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72-523: Perrier was part of the Perrier Vittel Group SA, which became Nestlé Waters France after the acquisition of the company by Nestlé in 1992. The spring from which Perrier water is sourced is naturally carbonated , but the water and natural carbon dioxide gas are obtained independently. The water is then purified, and during bottling , the carbon dioxide gas is re-added so that the level of carbonation in bottled Perrier matches that of

144-521: A European Union directive ) prohibits disinfection of mineral water. [1] Polyethylene terephthalate Polyethylene terephthalate (or poly(ethylene terephthalate) , PET , PETE , or the obsolete PETP or PET-P ), is the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in fibres for clothing, containers for liquids and foods, and thermoforming for manufacturing, and in combination with glass fibre for engineering resins . In 2016, annual production of PET

216-400: A "sniffer test" on returned bottles to avoid cross-contamination of flavors. Different applications of PET require different degrees of polymerization, which can be obtained by modifying the process conditions. The molecular weight of PET is measured by solution viscosity. The preferred method to measure this viscosity is the intrinsic viscosity (IV) of the polymer. Intrinsic viscosity

288-727: A Nestle Waters shareholders' meeting at the headquarters in Greenwich, Connecticut, a protest group arrived with the campaign of "Think Outside the Bottle" (from Corporate Accountability International , along with representatives from both Michigan Citizens for Water Conservation and Protecting Our Water and Wildlife Resources), claiming Nestle Waters, for the sake of increasing profits, overrode local rights to "community water resources" despite protective opposition. The campaign director Deborah Lapidus said, "These water grabs are having long-lasting impacts on ecosystems and water supplies long held in

360-425: A byproduct. Polymerization is through a polycondensation reaction of the monomers (done immediately after esterification/transesterification) with water as the byproduct. Polyester fibres are widely used in the textile industry. The invention of the polyester fibre is attributed to J. R. Whinfield. It was first commercialized in the 1940s by ICI , under the brand 'Terylene'. Subsequently E. I. DuPont launched

432-557: A crisis erupted when Nestlé announced a restructuring plan for Perrier. The following year, Perrier was ordered to halt restructuring due to a failure to consult adequately with staff. In April 2024, following reports that products had been contaminated with germs of possible faecal origin , an estimated 2.9 million bottles of Perrier water were destroyed before reaching the market. This was followed by an announcement in June that year that one-litre bottles of Perrier Vert would be pulled from

504-632: A decade the world's leading bottled water brand, with 5 billion liters sold worldwide. 2009: Nestlé Waters strengthens its presence in two key emerging countries: in Brazil by acquiring Àguas de Santa Barbara in the São Paulo region; and in China by acquiring Dashan Drinks, the leading bottled water player in Yunnan Province In 2009, a U.S. report entitled "Tour D'Horizon with Nestle: Forget

576-487: A different form, without destroying the polymer; or recycled in a process that includes transesterification and the addition of other glycols, polyols, or glycerol to form a new polyol. The polyol from the third method can be used in polyurethane (PU foam) production, or epoxy-based products, including paints. In 2023 a process was announced for using PET as the basis for supercapacitor production. PET, being stoichiometrically carbon and H 2 O , can be turned into

648-626: A distribution agreement with Ambev in Brasil 2013: Official opening of the new factory in Buxton (United Kingdom), new factory in Pocheon Edong (South Korea) with Pulmuone Waters, acquisition of the Mineral water spring Vale do Sol in Brasil. 2020: Nestlé Waters announced the planned sale of its Canadian water bottling division to Ice River Springs ; the latter was expected to take over

720-430: A drain on underground aquifers and other natural fresh water sources worldwide. Nestle estimates that: “There is not nearly enough fresh water available to provide this standard to a global population expected to exceed 9 billion by mid-century.” The report points out the need to attend to where water is being flowed and asks for greater efficiency in its global delivery. Also in that same year of 2009, on April 23, during

792-446: A few micrometers ) depending on its crystal structure and particle size. One process for making PET uses bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate , which can be synthesized by the esterification reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol with water as a byproduct (this is also known as a condensation reaction), or by transesterification reaction between ethylene glycol and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) with methanol as

