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50-829: A personal trainer is an individual who creates and delivers safe and effective exercise programs for healthy individuals and groups, or those with medical clearance to exercise. They motivate clients by collaborating to set goals, providing meaningful feedback, and by being a reliable source for accountability. Trainers also conduct a variety of assessments beginning with a preparticipation health-screening and may also include assessments of posture and movement, flexibility, balance, core function, cardio-respiratory fitness, muscular fitness, body composition, and skill-related parameters (e.g. power, agility, coordination, speed, and reactivity) to observe and gather relevant information needed to develop an effective exercise program and support client goal attainment. These assessments may be performed at

100-556: A bachelor's degree in "Physical Education" (a degree that combines knowledge in the fields of Exercise Science and Healthcare science ) and be registered with the Conselho Federal de Educação Física (Federal Council of Physical Education), and risk criminal charges if they operate without these two requirements. In Canada, the main certifying bodies are Canadian Fitness Education Services (CFES), Canadian Fitness Professionals (CanFit Pro), Certified Personal Trainers Network,

150-625: A preparticipation physical evaluation ( PPE ) is a physical examination of an athlete . PPEs screen for a variety of conditions, including athletic heart syndrome and risk of sudden cardiac death .  PPEs are required for athletic participation according to the laws of some jurisdictions and the rules of many sports governing bodies . PPE is known by a variety of other names, such as preparticipation evaluation , preparticipation physical examination , preparticipation screening , sports physical , sports physical exam , examination for participation in sport , and similar. As of 2019,

200-543: A pulmonary embolism or stroke. Per the WADA, it is a banned substance. Urine samples can be tested via electrophoresis , and blood samples via indirect markers. Gene doping agents are a relatively recently described class of athletic performance-enhancing substances. These drug therapies, which involve viral vector -mediated gene transfer , are not known to currently be in use as of 2020 . Also known as anabolic steroid precursors, they promote lean body mass . Once in

250-883: A NZ Certificate in Exercise 4 d) Hold current registration with an ICREPs partner To maintain your REPs registration you will need to a) Renew your registration yearly b) Keep your CPR and First Aid up to date and valid c) Complete 10CPD points per year In the UK, there are several ways to achieve a personal training qualification. Most personal training qualifications are accredited through awarding bodies like Active IQ, Focus Awards, YMCA Awards, VTCT and City and Guilds. These qualifications are generally delivered by Further Education (FE) establishments like colleges, or by private training providers. Upon successful completion of an accredited awarding body qualification, candidates become eligible for CIMSPA Practitioner status. There

300-400: A comprehensive client-centered approach along with a belief that clients are resourceful and capable of change. Qualified personal trainers or certified personal trainers (CPTs) recognize their own areas of expertise. If a trainer suspects that one of their clients has a medical condition that could prevent the client from safe participation in an exercise program, they must refer the client to

350-595: A desire among athletes to use testosterone. In 1967, the first prohibited substance list and anti-doping measures were implemented at the 1968 Olympics. In the 1980s, the main PEDs were cortisone and anabolic steroids . In 1988, the United States Congress established the Anti-Drug Abuse Act to criminalize the distribution and possession of non-medical anabolic steroids. In 1999, WADA

400-730: A diet consisting of dried figs which was thought, at the time, to be a significant factor in winning the 200-yard stade race. Ancient Greek athletes at the time also incorporated substances such as wine and brandy into their training routines. Stimulants derived from plants (e.g., Cola nitida , Bufotein , etc.) were used by the Roman gladiators to overcome injuries and fatigue. In the late 19th century as modern medicine and pharmacology were developing, PEDs saw an increase in use. Supplements were now exclusively being used to enhance muscular work capacity. The main substances being used included alcoholic drinks , caffeine, and mixtures created by

450-558: A high school diploma, CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), AED (automated external defibrillator) certification, and may involve an examination process. A 2002 investigation evaluated a random sample of 115 personal trainers using the Fitness Instructors Knowledge Assessment (FIKA) (which measures knowledge in nutrition, health screening, testing protocols, exercise prescription, and special populations). The study described that: In partnership with

