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58-516: In Australia, the position is called the "department secretary", “secretary of the department”, or “director-general of the department” in some states and territories. In Canada, the senior civil service position is a "deputy minister", who within a government ministry or department is outranked only by a Minister of the Crown . Federally, deputy ministers are appointed by the Prime Minister on

116-406: A direttore generale (director-general), while the position of sottosegretario di stato (under-secretary of state) is a political one and ranks below the ministro segretario di stato (minister-secretary of state, the head of a ministry or department) or the vice ministro (deputy-minister), both political posts as well. The Japanese equivalents are the administrative vice-ministers. In Kenya,

174-427: A government department and members of the government's ministry, cabinet and perhaps of a committee of cabinet. Some ministers may be more senior than others, and some may hold the title ' assistant minister ' or ' deputy minister '. Some jurisdictions, with a large number of ministers, may designate ministers to be either in the inner or outer ministry or cabinet. In some jurisdictions—such as Hong Kong , Mexico ,

232-507: A BBI constitutional committee to present the BBI as a popular initiative , allegedly started by ordinary citizens, as allowed by the Kenyan constitution. A BBI task force gathered five million signatures in support of the proposal. The BBI was reportedly a matter of great political importance to both Kenyatta (who was due to leave office shortly thereafter) and Odinga (who was expected to run for

290-699: A Principal and a limited autonomy Agent as opposed to an Agent and Agent relation in the Federal System. More checks and balances have been introduced as requirements for accountability of both levels of government. The Parliament( Senate and National Assembly) has much discretion on the budgetary allocations to the County Governments. Every Five years the Senate receives recommendations from the Commission of Revenue Allocation (Article 217) and

348-598: A case filed six years ago, declared the inclusion of the Kadhi court illegal and against the principles of non-discrimination, separation of religion and state and constitutionalism. A section of the Muslim leadership vowed to retaliate the ruling by seeking their own judicial declaration that the teaching of Christian religious Education in public school curriculum is illegal. The education curriculum includes religious education syllabus for both Christianity and Islam. Following

406-500: A minister must resign from the legislature. Normally the leader of the majority party becomes the prime minister , or an office of equivalent function, and selects the other ministers. In the Westminster system, these ministers continue to represent their constituency in parliament while being part of the government. Individuals who are not in parliament may be appointed as a minister, usually in order to bring special skills to

464-559: A referendum in 2005, resulting in a split in the then ruling coalition. The Liberal Democratic Party faction of the government, led by Raila Odinga , and supported by KANU led a successful 'No' vote against the amended Bomas Draft (called the Wako draft after the alleged mastermind of the changes). The review of the Constitution stalled and negotiations over the adoption of a new text seemed deadlocked. A deadlock only finally broken by

522-528: A resolution is passed on the criteria for Revenue allocation. The National Government is constitutionally barred from intruding wilfully with the county government role and function under the Fourth Schedule. Exceptions may require parliamentary approval (Article 191 and 192). The National Government has a role to play in the County level by performing all the other functions that are not assigned to

580-496: A term which is ordinarily translated as "chief executive officer. The official English translation for the government post is "Director General". Directors General of ministries are nominated by the relevant minister and confirmed by the Government, and serve at the pleasure of the ministers above them. In Italy, the highest civil service official in a ministry or department is either a segretario generale (secretary-general) or

638-399: A viable way to keep corruption in check. United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said that "I am pleased that they have taken this step, which represents a major milestone." Other United States diplomats also commented on the unity and meaningful intent which Kenyans were presenting in approaching the reform. Non-profits concerned with civil society and other reforms also praised

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696-506: Is a politician who heads a ministry , making and implementing decisions on policies in conjunction with the other ministers. In some jurisdictions the head of government is also a minister and is designated the ' prime minister ', ' premier ', ' chief minister ', ' chancellor ' or other title. In Commonwealth realm jurisdictions which use the Westminster system of government, ministers are usually required to be members of one of

