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44-548: The border between Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Kherson Oblast runs through the northern part of the isthmus. Since the start of the Russian military occupation and subsequent annexation of Crimea in 2014, this is also the de facto northern border of the Russian Republic of Crimea . The cities of Perekop , Armiansk , Suvorove (Crimea)  [ uk ] and Krasnoperekopsk are situated on

88-556: A subject into the Russian Federation. The Ukrainian government does not recognize the referendum or annexation of Crimea as legitimate. On 27 March, the UN General Assembly passed Resolution 68/262 by 100 to 11 votes, recognizing the referendum as invalid and denying any legal change in the status of Crimea and Sevastopol. An oblast ( Ukrainian : область ; pl.   області ) is on the first level of

132-650: A treaty of accession to the Russian Federation though the accession was granted separately for each of the former regions that composed it: one accession for the Republic of Crimea , and another for Sevastopol as a federal city . On 24 March 2014 the Ukrainian government ordered the full withdrawal of all of its armed forces from Crimea and two days later the last Ukrainian military bases and Ukrainian navy ships were captured by Russian troops. Ukraine, meanwhile, continues to claim Crimea as its territory and in 2015

176-781: A "real problem" given Russia's declared policy of military intervention abroad to protect Russian citizens. On 24 August 2009, anti-Ukrainian demonstrations were held in Crimea by ethnic Russian residents. Sergei Tsekov (of the Russian Bloc and then deputy speaker of the Crimean parliament ) said then that he hoped that Russia would treat Crimea the same way as it had treated South Ossetia and Abkhazia . The 2010 Ukrainian–Russian Naval Base for Natural Gas treaty extended Russia's lease on naval facilities in Crimea until 2042, with optional five-year renewals. Crimea voted strongly for

220-591: A BBC reporter claimed that a huge number of Tatars and Ukrainians had abstained from the vote. Following the referendum, the members of the Supreme Council voted to rename themselves the State Council of the Republic of Crimea and also formally appealed to Russia to accept Crimea as part of the Russian Federation. This was granted and on 18 March 2014 the self-proclaimed Republic of Crimea signed

264-701: A defensive trench dug between the Azov Sea and the Black Sea; there also appears to have been a town in the vicinity of the same name. The Crimean Tatar name of Or Qapı adopts the Greek in the Crimean Tatar language meaning Or "trench" and Qapı "gate," and Perekop in the Slavic languages literally means a dug-out. The strategic and commercial value of this area, together with the strategic value of being

308-536: Is an autonomous parliamentary republic within Ukraine and was governed by the Constitution of Crimea in accordance with the laws of Ukraine. The capital and administrative seat of the republic's government is the city of Simferopol , located in the centre of the peninsula. Crimea's area is 26,200 square kilometres (10,100 sq mi) and its population was 1,973,185 as of 2007. These figures do not include

352-656: The Crimean Peninsula The Autonomous Republic of Crimea is an administrative division of Ukraine encompassing most of Crimea that was unilaterally annexed by Russia in 2014. The Autonomous Republic of Crimea occupies most of the peninsula, while the City of Sevastopol (a city with special status within Ukraine) occupies the rest. The Cimmerians , Scythians , Greeks , Goths , Huns , Bulgars , Khazars , Byzantine Greeks ,

396-583: The Crimean government , and international bodies. An administrative reform, enacted by the Verkhovna Rada on 17 July 2020, envisages redivision of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea into 10 enlarged raions (districts), into which cities (municipalities) of republican significance will be absorbed. Originally the reform was delayed until return of the peninsula under Ukrainian control, but it came into effect on 7 September 2023. Since

440-539: The Government of Ukraine on 12 June 2020 as a part of administrative reform that started in 2015. There are three types of hromadas: rural ( Ukrainian : сільська громада ), settlement ( Ukrainian : селищна громада ) and urban ( Ukrainian : міська громада ). There are 1469 hromadas in total (as of November 1, 2023). The Cossack Hetmanate was divided into military-administrative districts known as regimental districts ( polks ) whose number fluctuated with

