoux, La Clape , Corbières , Fitou , and Cabardès . Industrial activity

3038-438: The market evolved replacing demand for quantity with demand for quality and causing a second wine crisis. Many events, negotiations, and attacks paralyzed the region and the economy. Emile Pouytès and the CRS Joel le Gof died at Montredon-des-Corbières on 4 March 1976 during this crisis. A large change in the Aude viticulture business started with a reorganization of the profession and the wine-growing region. Quality had to become

3100-450: The ninth century, the département of Aude consisted of three counties: Carcassonne, Razès and Narbonne. In 880, the County of Razès was united by marriage to that of Carcassonne, never to be separated. In the 13th century, the region saw the development of Catharism : a dualistic Christian sect with similarities to Gnosticism . This religion was very quickly judged as heretical by the Catholic Church . Faced with its growing strength in

3162-425: The oldest-known skull in Europe. It dates from about 450,000 years BC. It is likely that Tautavel Man lived in all of this region. The Romans , led by the consul-general Domitius Ahenobarbus , first occupied the oppidum of Montlaurès in 118 BC, a few kilometres to the north of Narbonne . This became the provincial capital and a very active mercantile port. The position was strategically important since it stood at

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3224-446: The population involved. Some 5,400 businesses operating in 250 craft professions achieved in the late 1990s an annual turnover of 3 billion francs (400 million Euros). The inhabitants of Aude are known as Audois . The 1990 census confirmed a growth in population since the 1960s with about 700 people more per year. This growth is explained by the return of pensioners aged over 60 years to their place of origin and to immigration from

3286-403: The raising of livestock. The flora is varied and characterized by many species of orchids . The Sault countryside is dominated by beech groves and fir plantations up to the mountains. These forests are known for their mushrooms , and have a rich flora and fauna, including the Pyrenean lily , the euproctis moth and horsetail of the woods. To the north and west, the Black Mountain country

3348-431: The right to settle in France. In 1772, he published a Tahitian vocabulary for Louis-Antoine de Bougainville 's Voyage , after learning the language from Ahutoru , the first Tahitian to sail aboard a European vessel. In 1876 Pereira's remains were transferred from the Cimetière de la Villette (where he had been buried the year in which that cemetery was opened) to that of the Cimetière de Montmartre . In Bordeaux

3410-427: The same time the grain farmers of Lauragais faced great difficulties. However, the department suffered from overproduction and a slump in sales of wine. In 1907 the crisis produced a winemakers' revolt . This led to the establishment of many Winemaking cooperatives in Aude from 1909. Gules, a cross of Toulouse Or within a bordure embattled argent. Aude is an agricultural area dominated by vineyards. In

3472-414: The south, there are sedimentary rocks folded during the formation of the Pyrenees. To the north and centre of Aude, the sedimentary rocks are less folded. At the extreme east, near the Mediterranean, the rocks are carved by normal collapse faults which are due to the opening of the Golfe du Lion. In the north, the Black Mountain and Minervois consist of schist and marble , forming the southern edge of

3534-475: The street "Rodrigues-Pereire" was named in his honor. His grandsons, the Péreire brothers , Émile Péreire (1800–1875) and Isaac Péreire (1806–1880), were well-known French financiers and bankers during the second empire who encouraged the construction of the first railway in France in 1835. In 1852, they founded the Société Générale du Crédit Mobilier . Aude Aude ( French: [od] ohd ; Occitan: [ˈawðe] )

3596-412: Was Francisco António Rodrigues, and his parents were João Lopes Dias and Leonor Rodrigues Pereira. In about 1741 he and his mother and siblings moved to Bordeaux and returned to Judaism ; he adopted the name Jacob and his mother Abigail Rivka Rodrigues. Pereira formulated signs for numbers and punctuation and adapted Juan Pablo Bonet 's manual alphabet by adding 30 handshapes , each corresponding to

3658-604: Was Henriette's sister. They had five surviving children: Fanny (born 1825), Cécile (born 1829), Claire (born 1834), Isaac-Emile (known as Emile II, born 1840) and Henry (born 1841). In 1830 Isaac Pereire married Rachel Laurence Lopès Fonseca, a cousin of both him and Herminie; they had two sons, Eugène (born 1831) and Georges (born 1836). After Laurence's untimely death in 1837 he remarried with his niece Fanny in August 1841. Their three surviving children were Gustave (born 1846), Henriette (born 1853) and Jeanne (born 1856). Two other boys, Jules (1843) and Julien (1845) died in infancy, and

3720-447: Was an initial period of prosperity to 1850 before phylloxera appeared towards 1870. At the end of the 19th century, Aude experienced a second period of prosperity but there was a wine crisis triggered in 1901 because of over-production, fraud, and slumping sales. It reached its peak during the winemakers revolt in 1907. The wine growers regrouped themselves into winemaking cooperatives to prevent fraud and deception. In 1919 then in 1935,

3782-503: Was demolished in 1959. The Pereires were active in real estate development and created some of the most iconic urban landscapes of the era. These included the Gare Saint-Lazare , first opened in 1842 as one of the main railway stations in Paris; the Parc Monceau neighborhood in Paris, on grounds around the park which they purchased from the Orléans family in 1861; the Rue de la République  [ fr ] in Marseille , started by Jules Mirès  [ fr ] and continued by

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3844-416: Was part of Septimania , so called because it was composed of seven bishoprics that the Visigoth kings had established there: Elne , Agde , Narbonne , Lodève , Béziers , Maguelonne , and Nîmes . Septimania covered the Aude but also the whole region of Languedoc-Roussillon. In 817, Louis le Débonnaire detached Carcassès and Razès from Septimania to reunite them with the marquisate of Toulouse and

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