754-612: Is called "secretary general". On the island state of Mauritius , which is a former British colony, there are a number of Permanent Secretaries who report to the Secretary to Cabinet and Head of the Civil Service . In the Prime Minister's Office there are 2 Permanent Secretaries, assisted by 3 Deputy Permanent Secretaries as well as 4 Assistant Permanent Secretaries. There are at least 147 Assistant Permanent Secretaries, 86 Deputy Permanent Secretaries and 37 Permanent Secretaries in

812-408: Is multicameral and will constitute of the following Source: There will be three superior courts: An independent Judicial Service Commission has been set up to handle the appointment of judges. They will recommend a list of persons to be appointed as judges by the president (this article will be enforced after the transitional period). The commission will consist of the following: Devolution to

870-446: Is not to be confused with the "parliamentary state secretary", who serves as deputy to a minister, often with a more specialised field of responsibilities. The parliamentary state secretary is always a political position, and not part of the civil service. In Hong Kong , heads of policy bureaux, secretaries, were filled by civil servants until their titles were changed to permanent secretaries in 2002, when political appointees filled

928-523: Is then known as a " minister without portfolio ". Constitution of Kenya The Constitution of Kenya is the supreme law of the Republic of Kenya . There have been three significant versions of the constitution, with the most recent redraft being enabled in 2010. The constitution was presented to the Attorney General of Kenya on 7 April 2010, officially published on 6 May 2010, and

986-551: The Cabinet Secretary of India or the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India when the latter is granted the rank of Cabinet Secretary (as has been the case under Prime Minister Narendra Modi ). In Indonesia, the equivalent position is called Secretary-General ( Indonesian : Sekretaris Jenderal , abbreviated Sekjen ), one of the highest-ranking permanent civil servants in a ministry, leads

1044-479: The Ceylon Civil Service , with a few exceptions such as the permanent secretary to the ministry of justice which would be an officer of the judicial service. Anandatissa de Alwis was the first person from the private sector to be appointed as permanent secretary. The Sri Lankan Constitution of 1972 , changed the title to secretary to the ministry. Traditionally if the appointee is a serving member of

1102-606: The Government of Canada , I wish to congratulate Kenya on the adoption of its new constitution. This is a significant achievement and an important moment in Kenya's history. We welcome the leadership shown by President Mwai Kibaki and Prime Minister Raila Amolo Odinga within the Grand Coalition Government in bringing Kenyans together to tackle their future and make progress through dialogue, and in implementing

1160-549: The Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA), openly opposed the new style of government. Eventually the contentious issue of the position of Prime Minister was removed. The remaining contentious issues primarily concern abortion , Kadhi courts and land reform. Mainstream Christian leaders in Kenya object to the constitution A three Judge Bench of the High Court has since, in a landmark ruling of

1218-786: The Philippines , the United Kingdom , and the United States —holders of an equivalent cabinet-level post are called secretaries (e.g., the Home Secretary in the United Kingdom, Secretary of State in the United States). Some holders of a cabinet-level post may have another title, such as ' Attorney-General ' or ' Postmaster-General '. The term 'minister' also is used in diplomacy, for a diplomat of

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1276-420: The United Kingdom and Australia —ministers or their equivalents are selected from the legislature, and usually from the political party that controls a majority in the lower house of the legislature. In jurisdictions with strict separation of powers —such as Belgium , Mexico , Netherlands , Philippines , and the United States —ministers cannot be members of the legislature, and a legislator chosen to become

1334-401: The public service , he or she would leave the service for the duration they hold the appointment. In the recent past it has been common for ministry secretaries to be appointed from outside the public service, with some on political grounds at the discretion of the president on the advice of the minister in charge. Major General Sanjeewa Munasinghe became the first serving military officer from

1392-547: The second class , such as in the title Minister Plenipotentiary , ranking between an Ambassador and a Minister Resident . The term minister comes from Middle English , deriving from the Old French word ministre , originally minister in Latin , meaning "servant, attendant", which itself was derived from the word ' minus ' meaning "less". In jurisdictions that use the Westminster system of government—such as