484-783: The Ukrainian parliament designated 20 February 2014 as the (official) date of the start of "the temporary occupation of Crimea." On 27 March 2014 100 United Nations member states voted for United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262 affirming the General Assembly 's commitment to the territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognized borders while 11 member states voted against, 58 abstained and 24 member states absented. Since then six countries ( Cuba , Nicaragua , Venezuela , Syria , Afghanistan , and North Korea ) have publicly recognized Russia's annexation of Crimea while others have stated support for

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528-494: The annexations of Crimea and southeastern Ukraine by the Russian Federation , Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol as well as portions of Donetsk , Kherson , Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts came under the de facto administration of the Russian Federation . Internationally, most states have not recognized the Russian claims. According to Article 133 of the Constitution of Ukraine as amended,

572-713: The 16 March 2014 Crimean referendum. Executive power in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea was exercised by the Council of Ministers of Crimea , headed by a Chairman , appointed and dismissed by the Supreme Council of Crimea , with the consent of the President of Ukraine . Though not an official body, the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People could address grievances to the Ukrainian central government ,

616-781: The 18th to 20th centuries, Germany during World War II, and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , and later the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , within the Soviet Union during the rest of the 20th century until Crimea became part of independent Ukraine with the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. After the Revolution of Dignity in February 2014, Russian troops took control of

660-437: The 1992 Constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Crimea's status as a part of Ukraine?" There was no option on the ballot to maintain the status quo. However, support for the second question would have restored the republic's autonomous status within Ukraine. The official turnout for the referendum was 83%, and the overwhelming majority of those who voted (95.5%) supported the option of rejoining Russia. However,

704-456: The Crimean constitution of May 1992, all the laws and decrees contradicting those of Kyiv, and also removed Yuriy Meshkov , the then president of Crimea, along with the office itself. After an interim constitution, the 1998 Constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea was put into effect, changing the territory's name to the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Following the ratification of

748-632: The Crimean parliament asked the Russian government for the region to become a subject of the Russian Federation with a Crimea-wide referendum on the issue set for 16 March. The Ukrainian government, the European Union, and the US all challenged the legitimacy of the request and of the proposed referendum as article 73 of the constitution of Ukraine states: "Alterations to the territory of Ukraine shall be resolved exclusively by an all-Ukrainian referendum." International monitors arrived in Ukraine to assess

792-589: The December 2019 draft constitutional changes submitted to the Verkhovna Rada by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy , 136 new raions have replaced the former 490 raions of Ukraine. An urban district is subordinate to the city administration. The territorial hromadas ( Ukrainian : територіальна громада ; lit. 'territorial community'; pl.  територіальні громади), or simply hromadas ( Ukrainian : громада ; pl.  громади) were established by

836-448: The May 1997 Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty , in which Russia recognized Ukraine's borders and sovereignty over Crimea, international tensions slowly eased. However, in 2006, anti-NATO protests broke out on the peninsula. In September 2008, the Ukrainian foreign minister Volodymyr Ohryzko accused Russia of giving out Russian passports to the population in Crimea and described it as

880-637: The Russian foreign ministry stated that "movement of the Black Sea Fleet armored vehicles in Crimea (...) happens in full accordance with basic Russian-Ukrainian agreements on the Black Sea Fleet". Gunmen, either armed militants or Russian special forces, occupied the Crimean parliament and, under armed guard with doors locked, members of parliament elected Sergey Aksyonov as the new Crimean prime minister. Aksyonov then said that he asserted sole control over Crimea's security forces and appealed to Russia "for assistance in guaranteeing peace and calmness" on

924-538: The Ukrainian People's Republic , the country was divided into zemlias (lands), volosts and hromadas (communities). This law was not fully implemented as on 29 April 1918 there was the anti-socialist coup in Kyiv, after which Pavlo Skoropadskyi reverted the reform back to the governorate -type administration. Before the introduction of oblasts in 1932, Soviet Ukraine comprised 40 okruhas , which had replaced

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968-423: The administrative division of Ukraine. Most oblasts are named after their administrative center. Volyn and Zakarpattia oblasts, whose respective capitals are Lutsk and Uzhhorod, are named after the historic regions Volhynia and Transcarpathia . Two cities have special status ( Ukrainian : міста зі спеціальним статусом ): Kyiv and Sevastopol . Their special status puts them on the same administrative level as