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864-483: A form of carbon containing sheets and nanospheres, with a very high surface area. The process involves holding a mixture of PET, water, nitric acid , and ethanol at a high temperature and pressure for eight hours, followed by centrifugation and drying. Significant investments were announced in 2021 and 2022 for chemical recycling of PET by glycolysis, methanolysis, and enzymatic recycling to recover monomers. Initially these will also use bottles as feedstock but it

936-424: A limited edition series of bottles inspired by Andy Warhol . In 2019, Perrier released Perrier ARTXTRA limited edition packaging featuring artwork of artist duo Dabsmyla to help support the contemporary artist community. Perrier comes in several flavours: Natural, Lemon , and Lime have been on the market for many years, and in 2007, Citron Lemon-Lime and Pamplemousse Rose (Pink Grapefruit ) flavours debuted in

1008-453: A multilayer structure is used. PET sandwiches an additional polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) or polyamide (PA) layer to further reduce its oxygen permeability. Non-oriented PET sheet can be thermoformed to make packaging trays and blister packs . Crystallizable PET withstands freezing and oven baking temperatures. Both amorphous PET and BoPET are transparent to the naked eye. Color-conferring dyes can easily be formulated into PET sheet. PET

1080-481: A significant amount of PET microparticles may be precipitated in sewage treatment plants. PET microfibers generated by apparel wear, washing or machine drying can become airborne, and be dispersed into fields, where they are ingested by livestock or plants and end up in the human food supply. SAPEA have declared that such particles 'do not pose a widespread risk'. PET is known to degrade when exposed to sunlight and oxygen. As of 2016, scarce information exists regarding

1152-569: A stabilizer and a bluing agent such as cobalt salt is added to mask any yellowing. In the dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) process, DMT and excess ethylene glycol (MEG) are transesterified in the melt at 150–200 °C with a basic catalyst . Methanol (CH 3 OH) is removed by distillation to drive the reaction forward. Excess MEG is distilled off at higher temperature with the aid of vacuum. The second transesterification step proceeds at 270–280 °C, with continuous distillation of MEG as well. The reactions can be summarized as follows: In

1224-562: A standup comedian award. The award's sponsorship was taken over by various other advertisers starting in 2006 with commensurate renaming, and it eventually came to be called the Edinburgh Comedy Awards . The Perrier Young Jazz Awards were set up by Perrier in 1998, though never attained the success and recognition of their longer running comedy equivalent. The awards ran for four years, releasing an album showcasing its winners each year, before being discontinued. The last year

1296-471: A substantial degree, for example about 75% in Switzerland. The term rPET is commonly used to describe the recycled material, though it is also referred to as R-PET or post-consumer PET (POSTC-PET). The prime uses for recycled PET are polyester fiber, strapping, and non-food containers. Because of the recyclability of PET and the relative abundance of post-consumer waste in the form of bottles, PET

1368-468: A worker having made a mistake in filtering and that the spring itself was unpolluted. The incident ultimately led to the worldwide withdrawal of the product, some 160 million bottles of Perrier. Two years later in 1992, Perrier was bought by Nestlé , one of the world's leading food and drink companies. Nestlé had to contend with competition from the Agnelli family for ownership of the business. In 2004,

1440-427: Is isophthalic acid , replacing some of the 1,4-( para- ) linked terephthalate units. The 1,2-( ortho- ) or 1,3-( meta -) linkage produces an angle in the chain, which also disturbs crystallinity. Such copolymers are advantageous for certain molding applications, such as thermoforming , which is used for example to make tray or blister packaging from co-PET film, or amorphous PET sheet (A-PET/PETA) or PETG sheet. On

1512-481: Is a dimensionless measurement found by extrapolating the relative viscosity (measured in (dℓ/g)) to zero concentration. Shown below are the IV ranges for common applications: PET is often copolymerized with other diols or diacids to optimize the properties for particular applications. For example, cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) can be added to the polymer backbone in place of ethylene glycol . Since this building block

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1584-440: Is also rapidly gaining market share as a carpet fiber. PET, like many plastics, is also an excellent candidate for thermal disposal ( incineration ), as it is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with only trace amounts of catalyst elements (but no sulfur). In general, PET can either be chemically recycled into its original raw materials (PTA, DMT, and EG), destroying the polymer structure completely; mechanically recycled into

