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45-467: The City of Perth is a local government area and body, within the Perth metropolitan area, which is the capital of Western Australia. The local government is commonly known as Perth City Council . The City covers the Perth city centre and surrounding suburbs. The City covers an area of 20.01 square kilometres (8 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 21,092 as at 30 June 2015. On 1 July 2016

90-558: A cost of nearly A$ 8.0m made many findings, none of which resulted in criminal conviction. In July 2021, the City of Perth formally recognised the Whadjuk Noongar people as the traditional owners of Noongar Country, the land on which the "City of Perth (Boorloo)" is located, signing the agreement "Yacker Danjoo Ngala Bidi" with Whadjuk elders on 10 August. The suburbs of the City of Perth with population and size figures based on

135-490: A mayor. The City of Perth Act 2016 defined Perth as the capital of Western Australia, and expanded the City's boundaries to include a number of landmarks including Kings Park , University of Western Australia , Perth Children's Hospital and the Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre . The boundary changes took effect on 1 July 2016. Approximately 1,247 residents from Nedlands and Subiaco in

180-443: A significant reduction in the number of decisions requiring ministerial approval which allowed for streamlined decision-making and greater local government autonomy. Although successive state governments have periodically promoted municipal amalgamation, only a small number of local governments have merged over the course of Western Australia's history. Historically most local governments have strongly resisted forced amalgamations and

225-536: A tax on private allotments to fund the construction and maintenance of "roads, paths and plantations". As the Colony began to develop, the first form of local government was established in some areas under the Towns Improvement Act of 1838. These trusts were empowered to elect ratepayers as Trustees and assess and collect a property tax for the construction of roads. Many of these town trusts, including

270-433: A white in revenge. Yagan was arrested and sent to Carnac Island in the care of Robert Lyon who claimed he was a freedom fighter . Yagan escaped from the island in a boat, and waged a guerrilla campaign on both sides of the river. He was eventually killed by one of two European boys he had befriended and his head was smoked and sent to England, finally being recovered and returned home by Ken Colbung in 1997. Following

315-403: Is now Lake Monger . With the alienation from their lands due to settlers claiming land and fencing it off, Aboriginal people lost access to important seasonal foods, they did not understand or accept private ownership of their lands, which led to spearing of stock and digging in food gardens. Reprisals led to a cycle of increased violence on both sides. The first attempted Aboriginal massacre

360-782: The Indian Ocean Territories Administration of Laws Act , which allows the Western Australian Local Government Act to apply "on-island" as though it were a Commonwealth act. Nonetheless, Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands are not parts of Western Australia. The most recent local government elections were held in 2023 . Land was originally granted in the Swan River Colony under regulations which allowed for land commissioners to assess

405-574: The Australian Bureau of Statistics as follows: Perth (C) 7,604; Cambridge (T) 22,740; Victoria Park (T) 24,313; Vincent (T) 24,765. The City of Perth is twinned with: The official Flag of Perth represents the city of Perth , Western Australia. It features the Saint George's Cross overlaid with the coat of arms of Perth in the centre. Though the designer of the flag is unknown, it is thought to have been designed prior to 1872. In

450-478: The Belmont Park Racecourse ) and purchased the 526 hectares (1,300 acres) Limekilns Estate in the western suburbs. The City developed the suburbs of Floreat Park, Wembley Park and City Beach on these lands. In 1925, a new City of Perth Act gave the City additional powers over building control and regulation, including the power to declare new streets. In 1930 the first town planning committee

495-506: The City of Subiaco were transferred to the City of Perth, and the City expanded to a total area of 20.01 square kilometres (8 sq mi). The Perth City Council was suspended on 2 March 2018, pending the establishment of a public inquiry into the council, by Local Government Minister David Templeman . The council was administered by three Commissioners until 18 October 2020. The two-year Inquiry carried out up until that point, conducted at

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540-698: The Darling Scarp and Armadale . It encompasses the Victoria Plains to the north, the area south of Toodyay and reaches eastwards as far as York and a little beyond. Its southern coastal frontier extends to the vicinity of Pinjarra . Their northern neighbours are the Yued , the Balardong people lay to their east, and the Pindjarup on their southern coastal flank. The Whadjuk formed part of