1012-621: The area and population of the City of Sevastopol (2007 population: 379,200), which is administratively separate from the autonomous republic. The peninsula thus has 2,352,385 people (2007 estimate). Crimean Tatars , a predominantly Muslim ethnic minority who in 2001 made up 12.10% of the population, formed in Crimea in the late Middle Ages , after the Crimean Khanate had come into existence. The Crimean Tatars were forcibly expelled to Central Asia by Joseph Stalin 's government. After

1056-612: The border between Crimea and mainland Ukraine, which runs across the isthmus. Soon after, this became a de facto border between Russian-controlled Crimea and the rest of Ukraine until 24 February 2022, when Russian forces crossed over the frontier during their invasion of Ukraine and unilaterally annexed the adjacent areas of the Ukrainian mainland. 46°08′58″N 33°40′20″E  /  46.14944°N 33.67222°E  / 46.14944; 33.67222 Autonomous Republic of Crimea in Ukraine  (light yellow) in

1100-651: The command of Erich von Manstein entered Crimea through the Isthmus of Perekop. The battle of the isthmus lasted five days from 24 September 1941 before the isthmus was secured by the Axis forces. On October 27 the Axis forces advanced further into Crimea, leading to the Battle of Sevastopol . On 9 May 1944, the Red Army regained control of Crimea. On 2 March 2014, it was reported that Russian troops were digging trenches along

1144-480: The fall of the Soviet Union, Crimean Tatars began to return to the region. According to the 2001 Ukrainian population census 58% of the population of Crimea are ethnic Russians and 24% are ethnic Ukrainians. The region has the highest proportion of Muslims in Ukraine . The Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was established as part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1921, with

1188-678: The gateway to Crimea, has made the isthmus the location of some particularly fierce battles. From antiquity through the Byzantine era the Greeks fortified the area, and so subsequently did the Crimean Tatars . In the 15th century the area became a colony of the maritime Republic of Genoa . In 1783 the area became a part of the Russian Empire , which made Perekop a county center of Tavriia gubernia . In 1954, together with Crimea it

1232-520: The isthmus. The North Crimean Canal ran through the isthmus, supplying Crimea with fresh water from the Dnieper River . Ukraine closed the canal in 2014, and the water supply was only partially replaced by other local and Russian sources. Rich salt ores are located in the south of the isthmus and are of commercial importance to the region. The name Taphros in Greek means a dug-out trench, per

1276-578: The jurisdiction of the Ukrainian Constitution . Ukraine is a unitary state with three levels of administrative divisions: 27 regions (24 oblasts , two cities with special status and one autonomous republic ), 136 raions (districts) and 1469 hromadas . The administrative reform of July 2020 merged most of the 490 legacy raions and 118 pre-2020 cities of regional significance into 136 reorganized raions, or districts of Ukraine. The next level below raions are hromadas . Following

1320-479: The latter joining with other republics to form the Soviet Union. Following the end of Nazi occupation during World War II, indigenous Crimean Tatars were forcibly deported and the autonomous republic was abolished in 1945, replaced with an oblast-level jurisdiction. In 1954, Crimea Oblast was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Ukrainian SSR . Shortly prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Crimea

1364-488: The major portion of the Crimean peninsula in southern Ukraine. Its capital is Simferopol . The Autonomous Republic of Crimea is the only region within Ukraine that has its own constitution. On 16 March 2014, after the occupation of Crimea by the Russian military, a referendum on joining the Russian Federation was held. A majority of votes supported the measure. On 21 March 2014, the Russian Duma voted to annex Crimea as

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1408-469: The oblasts, and thus under the direct supervision of the state via their respective local state administrations , which constitute the executive bodies of the cities. Following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation , Sevastopol is controlled by Russia and is incorporated as a federal subject of Russia . Raions ( Ukrainian : район ; pl.   райони ) are smaller territorial units of subdivision in Ukraine. There are 136 raions. Following

1452-416: The parties reached a compromise: Crimea would be given the status of "autonomous republic" and granted special economic status, as an autonomous but integral part of Ukraine. In October 1993, the Crimean parliament established the post of president of Crimea . Tensions rose in 1994 with election of separatist leader Yury Meshkov as Crimean president. On 17 March 1995, the parliament of Ukraine abolished