1656-442: Is also technically possible to make PTA from readily available bio-based furfural . There are two basic molding methods for PET bottles, one-step and two-step. In two-step molding, two separate machines are used. The first machine injection molds the preform, which resembles a test tube, with the bottle-cap threads already molded into place. The body of the tube is significantly thicker, as it will be inflated into its final shape in

1728-440: Is commonly recycled , and has the digit 1 (♳) as its resin identification code (RIC). The National Association for PET Container Resources (NAPCOR) defines PET as: "Polyethylene terephthalate items referenced are derived from terephthalic acid (or dimethyl terephthalate ) and mono ethylene glycol , wherein the sum of terephthalic acid (or dimethyl terephthalate) and mono ethylene glycol reacted constitutes at least 90 percent of

1800-406: Is drawn was originally known as Les Bouillens (The Bubbles). It had been used as a spa since Roman times. During 218 BC, Hannibal and his army, having passed through Spain en route to his intended conquest of Rome, decided to rest for a while at Les Bouillens, from which the men took water for refreshment. Perrier was first introduced to Britain during 1863. Local doctor Louis Perrier bought

1872-686: Is expected that fibres will also be recycled this way in future. PET is also a desirable fuel for waste-to-energy plants , as it has a high calorific value which helps to reduce the use of primary resources for energy generation. At least one species of bacterium in the genus Nocardia can degrade PET with an esterase enzyme. Esterases are enzymes able to cleave the ester bond between two oxygens that links subunits of PET. The initial degradation of PET can also be achieved esterases expressed by Bacillus , as well as Nocardia . Japanese scientists have isolated another bacterium, Ideonella sakaiensis , that possesses two enzymes which can break down

1944-543: Is much larger (six additional carbon atoms) than the ethylene glycol unit it replaces, it does not fit in with the neighboring chains the way an ethylene glycol unit would. This interferes with crystallization and lowers the polymer's melting temperature. In general, such PET is known as PETG or PET-G (polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified). It is a clear amorphous thermoplastic that can be injection-molded, sheet-extruded or extruded as filament for 3D printing . PETG can be colored during processing. Another common modifier

2016-645: Is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide and this imposes shelf life limitations of contents packaged in PET. In the early 2000s, the global PET packaging market grew at a compound annual growth rate of 9% to €17 billion in 2006. Biaxially oriented PET (BOPET) film (including brands like "Mylar") can be aluminized by evaporating a thin film of metal onto it to reduce its permeability, and to make it reflective and opaque ( MPET ). These properties are useful in many applications, including flexible food packaging and thermal insulation (such as space blankets ). BOPET

2088-405: Is produced largely from purified terephthalic acid (PTA), as well as to a lesser extent from (mono-)ethylene glycol (MEG) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT). As of 2022, ethylene glycol is made from ethene found in natural gas , while terephthalic acid comes from p-xylene made from crude oil . Typically an antimony or titanium compound is used as a catalyst, a phosphite is added as

2160-1038: Is quite important, because if nothing masks the aroma, even extremely low concentrations (10–20 parts per billion in the water) of acetaldehyde can produce an off-taste. Commentary published in Environmental Health Perspectives in April 2010 suggested that PET might yield endocrine disruptors under conditions of common use and recommended research on this topic. Proposed mechanisms include leaching of phthalates as well as leaching of antimony . An article published in Journal of Environmental Monitoring in April 2012 concludes that antimony concentration in deionized water stored in PET bottles stays within EU's acceptable limit even if stored briefly at temperatures up to 60 °C (140 °F), while bottled contents (water or soft drinks) may occasionally exceed

2232-412: Is still of concern. The Swiss Federal Office of Public Health investigated the amount of antimony migration, comparing waters bottled in PET and glass: The antimony concentrations of the water in PET bottles were higher, but still well below the allowed maximum concentration. The Swiss Federal Office of Public Health concluded that small amounts of antimony migrate from the PET into bottled water, but that

