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46-716: The Perodua Rusa is a cab over microvan manufactured by the Malaysian automaker Perodua between 1996 and 2007, and based on the Daihatsu Zebra . Launched on March 6, 1996, the Rusa is the first van model to be produced by a Malaysian automotive company. The original model received a 1.3-litre engine, complemented by a 1.6-litre model in May 1997. The vehicle's name "Rusa" is the Malay translation of " Deer ". Later replaced by

92-428: A 1980s US conventional, the result of such a crash was: Frame, front axle and wheels would go under the truck in front, while the motor got pushed into the cab (which was very small in a 1980s conventional). Both conventionals and cabovers need structural protection against rollovers, and special protection against massive objects at the height of another truck body. The survival space should be able to move backward on

138-425: A COE, provide a level of 60–65  dB(A) . Because of their flat front design, early COE semi-trucks had significantly worse aerodynamics than conventional tractors. Modern cab-over designs, in both semi-trucks and light- and medium-duty models, have improved aerodynamics significantly over early models, but often still have higher drag coefficients than their modern conventional-design counterparts. Although

184-506: A Swedish standard, and was adopted by the European Community in simplified form as ECE R-29 in 1974. During the early 1980s, the safest place for a truck driver was a European truck, usually a cabover. Motor placement before or under the cab does not have much influence on the results of rollovers. Behind the danger of a rollover, heavy truck on heavy truck crashes are the second most relevant reason for occupant casualties. With

230-572: A decline in sales to less than 1000 units worldwide, with European sales declining by 50% and sales in South America by 90%, within one decade. In addition, Asian regulations are typically stricter, and the relatively shorter journey distances allow trucks to forgo sleepers to save even more length. Cabover trucks are widely used in the United States for refuse collection , terminal tractors , and other vocational applications requiring

276-590: A line of winches from heavy equipment manufacturer Caterpillar . The same year it brought a new plant in Washington on line to help meet the increased demand for trucks. In 1994 the company began selling in New Zealand for the first time and entered new countries in Asia and Central and South America. The company made its Mexican joint venture VILPAC, S.A., a wholly owned subsidiary in 1995. PACCAR's Winch division

322-472: A major competitor with Kenworth, producing many kinds of trucks and buses. Peterbilt operated as Pacific Car's wholly owned subsidiary until 1960, following which it was dissolved and made a division of Pacific Car and Foundry. Pacific Car's structural steel division made the steel used to build the 50-story Seattle-First National Bank headquarters and to build Seattle's Space Needle in 1961. The firm provided 5,668 steel panels, weighing 58,000 tons, which formed

368-483: A major part of the load bearing walls for New York City's World Trade Center twin towers. The World Trade Center, like the Sea-First building, bore the building's load on the exterior walls rather than on an interior structural skeleton. The steel panels were shipped by rail from Seattle to New York City on more than 1,600 railcars. Pacific Car was the largest contractor of the 13 steel fabricators that provided steel for

414-485: A new factory in Renton in 1909 after its Duwamish facility was destroyed in fire as well as to fulfill large number of orders. In 1917 it merged with a Portland firm, Twohy Brothers, which was its only competitor on the west coast at the time and company was renamed as Pacific Car and Foundry Company. The company manufactured horse or oxen-drawn logging trucks built specifically to address the dense, hilly forests in which

460-500: A serious slowdown due to recessions during 1974, PACCAR continued to generate increasing sales throughout the 1970s. PACCAR purchased Wagner Mining Company in 1975, which built underground Mining Vehicles, International Car Company in 1975 and Foden Trucks a British truck manufacturer in 1980. Fodens sold trucks in Europe and Africa . Paccar International was formed in 1972 that promoted exports worldwide. Paccar Technical Center

506-473: A tight turning radius or frequent ingress/egress by the driver. Autocar , the oldest surviving motor vehicle manufacturer in America, produces primarily cabover trucks. Although cabover trucks were popular among U.S. heavy truckers and trucking companies during the 1970s because of strict length laws in many states, when those length laws were repealed, most heavy-truck makers moved to other body styles. One of

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552-461: A tilting cab, with the last non-tilting cabs produced well into 1983. Truck occupant safety depends on survival space within the cab, with " rollover " being the most significant heavy truck accident causing occupant casualties. In the 1950s, when many truck cabs were still wooden structures, knowledge about the most common accidents was already established, and led to the first mechanized truck cab crash test in 1959, performed by Volvo. The test became