585-568: The Greater Perth Movement around this time led to the amalgamation of inner city local governments to create a greatly expanded City of Perth until 1993, when the City was broken up once again. The first local government department was established by the state in 1949 to guide local government authorities. Following the war local governments increasingly expanded their services from property, health and local infrastructure (roads, drainage) to community and social services. This

630-629: The Noongar language group, with their own distinctive dialect. Culturally they were divided into two matrilineal moieties : Moieties were endogamous , and children took the moiety of their mother. Each moiety also contained two " sections " (or "skins"): in the case of the Manitjmat , these were Didarruk and Tondarup and for the Wardungmat , they were Nagarnook and Ballarruk . The Whadjuk also preserved many stories of

675-513: The Perth Town Trust , experienced severe administrative and financial difficulties, and in some cases barely functioned at all. The Guildford Town Trust lasted only a couple of years before ceasing to function until it was reconstituted in 1863. The District Roads Act and Municipal Institutions Act , both of 1871 improved matters by allowing for the establishment of Roads Boards and Municipal Corporations. Municipal Corporations had

720-535: The Pinjarra massacre , Whadjuk Aboriginal people became totally dispirited, and were reduced to dependent status, settling at their site at Mount Eliza for handouts under the authority of Francis Armstrong . An Anglican school was established for a number of years at Ellenbrook, but was never very successful and was greatly underfunded. Relations between the settlers and the Noongar people had deteriorated badly in

765-537: The Shire of Cocos (Keeling) Islands are also included for comparison purposes. Federal external territory. Currently, Western Australia has ten regional councils. Each regional council comprises two or more local government areas (LGAs). Whadjuk Whadjuk , alternatively Witjari , are Noongar ( Aboriginal Australian ) people of the Western Australian region of the Perth bioregion of

810-673: The Swan Coastal Plain . The ethnonym appears to derive from whad , the Whadjuk word for "no". The traditional tribal territory of the Whadjuk, in Norman Tindale 's estimate, takes in some 6,700 square kilometres (2,600 sq mi) of land, from the Swan River , together with its eastern and northern tributaries. Its hinterland extension runs to Mount Helena and a little beyond. It includes Kalamunda on

855-466: The Wagyl , a water- python held to be responsible for most of the water features around Perth. This may have been a cultural memory of an extinct Madtsoiidae python-like serpent, a water dwelling ambush predator, part of the extinct megafauna of Australia that disappeared between 40,000 and 20,000 years ago. Coastal dwelling Whadjuk have an oral tradition describing the separation of Rottnest from

900-442: The most recent Australian census : * The parts of these suburbs north of Newcastle and Summers Streets fall within the City of Vincent . These localities are only partially contained within the City of Perth boundary. ** The parts of these localities were transferred from the City of Subiaco in 2016. These localities are only partially contained within the City of Perth boundary. The 1991 population has been broken down by

945-782: The 1920s, the black swan was removed from the top left quadrant of the flag and replaced with the coat of arms in the centre of the cross. The coat of arms were originally granted to the City of Perth on 2 December 1926. They were altered with the addition of part of the arms of Perth, Scotland in 1949. As of 2024, 1,032 places are heritage-listed in the City of Perth, of which 226 are on the State Register of Heritage Places . Local government areas of Western Australia There are 137 local government areas (LGAs) in Western Australia , which comprise 27 cities, 102 shires, and 8 towns that manage their own affairs to

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990-485: The City expanded, absorbing 1,247 residents from the City of Subiaco . In 1829, Captain James Stirling founded Perth as part of the Swan River Colony . A Perth Town Trust was formed in 1838, but remained largely non-functional for many years due to lack of finance and administrative capacity leading to its dissolution in 1858. The City of Perth was officially declared on 23 September 1856 with Council meeting for

1035-523: The City to establish a town planning department—which they did by appointing architect Paul Ritter in 1965. Ritter’s two year tenure was short and turbulent, leading to public conflict with councillors and his termination in 1967. The City’s first town planning scheme was submitted to the Town Planning Board in 1973, but not formally adopted until 1985. The reason for the delay was a state government desire to take discretionary powers out of

1080-453: The Swan and Canning Rivers into four residence groups , each with its own territory: Several Europeans in particular contributed to modern understanding of Whadjuk Noongar language and culture. European settlers were initially called Djanga – a term referring to spirits of the dead – by the Whadjuk. This belief incorporated Europeans into the social structure of the Noongar peoples and