500-521: A member of a registering body (Fitness Australia or Physical Activity Australia). The qualifications levels include; Level 1 - Certificate III in Fitness, Level 2 - Certificate IV in Fitness and Level 3 - Diploma of Fitness. These can be obtained from nationally accredited colleges (TAFE, Australian College of Sport & Fitness, Fitness Industry Training, Global Fitness Institute, Australian Institute of Fitness , Australian Fitness Academy). Once working in

550-499: A passion for fitness and helping others achieve their goals, industry knowledge, leadership, and the ability to communicate effectively with their clients. Personal trainers may specialize in a certain training type, training philosophy, performance type, exercise modality, or client population. In general, most personal trainers develop exercise plans for aerobic exercise , resistance exercise , and/or flexibility training. With aerobic exercise prescription, personal trainers determine

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600-522: A personal trainer in India. Any additional continuing educational courses such as Corrective Exercise Specialist, Special Population Trainer, Weight loss Specialist, Reebok Crossfit, LesMills Bodypump and Yoga Trainer will yield an individual further benefits of salary escalation. To work in India, Personal trainers do not have to register as an Exercise Professional to get employment. Preparticipation physical evaluation In sports medicine ,

650-495: A personal trainer may be related to a perceived health threat, a lack of knowledge, a personal belief in one's ability to begin and adhere to an exercise program, or some sort of psychological effect. Often clients will seek the guidance of a personal trainer for factors related to motivation and adherence. A personal trainer pays close attention to the client's exercise technique, workout routine, goals, values, and nutrition. Personal training in men and women has been shown to improve

700-904: A wide variety of topics such as different training techniques, nutrition, exercise styles, health conditions, physiology, lifestyle, and rehabilitation. Once members obtain their Australian Cert III & IV in Fitness, they can practice nationally. This can be done with this certification and using the Global Portability Matrix. The Global Portability Matrix was designed by ICREPS. This stands for International Confederation of Registers for Exercise Professionals, which allows all members to practice in other countries. Members can train in Belgium, The Netherlands, Hungary, The United Kingdom, Ireland, Lebanon, Poland, The United States, The Caribbean, South Africa, United Arab Emirates, Canada, and New Zealand. In Brazil , personal trainers must have

750-600: Is an international partnership between registration bodies around the world that register exercise professionals. Member countries conform to the international standards set by ICREPs for personal training (and other exercise education credentials) and are transferable to other member countries. The current members of ICREPs (as of 2019) are: Fitness Australia, NFLA Canada, REPs India, REPs Ireland, REPs New Zealand, REPs Poland, REPs South Africa, REPs United Arab Emirates, USREPs, and IranREPs. In Australia, personal trainers may work independently with suitable insurance or choose to be

800-510: Is an unregulated industry. In Iran, the main certifying bodies are IranREPs and Bodybuilding Federation which these two organizations signed a memorandum of understanding in the beginning of 2019. IranREPs requires a diploma or degree in the exercise field from EuropeActive accredited providers or Sport universities. IranREPs joined the ICREPs in 2020. In Europe, personal trainers may work independently, but will always need accreditation by one of

850-517: Is debate within the industry as to whether it fits within their scope of practice and training qualifications. Personal trainer accreditation is a process that provides certification of competency. Qualification standards for personal trainers vary between countries. Personal trainer accreditation is also viewed as experience in the field with many client testimonials on their achievements working with their personal trainer. The International Confederation of Registers for Exercise Professionals (ICREPs)

900-444: Is no legal restriction on the title of Personal Trainer nor any formal body associated with regulating Personal Training. A number of certifications are available in the U.S., although a number are not accredited. Most require a high school diploma, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) certification, and some type of examination. The United States Registry of Exercise Professionals (USREPS)

950-783: Is often referred to as doping . Athletic performance-enhancing substances are sometimes referred to as ergogenic aids . Cognitive performance-enhancing drugs, commonly called nootropics , are sometimes used by students to improve academic performance. Performance-enhancing substances are also used by military personnel to enhance combat performance. The classifications of substances as performance-enhancing substances are not entirely clear-cut and objective. As in other types of categorization , certain prototype performance enhancers are universally classified as such (like anabolic steroids ), whereas other substances (like vitamins and protein supplements) are virtually never classified as performance enhancers despite their effects on performance. As

1000-438: Is recognised by both Exercise New Zealand (the industry association) and ICREPs. REPs NZ currently have three major registration categories 1: Exercise Prescription 2: Group Exercise 3: Yoga Teacher To be eligible to register for REPs you need to have one the below options a) Completed an initial qualification from a REPs registered Provider b) Complete a NZ University Degree with an Exercise focus c) Hold