1450-498: The Committee of Experts who published a Proposed Constitution on 23 February 2010 that was presented to Parliament for final amendments if necessary. After failing to incorporate over 150 amendments to the proposed constitution, parliament unanimously approved the proposed constitution on 1 April 2010. The proposed constitution was presented to the Attorney General of Kenya on 7 April 2010, officially published on 6 May 2010, and

1508-603: The County Government as listed on the Fourth Schedule (Part 1). The new constitution makes important reforms to the previous framework on citizenship, in particular by ending gender discrimination in relation to the right of a woman to pass citizenship to her children or spouse; by ending the prohibition on dual citizenship; and by restricting the grounds on which citizenship may be taken away. The text has been criticised, however, for not providing sufficient protections against statelessness for children or adults. After

1566-582: The Fourth schedule and also as result of Article 192 which gives the president the power to suspend a county government under certain conditions. A conflict of laws between the two levels of government is dealt with under Article 191 where National legislation will in some cases override County legislation. The relationship between the National Government and the Counties can be seen as that of

1624-675: The General Secretariat ( Indonesian : Sekretariat Jenderal , abbreviated Setjen ). These officers directly report to the minister in their respective ministry or to the respective leader in state bodies. In the Civil service of the Republic of Ireland , the position of Secretary General of a Department of State is almost identical to that of a Permanent Secretary in the British Civil Service , except that

1682-490: The Kenyatta was not eligible to undertake such an amendment process because he was not simply an ordinary citizen—the only people authorized by the constitution to undertake such an effort. The court further chastised President Kenyatta, saying that his BBI constitutional committee was illegal, and the five million signatures it gathered were not proof that it was a true citizen-led initiative, saying: The court added that

1740-506: The advice of the Secretary to the Cabinet (the Head of Canada's civil service). They are considered to hold equal rank with Parliamentary Secretaries or Assistants – legislators appointed to assist Ministers in their duties – and are entitled to several privileges, including the use of diplomatic passports . In Germany, the equivalent office is called " Staatssekretär " (state secretary). It

1798-578: The approach. For example, the Africa director for the International Foundation for Electoral Systems said that "The fact that they are bringing in stakeholders to lend their voice and make recommendations will strengthen civil society because they will keep a close eye on the process and, if it is passed, will ensure that it is respected and properly implemented." Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Lawrence Cannon stated: "On behalf of

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1856-497: The contentious 2017 presidential election (initially ruled illegal by the Supreme Court, which forced President-elect Kenyatta into a re-run), the two leading contenders—rivals Uhuru Kenyatta (who won election) and Raila Odinga —proposed a "Building Bridges Initiative" (BBI), which consisted of a number of proposed amendments to Kenya's constitution. Promoted by Kenyatta and Odinga as a way to resolve factional tensions in

1914-462: The country's Public Service Commission and upon approval by the country's National Assembly , is appointed to office by the President. The Constitution of Kenya grants the President the power to re-assign a Principal Secretary. In Malaysia, a permanent secretary refers to the administrative head of a ministry in the states of Sabah and Sarawak . The administrative head of a federal ministry

1972-534: The county governments will only be autonomous in implementation of distinct functions as listed in the Fourth Schedule (Part 2). This is in contrast with the Federal System in which Sovereignty is Constitutionally divided between the Federal government and the States. The Kenyan Devolution system still maintains a Unitary Political Concept as a result of distribution of functions between the two levels of government under

2030-534: The document and then parliament could decide whether to subject it to a referendum in June 2010. The public was given 30 days to scrutinize the draft and forward proposals and amendments to their respective members of parliament, after which a revised draft was presented to the Parliamentary Committee on 8 January 2010. The Parliamentary Select Committee (PSC) revised the draft and returned the draft to