1125-627: The capacity to levy property taxes, pass municipal by-laws and undertake various local regulatory services previously carried out by colonial officials and other central bodies. Corporations could also establish civic institutions and facilities with the governors' consent, including libraries and botanical gardens. Road Boards where strictly limited to the construction of roads, could not levy property taxes and depended on colonial government grants for any expenditures. Women were permitted to be elected to Road Boards from 1911 and to Municipal Corporations from 1919. The influence of town clerk W.E. Bold and

1170-539: The colonisation it was used to colour hair, which was worn long (in a style similar to dreadlocks ). Quartz from the Darling Scarp was also traded with Balardong groups for the making of spears. The Whadjuk people bore the brunt of the European colonisation, as the cities of Perth and Fremantle were built in their territory. No doubt Whadjuk people had been familiar with Dutch explorers like Vlamingh , and

1215-538: The constitution in 1896. As of 2016, Aboriginal people number 3% of the state's population, but number 50% of the women in Bandyup Women's Prison and of youth in detention in Western Australia. Many are imprisoned for the non-payment of fines incurred for minor offences. The number of Noongar youth in incarceration exceeds the number in school or formal training. Daisy Bates claimed she interviewed

1260-606: The extent permitted by the Local Government Act 1995 . The Local Government Act 1995 also makes provision for regional local governments (referred to as "regional councils", established by two or more local governments for a particular purpose. There are three classifications of local government in Western Australia: The Shire of Christmas Island and the Shire of Cocos (Keeling) Islands are federal external territories and covered by

1305-757: The final years of Stirling's reign, with settlers shooting at Aboriginal people indiscriminately for the spearing of stock, leading to payback killings of settlers. Stirling's response was to attempt to subdue the Aboriginal people through harsh punishment. When Stirling retired he was replaced as Governor by John Hutt, 1 January 1839, who rather than adopting Stirling's vindictive vengeful policies against "Aborigines", tried protecting their rights and educating them. This ran foul of frontier settlers intent on seizing Aboriginal lands without compensation , who felt they needed strong-arm tactics to protect themselves from Aboriginal "reprisals". In 1887 an Aboriginal reserve for

1350-556: The first time in December 1858. In 1871, the City of Perth was reconstituted as a Municipal Corporation. In 1915, following the efforts of WE Bold and the greater Perth movement , the City absorbed the Municipality of North Perth (1901) and the Municipality of Leederville (1895), and on 1 November 1917, the Municipality of Victoria Park was also absorbed. A year later, it absorbed territory from Perth Road Board (including

1395-535: The granting of self-government to Western Australia, specifically excluded provision for Aboriginal Affairs, which remained vested in the British crown. The state's constitution also stated that 1% of government expenditures had to be for the benefit of Aboriginal people, a condition that has never been met. The Premier John Forrest unilaterally took control in Aboriginal Affairs, without an amendment to

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1440-518: The hands of the Council. Council was felt to be too easily influenced by powerful developers. On 1 July 1994, following the passage of the City of Perth Restructuring Act (1993) , the City of Perth was broken up and a significantly reduced City of Perth constituted. The Town of Shepperton , Town of Cambridge and Town of Vincent were created from the former boundaries of the City. The first elections were held on 6 May 1995, with eight councillors and

1485-474: The last fully initiated Whadjuk Noongar people in 1907, reporting on informants Fanny Balbel and Joobaitj, who had preserved in oral tradition the Aboriginal viewpoints of the coming of the Europeans. Fanny had been born on the Aboriginal sacred site that underlies St George's Cathedral , while Joobaitj's sacred lands were near the current youth hostel at Mundaring Weir . The Whadjuk people were divided by

1530-489: The mainland, which occurred between 12,000 and 8,000  BCE , technically a post-glacial Flandrian transgression . Like other Noongar peoples, the Whadjuk seem to have moved more inland in the wetter weather of winter, returning to the coast as interior seasonal lakes dried up. The Whadjuk, like many Noongar people, divided the year into six seasons. These seasons were roughly divided (rather than by specific date) and Whadjuk took account of environmental signals such as