1050-484: Is the official registry of exercise professionals in the United States and provides clients, employers, healthcare practitioners, policymakers, and insurance providers a single source for finding well-qualified exercise professionals or to verify credentials. In the United States, various certifications are available within the fitness industry, although not all are accredited. Most certifications typically require

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1100-486: Is usual with categorization, there are borderline cases; caffeine , for example, is considered a performance enhancer by some but not others. The phrase has been used to refer to several distinct classes of drugs: Anabolic steroids are synthetically derived from testosterone and modified to have greater anabolic effects. They work by increasing the concentration of nitrogen in the muscle which inhibits catabolic glucocorticoid binding to muscle. This ultimately prohibits

1150-700: The Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) and/or the U.S. Department of Education (USDE). As a result, the Distance Education Accrediting Commission (DEAC) was recognized by IHRSA as a recognized accreditor of fitness professional certification organizations. Since then, the DEAC has accredited several personal trainer certification organizations, including the Athletics and Fitness Association of America (AFAA) and

1200-625: The International Sports Sciences Association (ISSA) among others. As of now, NASM , ISSA , AFAA , ACSM , ACE, and NSCA certifications are among the 16 accredited certifications recognized by IHRSA, three of which are accredited by the Distance Education Accrediting Commission (DEAC). Various organizations within the profession have lobbied for the adoption of more stringent criteria for certification developed by

1250-1178: The NSF International . There remains no national legal restriction on the industry to date except for the District of Columbia (D.C.) which as of February 2014, passed legislation requiring personal fitness trainers to register in that jurisdiction. Personal Trainers in India must hold an appropriate Certification in Personal Training from respected organizations such as Active IQ, National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM), National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA), National Exercise and Sports Trainer Association (NESTA), National Council on Strength and Fitness (NCSF) and The International Sports Sciences Association(ISSA). Apart from all these International certifications, if one holds any National Skill Qualification Framework Certifications (NSQF Certificates) such as Level 4 Fitness Trainer, Level 5 Personal Fitness Trainer, Level 6 Strength and Conditioning and Diploma in Personal Training from REPS India, will also provide an opportunity to work as

1300-974: The World Anti-Doping Agency 's banned list. Nootropics, or "cognition enhancers", are substances that are claimed to benefit overall cognition by improving memory (e.g., increasing working memory capacity or updating) or other aspects of cognitive control (e.g., inhibitory control , attentional control , attention span , etc.). Allows performance beyond the usual pain threshold. Some painkillers raise blood pressure , increasing oxygen supply to muscle cells . Painkillers used by athletes range from common over-the-counter medicines such as NSAIDs (such as ibuprofen ) to powerful prescription narcotics . Sedatives and anxiolytics are used in sports like archery which require steady hands and accurate aim, and also to overcome excessive nervousness or discomfort for more dangerous sports. Diazepam , nicotine, and propranolol are common examples. Ethanol ,

1350-467: The adrenergic receptors . Examples of stimulants include caffeine , ephedrine , methylphenidate and amphetamine . Potential side effects include hypertension, insomnia , headaches , weight loss , arrhythmia , tremors , anxiety , addiction, and strokes . Some stimulants are allowed in competitive sports and are widely accessible, though may also be monitored by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), such as caffeine. Others are banned as per

1400-643: The Canadian Society of Exercise Physiology (CSEP), and the National Fitness Leadership Association (NFLA). CSEP requires a diploma or degree in the exercise field, most other organizations require experience and/or workshops to qualify for a credential. Many personal trainers receive a CFES, CanFit Pro, NFLA or an NCCA accredited certification, but there are no certifications required by law. Fitness instruction in Canada

1450-708: The WADA (e.g., cocaine , amphetamines , ephedrine, etc.). Ergogenic aids, or athletic performance-enhancing substances, include a number of drugs with various effects on physical performance. Drugs such as amphetamine and methylphenidate increase power output at constant levels of perceived exertion and delay the onset of fatigue, among other athletic-performance-enhancing effects; bupropion also increases power output at constant levels of perceived exertion, but only during short-term use. Adaptogens are plants that support health through nonspecific effects, neutralize various environmental and physical stressors while being relatively safe and free of side effects. As of 2008,