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2304-491: Is strong and impact-resistant. PET is hygroscopic and absorbs water. About 60% crystallization is the upper limit for commercial products, with the exception of polyester fibers. Transparent products can be produced by rapidly cooling molten polymer below the glass transition temperature (T g ) to form a non-crystalline amorphous solid . Like glass, amorphous PET forms when its molecules are not given enough time to arrange themselves in an orderly, crystalline fashion as

2376-538: Is the reduction in space, product handling and energy, and far higher visual quality than can be achieved by the two-step system. PET is subject to degradation during processing. If the moisture level is too high, hydrolysis will reduce the molecular weight by chain scission , resulting in brittleness. If the residence time and/or melt temperature (temperature at melting) are too high, then thermal degradation or thermooxidative degradation will occur resulting in discoloration and reduced molecular weight, as well as

2448-445: Is used in the backsheet of photovoltaic modules . Most backsheets consist of a layer of BOPET laminated to a fluoropolymer or a layer of UV stabilized BOPET. PET is also used as a substrate in thin film solar cells. PET can be compounded with glass fibre and crystallization accelerators, to make thermoplastic resins. These can be injection moulded into parts such as housings, covers, electrical appliance components and elements of

2520-437: Is why BOPET film and bottles are both crystalline, to a degree, and transparent. PET has an affinity for hydrophobic flavors, and drinks sometimes need to be formulated with a higher flavor dosage, compared to those going into glass, to offset the flavor taken up by the container. While heavy gauge PET bottles returned for re-use, as in some EU countries, the propensity of PET to absorb flavors makes it necessary to conduct

2592-533: The Nestlé Pure Life brand and the ReadyRefresh delivery service. The deal required regulatory approval which was not achieved in a timely manner; consequently, Nestle cancelled the deal in early September. 2021: Nestlé announced on 16 February that it had agreed to sell its water brands to One Rock Capital Partners and Metropoulos & Co. The sale, expected to conclude in spring, would include

2664-568: The terephthalic acid process, MEG and PTA are esterified directly at moderate pressure (2.7–5.5 bar) and high temperature (220–260 °C). Water is eliminated in the reaction, and it is also continuously removed by distillation : Bio-PET is the bio-based counterpart of PET. Essentially in Bio-PET, the MEG is manufactured from ethylene derived from sugar cane ethanol . A better process based on oxidation of ethanol has been proposed, and it

2736-471: The 250 ml can is also available. Perrier bottles all have a distinctive 'teardrop' shape and are a signature green colour. In August 2001, the company introduced a new bottling format using polyethylene terephthalate to offer Perrier in plastic, a change that was researched for 11 years to determine which material would best help retain both the water's flavour and its purported "50 million bubbles." In 2013, Perrier celebrated its 150th anniversary by launching

2808-422: The EU limit after less than a year of storage at room temperature. Antimony (Sb) is a metalloid element that is used as a catalyst in the form of compounds such as antimony trioxide (Sb 2 O 3 ) or antimony triacetate in the production of PET. After manufacturing, a detectable amount of antimony can be found on the surface of the product. This residue can be removed with washing. Antimony also remains in

2880-568: The French market after a majority of wells used to capture the water at the Vergèze manufacturing site had their use terminated, suspended or diverted to other product lines, following a product safety inspection at the manufacturing site on 30 May conducted by government agencies. Perrier is available in 750 ml, 330 ml, and 200 ml glass bottles in Europe , as well as in 330 ml cans. In other markets,

2952-651: The Global Financial Crisis, the World Is Running out of Fresh Water" involved the departments of agriculture, commerce, energy and environment science and technology as a result of Nestle executives from Switzerland advising of their research. One of the main aspects asserts that a high meat-based diet uses water inefficiently, particularly for an increasing global population. Livestock feed on crops that require high amounts of water such corn and soy. High demand for water overall has already created

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3024-1034: The Nestlé Group 1969: Acquisition of a 30% stake in the Société Générale des Eaux Minérales de Vittel in France 1974: Acquisition of the German Blaue Quellen group. 1987: Nestlé S.A. takes a majority stake in Vittel and joins with Arrowhead. 1992: Acquisition of the Source Perrier S.A. Source Perrier SA Group. Nestlé becomes the leading player on the world bottled water market , under the name of Nestlé Sources International (NSI) 1996: NSI changes its name to accelerate its international development and becomes: Perrier Vittel S.A. 1998: Take-over of Italy's leading bottled water producer, Sanpellegrino S.p.A. and launch of Nestlé Pure Life,