1575-583: The occasional visit of whalers to the coast, before the arrival of settlers under the command of Governor James Stirling . After a near disaster at Garden Island , a long-boat under the command of Captain (later Lieutenant Governor) Irwin was dispatched and met with Yellagonga and his family at Crawley , on the coast of what is now the University of Western Australia or by Mount Eliza . As Aboriginal women had been earlier seized by European seal hunters, Yellagonga subsequently moved his encampment to what

1620-455: The present day. In the 1970s, the scope of local government services expanded to encompass the provision of nursing homes and other forms of aged care. During the late 1980s, and early 1990s a bi-partisan reform process led to the Local Government Act 1995 , which amongst other changes, established for the first time a clear separation of responsibility between elected councillors and local government administration. Other key changes included

1665-669: The remaining Whadjuk people was established near Lake Gnangara , one of a whole series of wetlands which may have, within the memory of Aboriginal people here, been a series of caves along an underground river whose roof fell in. This reserve was re-established in 1975. In addition to the "feeding station" at Mount Eliza, under the control of Francis Armstrong, first "Protector of Aborigines". Hutt also tried to establish an Aboriginal yeomanry by giving Aboriginal "settlers" grants of government land. The lands chosen for this venture were marginal and Aboriginal people were expected to make improvements without giving them access to needed bank finance, so

1710-482: The scheme quickly collapsed. Aboriginal campsites were temporarily established at many metropolitan locations including Ellenbrook , Jolimont , Welshpool and Allawah Grove. These sites however were frequently moved at the discretion of European authorities once an alternative use was found for the land (as happened at Karrakatta Cemetery , the Swanbourne Rifle Range and Perth Airport ). In 1893

1755-497: The spring call of the motorbike frog , in marking seasons. For example, the onset of Kambarang, or the flowering of the Western Australian Christmas tree showing the onset of Bunuru. Whadjuk used high quality red ochre in ceremonies, which they obtained from the site now occupied by Perth Railway Station and which they traded with people to the east. By repute it was traded as far as Uluru . Prior to

1800-783: The total number of authorities has declined only marginally over the last century. The most recent state government led effort to encourage the voluntary amalgamation of 30 metropolitan local governments into 16 was abandoned by the Barnett government in 2014. In 2017, the McGowan government initiated a review process to reform the Local Government Act 1995. The 30 metropolitan local government areas (LGAs) comprise 20 cities, 3 shires, and 7 towns. The 107 non-metropolitan local government areas (LGAs) comprise 7 cities, 99 shires, and 1 town . The Shire of Christmas Island and

1845-644: Was established. Criticism of the City’s governance by the David Davidson , the state's Town Planning Commissioner, led to a Royal Commission in 1938 on the grounds that the development of the western suburbs had led to the neglect of health and building administration in the central city area. By 1962, the council had 27 members representing nine wards. In 1963 the Metropolitan Region Town Planning Scheme Act required

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1890-451: Was reduced to begging for survival, and shortly thereafter he accidentally drowned. The situation for Midgegooroo was even more precarious. Violence flared when it was said 200 "savages" were going to attack the ferry from Fremantle, and citizens armed themselves and rushed to the site to find nothing but a bemused ferryman. A Tasmanian settler shot one of the local Aboriginal men and Yagan, Midgegooroo's son and Yellagonga's nephew, speared

1935-422: Was reinforced by several factors. To the Whadjuk, the settlers resembled dead people because they: Work by Neville Green in his book Broken Spears has shown how Aboriginal culture could not explain the high death rates associated with European infections, and believed that Aboriginal sorcery was involved, leading to rising numbers of reprisal spearing and killings within the Aboriginal community. Coupled with

1980-414: Was termed the “New Order” at the time, and encompassed the development of community centres, infant health clinics and sporting facilities. Only a few cities – Fremantle , Nedlands , Perth , South Perth , and Subiaco  – existed prior to 1961. On 1 July 1961, all road districts became shires, and all municipalities became towns or cities. This structure has continued till

2025-476: Was the "Battle for Perth" when there was an attempt to surround and capture Aboriginal people who had retreated into Lake Monger. The area was cordoned, but the hunted people escaped. Once Lake Monger was settled by the Monger family, Yellagonga moved to Lake Joondalup . In 1834 this Wanneroo area was explored by John Butler , and in 1838 by George Grey . With the lands seized for settlement in 1843, Yellagonga

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