598-411: Is a body style of truck , bus , or van that has a vertical front, "flat face" or a semi-hood , with the cab of the truck sitting above (or forward of) the front axle . This contrasts with a conventional truck where the engine is mounted in front of the driver. This truck configuration is currently common among European and Asian truck manufacturers. European regulations set restrictions for both

644-656: Is a subsidiary of Daimler AG and the merged operations of Volvo White and General. This competition forced PACCAR to close its Kenworth assembly plant in Kansas City in April, 1986 and its Peterbilt plant in Newark, California, the following October. PACCAR acquired Trico Industries in 1986 which was a manufacturer of oil exploration equipment based in Gardena, California, for $ 65 million in order to reduce its dependence on

690-418: Is above the front axle . In the 1970s, COEs used to be noisier, because the engine is directly below. This was an important consideration back then: Interior noise in the cab was between 80 and 90  dB(A) , creating an unhealthy work environment . As of 2017 , US long-distance trucks provide an interior noise level of 60–70  dB(A) at highway speed, while European long-distance trucks, all built as

736-463: Is primarily intended to serve as a cargo vehicle, while the EX and GX are intended for private use. The van is also used by Malaysian police and fire fighting forces. The engines were both of Daihatsu origins, from that company's H engine family . Cab over Cab-over , also known as cab over engine ( COE ), cab forward or flat face (U.S.), flat nose (Canada), or forward control (UK),

782-653: The Kenworth and Peterbilt brands) still manufactures traditional cab over engine designs for the Australian and South African markets where length restrictions still make them advantageous. In Australia , both American (cab over axle) and European/Japanese/Chinese ( cab forward of axle) types, as well as the conventional type are common. Cab over engine types dominate urban and light duty use, with conventional trucks predominating in remote and off-road areas. Both types are common for highway use. The first truck in

828-539: The Metro series of vans and trucks for International Harvester . The bodies for these vehicles were initially produced by the Metropolitan Body Company (MBC). The company produced a wide variety of truck and commercial bodies for several vehicle manufacturers such as Chevrolet, Ford, Dodge Bros., and International Harvester until 1948 when they were purchased by the latter. MBC was instrumental in

874-549: The Netherlands , an acquisition it first pursued back in the mid-1980s. The acquisition was funded in part by the sale of Trico Industries to EVI in 1997. Financial and leasing subsidiaries also performed well in the late 1990s. In 1998, PACCAR acquired UK-based Leyland Trucks , a manufacturer known for its light and medium truck (6 to 44 metric tons) design and manufacture capability. With its Peterbilt, Kenworth, and DAF nameplates, PACCAR ranks second in production numbers in

920-457: The COE designs' being smaller in general, over-the-road tractors can still be fully equipped with single or bunk beds. Also, lack of a hood gives better visibility to the driver and a tighter turning radius , and significantly reduces the forward blind spots . One critique is that the shorter wheelbase in the COE semi-trucks gives a rougher ride than those with conventional cabs, as the driver's seat

966-591: The Class 8 Truck market. During the mid-80's PACCAR was negotiating with the Rover Group , for acquiring its British Leyland truck division . However, Rover management decided to sell the truck division to DAF Trucks which was a Dutch automotive concern. Its Dart Truck Company and Wagner Mining Equipment Company were sold in 1984 and 1989 in order to remain profitable. In 1987, PACCAR acquired Al's Auto Supply and Grand Auto Incorporated which led to its entry into

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1012-490: The Northwest logging industry operated to transport massive logs. The following years the company specialized in designing air brakes, open cars, refrigerated boxcars for shipment of perishable items and the universal trailer which could be pulled by a truck. The company also manufactured structural steel that was finished by hand that was used to create columns and girders that went into many Seattle-area buildings. In 1924,

1058-513: The Perodua logo, the van's original logo was a galloping deer. Perodua Rusa received almost 3,000 bookings on its launch day. At launch, Rusa was priced between RM 34,000 for the standard model and RM 39,200 for the deluxe models. Three variations of the Rusa vans were offered: The CX (1.3-litre, two-seat version), the EX (1.3 litre, five-seat version) and the GX (1.6-litre, seven-seat version). The CX