2088-568: The draft of the constitution was released the type of government which would be implemented with the constitution was a debate amongst the various government coalitions. The two major political parties, the Party of National Unity and the Orange Democratic Movement disagreed on many points. the greatest discrepancy in opinion was over the nature of the executive branch of the government. The economic interest represented by

2146-758: The elite arm of the Civil Service – to rise up the ranks. In Sri Lanka , a "Secretary to the Ministry" (also known as Ministry Secretary or simply Secretary) is the administrative head of a ministry and is appointed by the President of Sri Lanka . The post of permanent secretary was created under the Ceylon (Constitution and Independence) Orders in Council 1947 when Ceylon gained self-rule from Britain in 1948. Permanent secretaries were commonly appointed from

2204-477: The equivalent office is called "principal secretary", which is a position established by the Constitution of Kenya as an office in the country's civil service . Principal Secretaries serve as the administrative head of a state department within a ministry and are responsible for the department's daily affairs. A Principal Secretary is nominated by the President of Kenya from a group of persons recommended by

2262-576: The equivalent position is called Federal Secretary and is the highest ranking permanent civil servant in a federal ministry. In Singapore, permanent secretaries have to retire after a ten-year term even if they are younger than the official retirement age of 62. This was introduced in 2000 as part of the Public Service Leadership scheme, to provide opportunities for younger officers from the Administrative Service –

2320-629: The exception of departments within the Ministry of External Affairs , which are headed by Indian Foreign Service officers, all Secretaries to the Government of India are drawn from cadres of the Indian Administrative Service . These officers directly report to Ministers of the Union within their respective ministry, and oversee all day-to-day operations of their departments. Within the civil service, they are outranked only by

2378-450: The government. In the United Kingdom, a government minister does not have to be a member of either House of Parliament. In practice, however, convention is that ministers must be members of either the House of Commons or House of Lords in order to be accountable to Parliament. From time to time, prime ministers appoint non-parliamentarians as ministers. This can be done by first appointing

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2436-473: The houses of Parliament or legislature , and are usually from the political party that controls a majority in the lower house of the legislature. In other jurisdictions—such as Belgium , Mexico , Netherlands , Philippines , Slovenia , and Nigeria —the holder of a cabinet-level post or other government official is not permitted to be a member of the legislature. Depending on the administrative arrangements in each jurisdiction, ministers are usually heads of

2494-444: The independence constitution had contemplated. These changes included: changing the structure of the state from a federal, or Majimbo system, to a unitary system; creating a unicameral instead of bicameral legislature; changing from a parliamentary to a presidential system with a powerful presidency; and reducing the protections of the bill of rights. Further amendments to the 1969 constitution were later effected, including, in 1982,

2552-486: The institution of a de jure single party government. The demand for a new constitution to replace the 1969 text with a more democratic system began in the early 1990s, with the end of the Cold War and democratic changes taking place elsewhere in Africa. The single party system was ended in 1991, and the first presidential election took place in 1992. Calls for a comprehensive review of the 1969 Constitution intensified in

2610-529: The intervention of the African Union through a mediation team headed by Kofi Annan , following the outbreak of serious post-election violence in early 2008. The Constitution of Kenya was the final document resulting from the revision of the Harmonized draft constitution of Kenya written by the Committee of Experts initially released to the public on 17 November 2009 so that the public could debate

2668-403: The late 1990s and early 2000s, helped by the victory of the opposition National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) party in the 2002 general elections. Official and civil society consultation processes led to the adoption of what became known as the "Bomas draft" constitution (after the location of the conference that adopted it). However, substantial amendments were nonetheless made to this draft prior to

2726-430: The nation—improving inclusion and ending Kenya's winner-take-all elections (often followed by deadly violence)—the amendments sought to: Critics alleged the effort was unnecessary, and was a selfish attempt to reward political dynasties, and weaken Deputy President William Ruto (Odinga's rival for the next presidency) — which would produce an over-sized government that debt-laden Kenya could not afford. Kenyatta created