1500-561: The amusement and recreation industry or in civic and social organizations. Personal training is not regulated in any jurisdiction in the United States except for Washington D.C. which adopted registration requirements for personal fitness trainers in February 2014. Some employers, such as gyms, require personal trainers to be certified. However, this is not always the case and some personal trainers can find work without certification. Overall, personal trainers must possess certain skills, such as

1550-476: The athletic trainers (e.g., strychnine tablets made of cocaine and brandy ). In the 20th century, testosterone was isolated and characterized by scientists. In 1941, the first record of synthesized testosterone use occurred when a horse was given testosterone which successfully improved its race performance. Sports trainers soon after began advocating for testosterone use. Images of bodybuilders with massive muscles began circulating which further perpetuated

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1600-514: The beginning of and after an exercise program to measure client progress toward improved physical fitness . Trainers create exercise programs following a progression model, using the baseline assessment as the starting point of a client's physical abilities and framing the program to fit the individual personally. They also provide education on many other aspects of wellness, including general health and nutrition guidelines. Helping clients to reach their full potential in various aspects of life requires

1650-630: The benefit-to-concern ratio for exercise (decisional balance), and increase confidence to choose exercise in the face of other time demands (scheduling self-efficacy ). Personal training results in higher strength, higher workout intensities, and higher perceived exertion during exercise. The profession is generally not restricted by the venue, and personal trainers may work in fitness facilities, in their own homes, in client homes, over live video (also called "virtual personal trainers"), or outdoors. Almost all exercise professionals work in physical fitness facilities, health clubs, and fitness centers located in

1700-409: The body, these precursors are converted to testosterone and increase endogenous testosterone. The desired effects of steroid precursors however, are often not seen as they do not bind well to androgen receptors . Examples of prohormones include norandrostendione , androstenediol , and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) . These steroids have little desired effect compared to anabolic steroids, but have

1750-1006: The breakdown of muscle and preserves muscle mass. Examples of anabolic steroids include: oxandrolone , stanozolol and nandrolone . Anabolic steroids can be taken through a transdermal method, orally, or through injection. Injectable forms of the steroid are the most potent and long-lasting. In general, potential side effects include: muscle hypertrophy , acne , hypertension , elevated cholesterol , thrombosis , decreased high-density lipoproteins , altered libido , hepatic carcinoma , cholestasis , peliosis hepatitis , septic arthritis , Wilm's tumor , psychosis , aggression , addiction , and depression . Potential side effects specifically in males include: male pattern baldness , oligospermia , prostate hypertrophy , testicular atrophy , and prostate cancer . Potential side specifically in females include: hirsutism , uterine atrophy , amenorrhea , breast atrophy , and thickening of vocal cords (voice deepening). Urine samples are tested to determine

1800-614: The fitness industry, the International Health, Racquet & Sportsclub Association (IHRSA), which represents over 9,000 health and fitness facilities, started an initiative in 2002 to improve standards for both its own clubs and the industry as a whole. In January 2006, IHRSA implemented a recommendation that its facilities only accept personal trainers with certifications recognized by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA) if recognized either by

1850-481: The industry, trainers who are members of associations are also required to complete short courses to obtain continuing education credit (CEC) points they need to keep their registration. A minimum of 20 CEC points every two years is required. Many personal trainers also have additional qualifications in weight loss, strength training, kid's fitness, and nutrition, which is in part due to the CEC program. CEC courses can cover

1900-424: The latest PPE recommendation published by several US physician organizations is the 5th edition, called PPE5 . PPE5 was published by American Academy of Pediatrics , American Academy of Family Physicians , American College of Sports Medicine , American Medical Society for Sports Medicine , American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine , and American Osteopathic Academy of Sports Medicine . Additionally, PPE5

1950-542: The main certifying bodies such as: EREPS: The European Register of Exercise Professionals (EREPS) is an independent process for the registering of instructors, trainers and teachers working in the European health, fitness and physical activity sector. It is a pan-European system, based on independent national registers, which culminate in a central European database. New Zealand has one major registration body for exercise professionals – REPs New Zealand. REPs New Zealand