3096-401: The PET into smaller pieces digestible by the bacteria. A colony of I. sakaiensis can disintegrate a plastic film in about six weeks. French researchers report developing an improved PET hydrolase that can depolymerize (break apart) at least 90 percent of PET in 10 hours, breaking it down into individual monomers . Also, an enzyme based on a natural PET-ase was designed with the help of

3168-943: The Powwow Group 2005: Nestlé Waters further develops its business on the African continent via the launch of Nestlé Pure Life in Nigeria and the creation of a partnership in Algeria 2006: Nestlé Waters acquires the majority shares in Erikli and becomes the Turkish market leader. 2007: Nestlé Waters acquires Sources Minérales Henniez S.A. and becomes the Swiss leader in the bottled water market. Joint venture agreements signed in Mexico and Chile. 2008: Nestlé Pure Life, has become in just

3240-462: The UK were found to contain up to 44.7 μg/L of antimony, well above the EU limits for tap water of 5 μg/L. Clothing sheds microfibres in use, during washing and machine drying. Plastic litter slowly forms small particles. Microplastics which are present on the bottom of the river or seabed can be ingested by small marine life, thus entering the food chain. As PET has a higher density than water,

3312-744: The United States. In 2015, a Green Apple flavour was launched in France as well as the US. In 2016, a Mint flavour (Saveur Menthe) was introduced in France. Since 2002, new varieties of Perrier have been introduced in France, for example, Eau de Perrier is less carbonated than the original, and comes in a blue bottle. Perrier Fluo comes in flavours such as ginger-cherry, peppermint, orange-lychee, raspberry, and ginger-lemon. In 2017, Perrier introduced two new flavours, Perrier Strawberry and Perrier Watermelon, to their existing Lime, L’Orange, Pink Grapefruit, and Green Apple flavour. As of January 2013, Perrier

3384-621: The Vergèze spring. In 1990, Perrier removed the "naturally sparkling" claim from its bottles under pressure from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Since at least 2019, Perrier water is no longer "reinforced with gas from the source" but "with the addition of carbon dioxide". According to the company, this change allows it to considerably reduce its total water consumption and reduce its ecological impact. The spring in Southern France from which Perrier

3456-570: The awards ceremony ran was 2001. 43°43′43″N 4°14′36″E  /  43.7285°N 4.2434°E  / 43.7285; 4.2434 Nestl%C3%A9 Waters France Nestlé Waters is a Swiss multinational bottled water division of Nestlé . It was founded in 1992. Sales: 7.625 billion CHF Nestlé Waters has roughly 31,740 employees and includes several brands such as Acqua Panna , San Pellegrino , Perrier , Vittel , Al Manhal and Buxton. 1843: Henri Nestlé establishes his first lemonade and water bottling factory. 1866: Foundation of

3528-405: The brand 'Dacron'. As of 2022, there are many brands around the world, mostly Asian. Polyester fibres are used in fashion apparel often blended with cotton, as heat insulation layers in thermal wear, sportswear and workwear and automotive upholstery. Plastic bottles made from PET are widely used for soft drinks , both still and sparkling . For beverages that are degraded by oxygen, such as beer,

3600-520: The family newspapers to raise the money. Harmsworth closed the spa, as spas were becoming unfashionable. He renamed the spring Source Perrier and started bottling the water in distinctive green bottles. The shape was that of the Indian clubs which Harmsworth used for exercise. Harmsworth marketed the product in Britain at a time when Frenchness was seen as chic and aspirational to the middle classes. It

3672-607: The first multi-site bottled water under the Nestlé Brand 2000: Simultaneous launch of Nestlé Aquarel, pan-European, multi-site spring water on six markets. 2001: Acquisition by Perrier Vittel of Al Manhal, the leading bottled water company in Saudi Arabia which becomes the leading bottled water player in the Middle East region. 2002: Perrier Vittel becomes Nestlé Waters CEO Leader 2003: Nestlé Waters acquires

