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42-482: Perfekt may refer to: Perfekt , one of the German verb tenses "Perfekt", song by Die Ärzte from Jazz ist anders See also [ edit ] Perfect (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Perfekt . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

84-497: A dental consonant inflection, or strong , showing a vowel gradation ( ablaut ). Both of these are regular systems. Most verbs of both types are regular, though various subgroups and anomalies do arise; however, textbooks for learners often class all strong verbs as irregular. The only completely irregular verb in the language is sein ( to be ). There are more than 200 strong and irregular verbs, but just as in English, there

126-455: A bird (not an airplane); Both sentences are correct but they have different focus. Pronoun objects are usually mentioned before nominal phrase objects; dative nominal objects before accusative nominal objects; and accusative pronoun objects before dative pronouns. Order may change upon emphasis on the object, the first being more important. This can be viewed as a table: Native adverbs, like nicht , leider or gerne , are placed before

168-417: A constituent the shorter NP his constituents . In some theories of grammar, noun phrases with determiners are analyzed as having the determiner as the head of the phrase, see for instance Chomsky (1995) and Hudson (1990) . Some examples of noun phrases are underlined in the sentences below. The head noun appears in bold. Noun phrases can be identified by the possibility of pronoun substitution, as

210-461: A hierarchy of functional projections. Dependency grammars , in contrast, since the basic architecture of dependency places a major limitation on the amount of structure that the theory can assume, produce simple, relatively flat structures for noun phrases. The representation also depends on whether the noun or the determiner is taken to be the head of the phrase (see the discussion of the DP hypothesis in

252-400: A more complex phrase. For simplicity, only dependency-based trees are given. The first tree is based on the traditional assumption that nouns, rather than determiners, are the heads of phrases. The head noun picture has the four dependents the , old , of Fred , and that I found in the drawer . The tree shows how the lighter dependents appear as pre-dependents (preceding their head) and

294-406: A new infinitive behind the main infinitive. Then this outer infinitive will be conjugated instead of the old inner infinitive. Sometimes one must turn the old infinitive into a passive participle. There are two types of passive forms: static passive and dynamic passive. They differ by their auxiliary words. The static passive uses sein , the dynamic passive is formed with werden (which has

336-421: A noun (the head of the phrase) together with zero or more dependents of various types. (These dependents, since they modify a noun, are called adnominal .) The chief types of these dependents are: The allowability, form and position of these elements depend on the syntax of the language in question. In English, determiners, adjectives (and some adjective phrases) and noun modifiers precede the head noun, whereas

378-404: A noun phrase can also function as an adjunct of the main clause predicate, thus taking on an adverbial function, e.g. In some languages, including English, noun phrases are required to be "completed" with a determiner in many contexts, and thus a distinction is made in syntactic analysis between phrases that have received their required determiner (such as the big house ), and those in which

420-455: A noun, but by the determiner (which may be null), and they are thus called determiner phrases (DP) instead of noun phrases. (In some accounts that take this approach, the constituent lacking the determiner – that called N-bar above – may be referred to as a noun phrase.) This analysis of noun phrases is widely referred to as the DP hypothesis . It has been the preferred analysis of noun phrases in

462-441: A predicative way. 1st person or 2nd person pronouns are never used as predicative pronouns. Normally, one makes an inversion when using a definite pronoun as predicativum. One can use any kind of adverbial phrase or native adverb mentioned above. But beware of modal verbs, they change the meaning and phrase of the sentence. Compound infinitives can be constructed by the usage of modal verbs or auxiliary verbs . One places

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504-451: A prefix that is separable in some uses and inseparable in others. If one of the two meanings is figurative, the inseparable version stands for this figurative meaning: Complex infinitives can be built, consisting of more than the original infinitive. They include objects, predicative nouns and adverbial information. These are packed before the original infinitive, if used isolated. (elliptical) If one wants to express that they suddenly see

546-498: A single word (such as a noun or pronoun) would not be referred to as a phrase. However, many modern schools of syntax – especially those that have been influenced by X-bar theory – make no such restriction. Here many single words are judged to be phrases based on a desire for theory-internal consistency. A phrase is deemed to be a word or a combination of words that appears in a set syntactic position, for instance in subject position or object position. On this understanding of phrases,

588-407: A slightly different conjugation from its siblings). In both cases, the old infinitive is turned into its passive participle form. A complex infinitive cannot be turned into passive form, with an accusative object, for obvious reasons. This restriction does not hold for dative objects. The only exceptions are verbs with two accusative objects. In older forms of German, one of these accusative objects

630-501: Is "legen" (to lay) There are some verbs which have a permanent prefix at their beginning. These prefixes are never stressed. The most common permanent prefixes found in German are ver- , ge- , be- , er- , ent- (or emp- ), and zer- . The meaning of the permanent prefixes does not have a real system; the alteration in meaning can be subtle or drastic. The prefixes ver- , be- and ge- have several different meanings, although ge-