2000-573: The most common gendered risk factors include being an adolescent female dissatisfied with their body weight or an adolescent male who perceives larger body sizes as the ideal. Having a negative body image or a history of depression can also be a significant risk factor. These are further exacerbated by parental pressures surrounding appearance, media influence, and peer pressure. Studies show that adolescent males who engage with fitness magazines are twice as likely to use performance-enhancing substances. Adolescents who partake in competitive sports are at

2050-588: The most commonly used substance by athletes, can be used for cardiovascular improvements though has significant detrimental effects. Ethanol was formerly banned by WADA during performance for athletes performing in aeronautics, archery, automobile, karate, motorcycling and powerboating, but was taken off the ban list in 2017. It is detected by breath or blood testing . Cannabis is banned at all times for an athlete by WADA, though performance-enhancing effects have yet to be studied. Cannabis and nicotine are detected through urine analysis . Blood doping agents increase

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2100-428: The oxygen-carrying capacity of blood beyond the individual's natural capacity. They are used in endurance sports like long-distance running, cycling, and Nordic skiing. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is one of the most widely known drugs in this class. The Athlete Biological Passport is the only indirect testing method for detection of blood doping. Erythropoietin, or EPO, is a hormone that helps increase

2150-936: The position of the European Medicines Agency was that "The principle of an adaptogenic action needs further clarification and studies in the pre-clinical and clinical area. As such, the term is not accepted in pharmacological and clinical terminology that is commonly used in the EU." Actoprotectors or synthetic adaptogens are compounds that enhance an organism's resilience to physical stress without increasing heat output. Actoprotectors are distinct from other doping compounds in that they increase physical and psychological resilience via non-exhaustive action. Actoprotectors such as bemethyl and bromantane have been used to prepare athletes and enhance performance in Olympic competition. However, only bromantane has been placed on

2200-407: The production of red blood cells which increases the delivery of oxygen to muscles. It is commonly used among endurance athletes such as cyclists. It functions by protecting red blood cells against destruction whilst simultaneously stimulating bone marrow cells to produce more red blood cells. Potential side effects include: dehydration and an increase in blood viscosity which could result in

2250-416: The proper health professional for medical clearance. The scope of practice for a personal trainer has a primary focus on prevention and involves enhancing components of health and fitness for the general, healthy population or those cleared for exercise. Proper exercise prescription may result in improved body composition , physical performance, heart condition, and health outcomes. The decision to hire

2300-840: The ratio of testosterone glucuronide to epitestosterone glucuronide, which should be 3:1. Any ratio of 4:1 or greater is considered a positive test. The 1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Act and 1990 Anabolic Steroid Act both deemed anabolic steroids as an illegal substance when not used for disease treatment. Stimulants improve focus and alertness. Low (therapeutic) doses of dopaminergic stimulants (e.g., reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents ) also promote mental and athletic performance, as cognitive enhancers and ergogenic aids respectively, by improving muscle strength and endurance while decreasing reaction time and fatigue. Stimulants are commonly used in lengthy exercises that require short bursts (e.g., tennis, team sports, etc.). Stimulants work by increasing catecholamine levels and agonistic activity at

2350-545: The same side effects. Androstenedione in 2005 became classified as a controlled substance by WADA, however DHEA can still be obtained legally as an over-the-counter nutritional supplement. While the use of PEDs has expanded in recent times, the practice of using substances to improve performance has been around since the Ancient Olympic Games . In the Olympic Games of 668 BC, Charmis had consumed

2400-521: The type of exercise, duration of exercise, and frequency of exercise. For resistance exercise prescription, the type of exercise, total session volume, rest period, frequency, and intensity are determined. Personal trainers may also be involved in the prescription of stretching routines or other approaches. Personal trainers help clients to perform exercises with correct techniques, minimizing the risk of injury. While some discuss nutrition, ergogenic supplementation, and spiritual practices with clients, there

2450-510: Was endorsed by the National Athletic Trainers' Association and National Federation of State High School Associations . This medical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ergogenic Many substances, such as anabolic steroids , can be used to improve athletic performance and build muscle, which in most cases is considered cheating by organized athletic organizations. This usage

2500-444: Was formed to address the escalating use of substances in sports, particularly after the 1998 doping scandal in cycling. Adolescents are the most vulnerable group when it comes to taking performance-enhancing substances. This is in part due to the significance placed on physical appearance by this age group as well as feelings of invincibility combined with a lack of knowledge surrounding long-term consequences. Studies have shown that

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