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3744-430: The formation of acetaldehyde , and the formation "gel" or "fish-eye" formations through cross-linking . Mitigation measures include copolymerisation with other monomers like CHDM or isophthalic acid , which lower the melting point and thus the melt temperature of the resin, as well as the addition of polymer stabilisers such as phosphites . Acetaldehyde , which can form by degradation of PET after mishandling of

3816-504: The gradual formation acetaldehyde over the object's lifespan. This proceeds via a Type II Norrish reaction . When acetaldehyde is produced, some of it remains dissolved in the walls of a container and then diffuses into the product stored inside, altering the taste and aroma. This is not such a problem for non-consumables (such as shampoo), for fruit juices (which already contain acetaldehyde), or for strong-tasting drinks like soft drinks. For bottled water, however, low acetaldehyde content

3888-478: The health risk of the resulting low concentrations is negligible (1% of the " tolerable daily intake " determined by the WHO ). A later (2006) but more widely publicized study found similar amounts of antimony in water in PET bottles. The WHO has published a risk assessment for antimony in drinking water. Fruit juice concentrates (for which no guidelines are established), however, that were produced and bottled in PET in

3960-674: The ignition system. PET is stoichiometrically a mixture of carbon and H 2 O , and therefore has been used in an experiment involving laser-driven shock compression which created nanodiamonds and superionic water . This could be a possible way of producing nanodiamonds commercially. PET was patented in 1941 by John Rex Whinfield , James Tennant Dickson and their employer the Calico Printers' Association of Manchester , England. E. I. DuPont de Nemours in Delaware, United States, first produced Dacron (PET fiber) in 1950 and used

4032-439: The life-time of the synthetic polymers in the environment. While most thermoplastics can, in principle, be recycled, PET bottle recycling is more practical than many other plastic applications because of the high value of the resin and the almost exclusive use of PET for widely used water and carbonated soft drink bottling. PET bottles lend themselves well to recycling (see below). In many countries PET bottles are recycled to

4104-604: The mass of monomer reacted to form the polymer, and must exhibit a melting peak temperature between 225 °C and 255 °C, as identified during the second thermal scan in procedure 10.1 in ASTM D3418, when heating the sample at a rate of 10 °C/minute." Depending on its processing and thermal history, polyethylene terephthalate may exist both as an amorphous (transparent) and as a semi-crystalline polymer . The semicrystalline material might appear transparent (particle size less than 500  nm ) or opaque and white (particle size up to

4176-443: The material itself and can, thus, migrate out into food and drinks. Exposing PET to boiling or microwaving can increase the levels of antimony significantly, possibly above US EPA maximum contamination levels. The drinking water limit assessed by WHO is 20 parts per billion (WHO, 2003), and the drinking water limit in the United States is 6 parts per billion. Although antimony trioxide is of low toxicity when taken orally, its presence

4248-441: The material, is a colorless, volatile substance with a fruity smell. Although it forms naturally in some fruit, it can cause an off-taste in bottled water. As well as high temperatures (PET decomposes above 300 °C or 570 °F) and long barrel residence times, high pressures and high extruder speeds (which cause shear raising the temperature), can also contribute to the production of acetaldehyde. Photo-oxidation can also cause

4320-473: The melt is cooled. While at room temperature the molecules are frozen in place, if enough heat energy is put back into them afterward by heating the material above T g , they can begin to move again, allowing crystals to nucleate and grow. This procedure is known as solid-state crystallization. Amorphous PET also crystallizes and becomes opaque when exposed to solvents , such as chloroform or toluene . A more crystalline product can be produced by allowing

4392-416: The molten polymer to cool slowly. Rather than forming one large single crystal, this material has a number of spherulites (crystallized areas) each containing many small crystallites (grains). Light tends to scatter as it crosses the boundaries between crystallites and the amorphous regions between them, causing the resulting solid to be translucent. Orientation also renders polymers more transparent. This