672-468: Is a gradual tendency for strong verbs to become weak. As German is a Germanic language , the German verb can be understood historically as a development of the Germanic verb . The bare infinitive consists of the root and the suffix -en . With verbs whose roots end in el or er , the e of the infinitive suffix is dropped. This is a general view of the most important German prefixes. The example

714-407: Is conveyed in German with the verb dürfen ; "I must not" is therefore translated as ich darf nicht . Like Latin, an accusativus cum infinitivo (ACI) construction is possible. The ACI is formed by placing a bare infinitive after the main verb, and then inserting an accusative object between them. This can be done in two ways: The zu -infinitive has nothing to do with the gerundive, although it

756-550: Is created in a similar way. One simply puts the preposition zu before the bare infinitive, before the permanent prefix, but after the separable prefix. The zu -infinitive extended with um expresses purpose (in order to, for the purpose of). The subject of the main clause and the infinitive must be identical. There are three persons , two numbers and four moods ( indicative , conditional , imperative and subjunctive) to consider in conjugation . There are six tenses in German:

798-450: Is illustrated in the examples below. A string of words that can be replaced by a single pronoun without rendering the sentence grammatically unacceptable is a noun phrase. As to whether the string must contain at least two words, see the following section. Traditionally, a phrase is understood to contain two or more words . The traditional progression in the size of syntactic units is word < phrase < clause , and in this approach

840-642: Is irregular in the conditional mood The (e) s are inserted when the stem of the verb ends in: The second person singular ending is -t for verbs whose stems end in: beten "to pray": weak transitive verb bitten "to ask for, to beg": strong transitive verb Some strong verbs change their stem vowel in the second and third person singular of the indicative mood of the present tense. Nominal phrase Noun phrases often function as verb subjects and objects , as predicative expressions , and as complements of prepositions . One NP can be embedded inside another NP; for instance, some of his constituents has as

882-401: Is more important than generosity . This same conception can be found in subsequent grammars, such as 1878's A Tamil Grammar or 1882's Murby's English grammar and analysis , where the conception of an X phrase is a phrase that can stand in for X. By 1912, the concept of a noun phrase as being based around a noun can be found, for example, "an adverbial noun phrases is a group of words of which

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924-457: Is uncommon and often the root verb is no longer in existence. be- often makes a transitive verb from an intransitive verb . Verbs with er- tend to relate to creative processes, verbs with ent- usually describe processes of removing (as well as emp- , an approximate equivalent to ent- except usually used for root verbs beginning with an f ), and zer- is used for destructive actions. Ver- often describes some kind of extreme or excess of

966-469: The minimalist program from its start (since the early 1990s), though the arguments in its favor tend to be theory-internal. By taking the determiner, a function word, to be head over the noun, a structure is established that is analogous to the structure of the finite clause , with a complementizer . Apart from the minimalist program, however, the DP hypothesis is rejected by most other modern theories of syntax and grammar, in part because these theories lack

1008-403: The determiner is lacking (such as big house ). The situation is complicated by the fact that in some contexts a noun phrase may nonetheless be used without a determiner (as in I like big houses ); in this case the phrase may be described as having a "null determiner". (Situations in which this is possible depend on the rules of the language in question; for English, see English articles .) In

1050-474: The determiner. An early conception of the noun phrase can be found in First work in English by Alexander Murison . In this conception a noun phrase is "the infinitive of the verb" (p. 146), which may appear "in any position in the sentence where a noun may appear". For example, to be just is more important than to be generous has two underlined infinitives which may be replaced by nouns, as in justice

1092-458: The following: "may", "must", "should", "want", or "can". Such verbs are utilized by placing the modal infinitive behind the old (passive or perfect) infinitive, without changing any other word. Some modal verbs in German are: können, dürfen, müssen, brauchen, wollen, mögen, lassen. A common misunderstanding among English-speakers learning German is caused by a divergence in meaning between English must and German müssen . The meaning of must not

1134-605: The head is a pronoun rather than a noun, or when elements are linked with a coordinating conjunction such as and , or , but . For more information about the structure of noun phrases in English, see English grammar § Phrases . Noun phrases typically bear argument functions. That is, the syntactic functions that they fulfill are those of the arguments of the main clause predicate , particularly those of subject , object and predicative expression . They also function as arguments in such constructs as participial phrases and prepositional phrases . For example: Sometimes

1176-400: The heavier ones as post-dependents (following their head). The second tree assumes the DP hypothesis, namely that determiners serve as phrase heads, rather than nouns. The determiner the is now depicted as the head of the entire phrase, thus making the phrase a determiner phrase. There is still a noun phrase present ( old picture of Fred that I found in the drawer ) but this phrase is below