2784-651: The person to the House of Lords. Various countries form ministries as Cabinets (see List of cabinets ). Other cabinets are usually included in Politics of .. -articles Specific ministers include: Some ministers may hold multiple portfolios and lead several ministries simultaneously, while multiple ministers with separate portfolios may oversee a single ministry, or may also share both ministerial and deputy-ministerial portfolios in different ministries. A cabinet minister can sometimes be in charge of no ministry at all, and

2842-628: The position is not permanent, having a term of seven years. This limit was introduced by the Strategic Management Initiative of the mid-1990s, when also the title was changed from "Secretary". Irish government departments may also have a "second secretary", which is equivalent to the Second Permanent Secretary grade in the British civil service. In Israel, the equivalent office is called מנהל כללי ,

2900-532: The positions of secretaries under the second Tung Chee Hwa government. Since August 2005, the Office of the Chief Executive also has a permanent secretary. His ranking is, however, lower than most other permanent secretaries according to the pay scale. In India, the equivalent position is called "secretary to the Government of India" and is the highest-ranking permanent civil servant in a department. With

2958-556: The presidency), and reportedly bribes of up to $ 1,000 (£700) were given to some members of Parliament to secure support for the BBI. The issue dominated Kenyan politics from 2019 to 2021. The BBI was passed by Kenya's National Assembly and Senate, and was awaiting President Kenyatta's approval when it was challenged in the Kenyan High Court. In May, 2021, the Kenyan High Court blocked the BBI plan, declaring it irregular, illegal and unconstitutional. The court ruled that

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3016-457: The president had failed to pass the leadership and integrity test—warning that he could be sued, personally, for his actions. The court's ruling established grounds for impeachment of the president—though the parliament, which passed the bill, was reported unlikely to challenge Kenyatta. Generally the whole world praised the approach that the Kenyans took to constitutional reform, seeing it as

3074-629: The reforms set out in the country's Kenya's 2007–2008 election violence and should reaffirm its complete cooperation and commitment to the ICC.". Researchers at the UK-based Overseas Development Institute have praised the 2010 Constitution as a positive step forwards in terms of securing greater equity for women and children in Kenya, highlighting "A new narrative for social justice " and "Institutional reforms to strengthen accountability ". However, they stress that

3132-444: The regular force to be appointed a ministry secretary in 2020. The title permanent secretary , or, in some departments permanent under-secretary of state , is the most senior civil servant of a government department in the United Kingdom. The role originated in 1830, and has been adopted in several Commonwealth countries as well as other countries influenced by the Westminster system . Minister (government) A minister

3190-699: The title is "director-general". Organisations with enforcement powers, such as the Inland Revenue Department and the New Zealand Police , are headed by commissioners. The New Zealand Customs Service is headed by the Comptroller of Customs. Civil service heads are officially employed by the State Services Commission , further separating them from the politicians who hold ministerial positions. In Pakistan,

3248-552: The various Ministries of the Government of Mauritius . In New Zealand, the civil service head of a ministry is ordinarily entitled "chief executive", although there are still some positions which carry the title of secretary (Secretary of Education, Secretary of Justice, Secretary of Transport). In some cases (such as the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service , Ministry for Primary Industries, Department of Conservation, Ministry of Health)

3306-415: Was subjected to a referendum on 4 August 2010. The new Constitution was approved by 67% of Kenyan voters. The constitution was promulgated on 27 August 2010. Constitutional reforms involving wholly new texts since gaining independence: in 1969 and in 2010. In 1969, the 1963 independence constitution was replaced with a new text that entrenched amendments already made to the system of government that

3364-475: Was subjected to a referendum on 4 August 2010. The new Constitution was approved by 67% of Kenyan voters. The key changes proposed by the new constitution released are in the following areas: Gains achieved The executive at the top most levels will be constituted of a president , deputy president and the Cabinet . The key functions of the President of Kenya are as follows: The Legislative branch

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