1496-715: The peninsula. The interim government of Ukraine described events as an invasion and occupation and did not recognize the Aksyonov administration as legal. Ousted Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych sent a letter to Putin asking him to use military force in Ukraine to restore law and order. On 1 March, the Russian parliament granted president Vladimir Putin the authority to use such force. Three days later, several Ukrainian bases and navy ships in Crimea reported being intimidated by Russian forces and Ukrainian warships were also effectively blockaded in Sevastopol. On 6 March,

1540-426: The pro-Russian Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych and his Party of Regions in presidential and parliamentary elections, and his ousting on 22 February 2014 during the 2014 Ukrainian revolution was followed by a push by pro-Russian protesters for Crimea to secede from Ukraine and seek assistance from Russia. On 28 February 2014, Russian forces occupied airports and other strategic locations in Crimea though

1584-643: The reform, the following are the subdivisions of the republic: The Autonomous Republic of Crimea had 25 administrative areas: 14 raions ( districts ) and 11 mis'kradas and mistos (city municipalities), officially known as territories governed by city councils . Major centres of urban development: Official Historical 45°18′N 34°24′E  /  45.3°N 34.4°E  / 45.3; 34.4 Administrative divisions of Ukraine The administrative divisions of Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Адміністративний устрій України , romanized :  Administratyvnyi ustrii Ukrainy ) are under

1628-554: The region. Between 1992 and 1995, a struggle about the division of powers between the Crimean and Ukrainian authorities ensued. On 26 February, the Crimean parliament renamed the ASSR the Republic of Crimea . Then on 5 May, it proclaimed self-government and twice enacted constitutions that the Ukrainian government and Parliament refused to accept on the grounds that it was inconsistent with Ukraine's constitution. Finally in June 1992,

1672-437: The situation but were halted by armed militants at the Crimean border. The day before the referendum, Ukraine's national parliament voted to dissolve the Supreme Council of Crimea as its pro-Moscow leaders were finalising preparations for the vote. The 16 March referendum required voters to choose between "Do you support rejoining Crimea with Russia as a subject of the Russian Federation?" and "Do you support restoration of

1716-465: The size of the Hetmanate's territory. In 1649, when the Hetmanate controlled both the right and left banks, it included 16 such districts. After the loss of Right-bank Ukraine, this number was reduced to ten. The regimental districts were further divided into companies ( sotnias ), which were administered by captains ( sotnyk ). The lowest division was the kurin . According to the Constitution of

1760-655: The state of Kievan Rus' , Kipchaks , Italians, and Golden Horde Mongols and Tatars each controlled Crimea in its earlier history. In the 13th century, it was partly controlled by the Venetians and by the Genoese , and in the late 15th century, it was partly under Polish suzerainty. They were followed by the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire in the 15th to 18th centuries, the Russian Empire in

1804-659: The system of administrative and territorial organization of Ukraine consists of: In an administrative reform in 2020, all populated places in the country (except for two cities with special status, Kyiv and Sevastopol ) were resubordinated to raions. The new figure of 136 raions includes 10 in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol ; since September 2023, the Crimean raions are functional. There are three types of first-level administrative divisions: 24 oblasts (regions), 1 autonomous republic and 2 cities with special status. The Autonomous Republic of Crimea ( Ukrainian : Автономна Республіка Крим ) geographically encompasses

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1848-502: The territory . Russia formally annexed Crimea on 18 March 2014, incorporating the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol as the 84th and 85th federal subjects of Russia . While Russia and 17 other UN member states recognize Crimea as part of the Russian Federation, Ukraine continues to claim Crimea as an integral part of its territory, supported by most foreign governments and United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262 . The Autonomous Republic of Crimea

1892-600: Was transferred to the Ukrainian Soviet Republic . In November 1920, during the Russian Civil War , a battle was fought here between Red Army and the White troops of Pyotr Wrangel , who was in control of the Crimea. The Red Army turned out victorious, but 140,000 civilians fled over the Black Sea to Istanbul . During World War II , the combined forces of German and Romanian troops under

1936-633: Was granted the status of Autonomous Republic by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR following a state-sanctioned referendum held on January 20, 1991. When Ukraine became independent , Crimea remained a republic within the country, leading to tensions between Russia and Ukraine as the Black Sea Fleet was based on the peninsula. Since Ukrainian independence, more than 250,000 Crimean Tatars have returned and integrated into

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