1104-487: The United States and third in production numbers globally in "big rig" truck production; behind Mercedes-Benz Group in the US market. Other major heavy-truck competitors include International Motors and Volvo . In December 2011, the organization Public Campaign criticized PACCAR for spending $ 0.76 million on lobbying and not paying any taxes during 2008–2010, instead getting $ 112 million in tax rebates, despite making

1150-623: The United States military. As the war drew to an end Kenworth shifted attention to production of commercial trucks for the postwar market. In 1956 Kenworth lost independent status and became a division directly under Pacific Car and Foundry. In 1954, Pacific Car acquired the Dart Truck Company of Kansas City, Missouri, and the Peterbilt Motors Company , of Oakland, California. Dart built primarily heavy off-highway dump trucks and specialty vehicles. Peterbilt had been

1196-444: The United States was built by Autocar in 1899 using a format then called "engine-under-the-seat" and was available with optional 5 or 8 horsepower (3.7 or 6.0 kilowatts) motors. Although early Autocar trucks were not exactly "cab-over", since the truck did not have a cab, per se, they were the fore-runners to COEs. The Sternberg company of Wisconsin produced cab-over trucks as early as 1907, though by 1914 only their seven-ton model

1242-590: The World Trade Center towers. In 1970 PACCAR created an overseas manufacturing facility at Bayswater, Melbourne Australia producing Kenworth Trucks to serve the growing developing local and S.E Asian Markets which still trade strongly today, with the first completed locally built truck rolling off the production line in March 1971 with the Australian made vehicle exports commencing in 1975. Despite

1288-573: The automotive parts & accessories retail market that gave the company greater ability to weather periods of national economic downturn. Paccar Parts was created in 1992 in Renton, Washington . The building it was housed in occupied part of the company's historic Pacific Car and Foundry site. In the same year, PACCAR purchased a 21 percent stake in Wood Group ESP which added to its oil field equipment manufacturing. In 1993, PACCAR acquired

1334-426: The cab-over design allows the vehicle's wheelbase to be shorter than in the conventional arrangement , wherein the engine is placed in front of the cab, covered by a horizontal or sloping hood that opens to allow engine access. Its shorter wheelbase allows cab-over semi-trucks to have a shorter overall length, thereby allowing for longer trailers to be used. For light- and medium-duty solid- or rigid-axle trucks,

1380-533: The cab-over design requires less length for the cab and engine, in a given wheelbase, and therefore allows a greater length for the truck body or load area. In both class 8 tractors and light- and medium-duty vocational trucks, the cab-over-engine design gives the COE model an advantage in maneuverability over a conventional model. And since COEs are generally lighter than conventionals, they can often haul heavier loads, given equal gross vehicle weight rating (GVWRs) and gross combination weight rating (GCWRs). Despite

1426-409: The design in 1934. Autocar reintroduced the engine-under-the-seat format with their Model U in 1933, which became a staple of U.S. roads and the U.S. military through World War II and well into the 1950s. White- Freightliner introduced its first tilting cab-over design in 1958, which allowed the entire cab to tilt forward for access to the engine. In Class 8 tractors (using the US designation),

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1472-411: The development of COE route delivery bodies in the 1930s. The laws of the time limited overall truck length to 42 feet (12.8 m) on highways. Setting the cab over the engine and front axle shaved several feet off the length of the tractor, feet which could then be added to the length of the trailer while keeping the dimensions of the entire truck within the permissible limit. Schreckengost patented

1518-547: The founder, William Pigott sold a controlling interest in the company to American Car and Foundry Company . However, his son, Paul Pigott reacquired a significant interest in the company from American Car and Foundry Company in 1934. During the Great Depression in 1930 despite the stock market crash, the company's earnings rose; but as the Great Depression deepened, Pacific Car and Foundry became one of

1564-461: The frame. In military use, the COE design increases the chance of crew injury or death in the event of running over a landmine . This is because the tire that detonates the mine is directly below/beside the driver. Paccar The company was founded by William Pigott Sr. as Seattle Car Manufacturing Company in 1905, with a capitalization of $ 10,000. Its original business was the production of railway and logging equipment. The company built

1610-441: The front and into the cab. European or Chinese or Japanese truckers enter their cab in a straight fashion with handrails left and right. Cabovers are also very popular in the US's light- and medium-duty truck segment where compact size is required for urban mobility without sacrificing payload; Hino (a Toyota subsidiary), Isuzu , and Mitsubishi Fuso models are a regular sight for this reason. American company Paccar (which owns