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4464-619: The other hand, crystallization is important in other applications where mechanical and dimensional stability are important, such as seat belts. For PET bottles, the use of small amounts of isophthalic acid, CHDM, diethylene glycol (DEG) or other comonomers can be useful: if only small amounts of comonomers are used, crystallization is slowed but not prevented entirely. As a result, bottles are obtainable via stretch blow molding ("SBM"), which are both clear and crystalline enough to be an adequate barrier to aromas and even gases, such as carbon dioxide in carbonated beverages. Polyethylene terephthalate

4536-439: The public trust." she said. One of the specific cases the organization protested against was regarding when Nestle bypassed a 2006 Shapleigh, Maine , ordinance that aimed to maintain local control over water resources by accessing the law through the state level. Nestle officials responded by giving a progress report on their intentions for transparency with labeling their water sources and locations. 2012: Nestlé Waters establish

4608-572: The second step using stretch blow molding . In the second step, the preforms are heated rapidly and then inflated against a two-part mold to form them into the final shape of the bottle. Preforms (uninflated bottles) are now also used as robust and unique containers themselves; besides novelty candy, some Red Cross chapters distribute them as part of the Vial of Life program to homeowners to store medical history for emergency responders. The two-step process lends itself to third party production remote from

4680-400: The spring in 1898 and operated a commercial spa there; he also bottled the water for sale. He later sold the spring to St John Harmsworth , a wealthy British visitor. Harmsworth was the younger brother of the newspaper magnates Lord Northcliffe and Lord Rothermere . He had come to France to learn the language. Dr. Perrier showed him the spring, and he decided to buy it. He sold his share of

4752-538: The spring water and mountain brands in Canada and the US, the purified water brand and the delivery service. The plan did not include the Perrier, S.Pellegrino and Acqua Panna brands. In early April 2021, the sale was concluded, with its US operations now operating as BlueTriton Brands . 2024: Nestlé is subject to an investigation of treating/purification of its mineral waters by French prosecutors. French law (based on

4824-741: The trademark Mylar (boPET film) in June 1951 and received registration of it in 1952. It is still the best-known name used for polyester film. The current owner of the trademark is DuPont Teijin Films. In the Soviet Union, PET was first manufactured in the laboratories of the Institute of High-Molecular Compounds of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1949, and its name "Lavsan" is an acronym thereof ( ла боратории Института в ысокомолекулярных с оединений А кадемии н аук СССР). The PET bottle

4896-472: The user site. The preforms can be transported and stored by the thousand in a much smaller space than would finished containers, for the second stage to be carried out on the user site on a 'just in time' basis. In one-step machines, the entire process from raw material to finished container is conducted within one machine, making it especially suitable for molding non-standard shapes (custom molding), including jars, flat oval, flask shapes, etc. Its greatest merit

4968-547: Was 56 million tons. The biggest application is in fibres (in excess of 60%), with bottle production accounting for about 30% of global demand. In the context of textile applications, PET is referred to by its common name, polyester , whereas the acronym PET is generally used in relation to packaging. Polyester makes up about 18% of world polymer production and is the fourth-most-produced polymer after polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PET consists of repeating (C 10 H 8 O 4 ) units. PET

5040-638: Was advertised as the Champagne of mineral water. Advertising in newspapers like the Daily Mail established the brand. For a time, 95% of sales were in Britain and the US. Perrier's reputation for purity suffered a blow in 1990 when a laboratory in North Carolina in the United States found benzene , a carcinogen , in several bottles. Perrier stated that it was an isolated incident of

5112-645: Was available in 140 countries, and almost 1 billion bottles are sold every year. From 1981 to 2005, the company sponsored an annual comedy award in the United Kingdom , the Perrier Comedy Award, also known as " The Perriers ". It was described as a means of supporting young comedic talent at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe , an arts festival touted as "the world's largest". Initially for comedy reviews, by 1987 this included

5184-551: Was invented in 1973 by Nathaniel Wyeth and patented by DuPont. PET in its most stable state is a colorless, semi-crystalline resin . However it is intrinsically slow to crystallize compared to other semicrystalline polymers . Depending on processing conditions it can be formed into either non-crystalline ( amorphous ) or crystalline articles. Its amenability to drawing in manufacturing makes PET useful in fibre and film applications. Like most aromatic polymers , it has better barrier properties than aliphatic polymers . It

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