1218-490: The heavier units – phrases and clauses – generally follow it. This is part of a strong tendency in English to place heavier constituents to the right, making English more of a head-initial language. Head-final languages (e.g. Japanese and Turkish ) are more likely to place all modifiers before the head noun. Other languages, such as French , often place even single-word adjectives after the noun. Noun phrases can take different forms than that described above, for example when

1260-485: The innermost verb (see Compound infinitives ). A predicative adjective can be the positive , comparative or superlative stem of an adjective, therefore it has the same form as the adverb . One might also use positional phrases or pronominal adverbs . A predicative noun is a nominal phrase in the nominative case. Note that, if the subject is singular, the predicative noun must not be plural. 3rd person pronouns are handled like any nominal phrase when used in

1302-416: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perfekt&oldid=1149719118 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages German verb German verbs may be classified as either weak , with

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1344-409: The nouns and pronouns in bold in the following sentences are noun phrases (as well as nouns or pronouns): The words in bold are called phrases since they appear in the syntactic positions where multiple-word phrases (i.e. traditional phrases) can appear. This practice takes the constellation to be primitive rather than the words themselves. The word he , for instance, functions as a pronoun, but within

1386-541: The original X-bar theory , the two respective types of entity are called noun phrase (NP) and N-bar ( N , N ′ ). Thus in the sentence Here is the big house , both house and big house are N-bars, while the big house is a noun phrase. In the sentence I like big houses , both houses and big houses are N-bars, but big houses also functions as a noun phrase (in this case without an explicit determiner). In some modern theories of syntax, however, what are called "noun phrases" above are no longer considered to be headed by

1428-440: The passive is intransitive, having no accusative object, one must use the auxiliary sein : sein is used as an auxiliary verb, when the verb is: haben is used, when The use of haben and sein may depend on a sentence's meaning. I have driven the car ( Ich habe das Auto gefahren. ) is transitive and takes haben , but I have driven to Germany ( Ich bin nach Deutschland gefahren. ) is intransitive and takes sein because of

1470-478: The position change, even though the verb, fahren , is identical. The future infinitive is more theoretical, because this infinite is only used in finite form. One keeps the old infinitive and appends the verb werden , which in the present tense means 'to become'. The future infinitive can also be built by a perfect infinitive, which is used in the future perfect. Modal verbs are verbs that modify other verbs, and as such, are never found alone. Examples may include

1512-427: The prefix always appears in final position. If a particular sentence's structure places the entire verb in final position then the prefix and root verb appear together. If a sentence places the verb in second position then only the root verb will appear in second position. The separated prefix remains at the end of the sentence. Rarely a separable prefix may actually be two (or more) words: A small number of verbs have

1554-515: The present and past are conjugated, and there are four compound tenses. There are two categories of verbs in German: weak and strong. Some grammars use the term mixed verbs to refer to weak verbs with irregularities. For a historical perspective on German verbs, see Germanic weak verb and Germanic strong verb . Below, the weak verb kaufen "to buy" and the strong verb singen "to sing" are conjugated. Common conditional endings in present and past tense: -e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en sein "to be"

1596-415: The previous section). Below are some possible trees for the two noun phrases the big house and big houses (as in the sentences Here is the big house and I like big houses ). 1. Phrase-structure trees, first using the original X-bar theory, then using the current DP approach: 2. Dependency trees, first using the traditional NP approach, then using the DP approach: The following trees represent

1638-511: The relevant functional categories. Dependency grammars, for instance, almost all assume the traditional NP analysis of noun phrases. For illustrations of different analyses of noun phrases depending on whether the DP hypothesis is rejected or accepted, see the next section. The representation of noun phrases using parse trees depends on the basic approach to syntactic structure adopted. The layered trees of many phrase structure grammars grant noun phrases an intricate structure that acknowledges

1680-534: The root verb, although not in any systematic way: 'sprechen', for example means to 'speak', but 'versprechen', 'to promise' as in 'to give one's word' and 'fallen', meaning 'to fall' but 'verfallen', 'to decay' or 'to be ruined'. Many verbs have a separable prefix that changes the meaning of the root verb, but that does not always remain attached to the root verb. When attached, these prefixes are always stressed. German sentence structure normally places verbs in second position or final position. For separable prefix verbs,

1722-534: The sentence it also functions as a noun phrase. The phrase structure grammars of the Chomskyan tradition ( government and binding theory and the minimalist program ) are primary examples of theories that apply this understanding of phrases. Other grammars such as dependency grammars are likely to reject this approach to phrases, since they take the words themselves to be primitive. For them, phrases must contain two or more words. A typical noun phrase consists of

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1764-507: Was a dative object. This dative object is removed, whereas the real accusative object stays. The perfect infinitive is constructed by turning the old infinitive into the passive participle form and attaching the auxiliary verbs haben or sein after the verb. Note that the perfect infinitive of an intransitive verb is created the same way as the static passive infinitive of a transitive verb. One can also build perfect infinitives of passive infinitives, both static and dynamic. Since

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