1656-475: The most depressed businesses in the Northwest. During the late 1930s, Pacific Car and Foundry received government contracts for steel fabrication for construction of Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge as well as orders from other companies. During World War II , Pacific Car and Foundry's sales grew due to an increased demand for steel used in airplanes, airports, bridges, naval ships, highways and other equipment that helped build America's infrastructure to support

1702-492: The reasons is the Federal Bridge Formula , which is unique to the US, and encourages spreading out the load. If axle distances are too tight, the maximum load allowance is reduced. For COEs operated at maximum weight in the US, this required an axle directly behind the front bumper. This cab design caused an awkward climb into the cab for the driver, forcing them to climb up behind the front wheel, then moving to

1748-433: The tilting cab gives comparatively unobstructed access to the engine, its deployment causes unsecured items in the cab and sleeper (if equipped) to fall onto the windshield or under the instrument panel . Vehicles without a tilting cab will usually be equipped with removable floor panels through which mechanics can access and service the engine. In Europe, Mercedes-Benz was the last manufacturer to use such panels instead of

1794-490: The total length and the length of the load area, which allow a cab length of 2.35 m (7 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) in combination with the maximum load area length. This allows a sleeper cab with a narrow bunk, or a bonneted (hooded) day cab. Nonetheless, no manufacturer in Europe produces such day cabs with bonnets. The last manufacturer of a conventional truck in Europe, Scania , stopped production in 2005 due to

1840-560: The war effort. Pacific Car also sub-contracted for Boeing, building aluminum wing spars for B-17 bombers. During 1942 and 1943 the company also built M4A1 Sherman tanks for the U.S. Army. The company was able to cast almost all the parts for the tanks at its own foundry. Other notable vehicles that were built included the M25 tank transporter , known as the "Dragon Wagon," and the T28 super-heavy tank . Everett-Pacific Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company

1886-539: Was a cab-over. They reintroduced the cab-over layout in 1933 with their "Camel Back" model, which allowed the cab to be tilted to access the engine. The introduction of the first modern cab-over layout in the United States is credited to industrial designer Viktor Schreckengost , who, with engineer Ray Spiller, designed a cab-over truck for the White Motor Company in 1932. Schreckengost was later joined by other designers such as Raymond Loewy who designed

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1932-689: Was a prime contractor during the Korean War for producing tanks. Pacific Car chose to subcontract many of the necessary parts, boosting smaller businesses in the state. In 1945 Pacific Car purchased the Kenworth Motor Truck Corporation which was named after the stockholders Harry Kent and Edgar Worthington. Kenworth had been producing trucks in Seattle since it was incorporated in 1923. During World War II , Kenworth produced trucks, airplane assemblies and sub-assemblies for

1978-770: Was disbanded. In 1983 the Paccar Rail Leasing Inc subsidiary in Renton WA and the RAILEASE Inc subsidiary in Bellevue WA were disbanded. In 1986 the Pacific Car and Foundry subsidiary in Renton WA was renamed to Paccar Defense Systems Division. In 1984 PACCAR posted record sales in its history of $ 2.25 billion. In the mid-1980s, PACCAR share of Class 8 trucks dropped to about 18% owing to aggressive competition from Freightliner Trucks , which

2024-597: Was established in 1942 that built ships and other marine products for the US Navy in Port Gardner Bay in Everett. It was bought by Pacific Car and Foundry in 1944. After World War II ended, Pacific Car was a part of the federal government's Mobilization Planning Program, which meant that it promised to devote 100 percent of its facilities to military production in the event of a national emergency. The company

2070-705: Was established in 1980 in Mount Vernon, Washington , as a research and testing facility. The facility included test tracks, engine test cells, materials test laboratories and structural laboratories. The tech center conducts an Open House event every April that coincides with the Skagit Valley Tulip Festival . In 1983 the International Car Co Division in Kenton Ohio, which had been acquired on December 1, 1975,

2116-526: Was one of the world's largest manufacturer of industrial winches by 1994. Paccar International marketed trucks to more than 40 countries, and was one of the largest exporters of capital goods in North America by 1995. Kenworth truck factory in Renton, Washington , was opened on June 4, 1993. In 1997 Mark Pigott assumed PACCAR's presidency as Charles Pigott retired in 1997. In 1996, the company spent $ 543 million to acquire DAF Trucks N.V. based in

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