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51-622: Pervomaysk , or Pervomaisk , is a popular toponym in countries of the former Soviet Union that is derived from the holiday May Day (Russian: Первое Мая , Pervoye Maya ), the International Workers' Day . Pervomaysk or Pervomaisk may refer to: International Workers%27 Day Traditionally, 1 May is the date of the European spring festival of May Day . The International Workers Congress held in Paris in 1889 established

102-586: A bomb into the crowd, prompting police to fire into the crowd, killing civilians and police alike. The same day in 1890, Raymond Lavigne called for international demonstrations to commemorate the day. In 1894 the Pullman Strike in Illinois, as well as this series of unemployed workers' riots on May Day in Cleveland, prompted U.S. President Grover Cleveland to propose a bill that would make a Labor Day

153-804: A national public holiday. After the Haymarket Square riot in May, 1886, US President Grover Cleveland feared that commemorating Labor Day on May 1 could become an opportunity to commemorate the riots. May Day celebrations have diminished in the United States, because of the creation of Labor Day . One of the major causes of the riots was the Panic of 1893 . The panic precipitated one of the most severe depressions in American history. The closure of two major railroads and other major companies triggered

204-689: A number of organizations regarded as conservative, such as the African Teachers' Association of South Africa , the National African Federated Chamber of Commerce , and the Steel and Engineering Industries Federation of South Africa, an organization that represented employers in the metal industries. More than 1,500,000 workers observed the call and stayed home, as did thousands of students, taxi drivers, vendors, shopkeepers, domestic workers, and self-employed people. In

255-592: A public holiday and celebrated as Labour Day. In South Africa , Workers' Day has been celebrated as a national public holiday on 1 May each year since 1995. Workers' Day started to get more attention by African workers in 1928, which saw thousands of workers in a mass march. In 1950, the South African Communist Party called for a strike on 1 May in response to the Suppression of Communism Act declaring it illegal. Police violence caused

306-597: A similar name. Some countries celebrate a Labour Day on other dates significant to them, such as the United States and Canada , which celebrate Labor Day on the first Monday of September. In 1955, the Catholic Church dedicated 1 May to " Saint Joseph the Worker". Saint Joseph is the patron saint of workers and craftsmen, among others. Labor Celebration days existed in some European countries since

357-416: A stock market collapse. The New York banks had heavily invested in the stock market, and bank failures soon began. This caused a contraction of credit, and many other, newer, businesses started to shut down as well. The depression produced widespread social unrest, mostly among the now-unemployed workers. Some people tried to create public works programs for the unemployed, but this was unsuccessful. The riot

408-608: A trial that was seen as a miscarriage of justice . The following day on 5 May, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin , the state militia fired on a crowd of strikers killing seven, including a schoolboy and a man feeding chickens in his yard. In 1889, the first meeting of the Second International was held in Paris , following a proposal by Raymond Lavigne  [ fr ] that called for international demonstrations on

459-604: A yearly event. The 1904 Sixth Conference of the Second International , called on "all Social Democratic Party organisations and trade unions of all countries to demonstrate energetically on the First of May for the legal establishment of the eight-hour day, for the class demands of the proletariat , and for universal peace ". The 1st of May, or first Monday in May, is a national public holiday in many countries, in most cases known as "International Workers' Day" or

510-508: Is a public holiday celebrated as Labour Day. It was celebrated for the first time in Mauritius on 1 May 1938, and for the first time as an official public holiday on 1 May 1950. This was thanks largely to the efforts of Guy Rozemont, Dr. Maurice Curé, Pandit Sahadeo and Emmanuel Anquetil, as a day of special significance for Mauritian workers who for many years had struggled for their social, political and economic rights. In Morocco , 1 May

561-616: Is a public holiday celebrated on 1 May. 1 May is known as Labour Day and is a holiday. By custom, it is usually the day on which wage increases (e.g., the national minimum wage) and other labour improvements are announced by the Government. In recent years it was also the day chosen by the Bolivian government to announce the (re)nationalization of strategic sectors of the economy (e.g. hydrocarbons in 2006, telecommunications in 2008, electricity in 2010, etc.). In Brazil , "Workers' Day"

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612-443: Is a public holiday on the first Monday in May. 1 May is a national holiday known as Labour Day and celebrated by workers' parades and demonstration. In Ecuador, 1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day. People do not go to work and spend time with their relatives or gather for demonstrations. 1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day. 1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day. 1 May

663-466: Is a public holiday on the first Monday in May. In Argentina , Workers' Day is an official holiday on 1 May, and is frequently associated with labour unions. Celebrations related to labour are held including demonstrations in major cities. The first Workers' Day celebration was in 1890, when Argentinian unions organized several celebrations in Buenos Aires and other cities, at the same time that

714-603: Is an important day of trade union and community group protest in the province of Quebec (though not a provincial statutory holiday ). Celebration of the International Labour Day (or "International Workers' Day"; French : Journée internationale des travailleurs ) in Montreal goes back to 1906, organized by the Mutual Aid circle. The tradition had a renaissance at the time of a mass strike in 1972. On

765-488: Is an official holiday celebrated on 1 May, and unions commemorate it with day-long public events. In Canada, Labour Day is celebrated in September. In 1894, the government of Prime Minister John Sparrow David Thompson declared the first Monday in September as Canada's official Labour Day. Labor Day in the United States is on the same day. International Workers' Day is however marked by unions and leftists on 1 May. It

816-484: Is an official public holiday known as Agriculture and Labour Day. 1 May is an official holiday, known as "Labour Day" within Honduras. May Day riots of 1894 The May Day riots of 1894 were a series of violent demonstrations that occurred throughout Cleveland , Ohio on May 1, 1894 ( May Day ). Cleveland's unemployment rate increased dramatically during the Panic of 1893 . Finally, riots broke out among

867-458: Is known as Labour Day and is considered a paid holiday . The President of Egypt traditionally presides over the celebrations. In Ethiopia , 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as Worker's Day. 1 May is a holiday in Ghana . It is a day to celebrate all workers across the country. It is celebrated with a parade by trade unions and labour associations. The parades are normally addressed by

918-739: Is now known to have associations with left-wing politics and communism . The Red Scare followed soon after the riots. The riots of 1894, along with the Haymarket Affair, brought about a series of discussions about the workforce in America and the depression. In 1904, the International Socialist Conference meeting in Amsterdam called on "all Social Democratic Party organizations and trade unions of all countries to demonstrate energetically on May First for

969-582: Is recognized as a public holiday. Mozambique celebrates International Workers' Day on 1 May. 1 May is recognized as public holiday in Namibia and celebrated as Workers' Day. Since 1981, 1 May is a public holiday in Nigeria . On the day, people gather while, traditionally, the president of the Nigeria Labour Congress and other politicians address workers. In Somalia , 1 May is

1020-675: The President of Costa Rica gives a speech to the citizens and the legislature of Costa Rica about the duties that were undertaken through the previous year. The president of the legislature is also chosen by its members. This day is known as Labour Day in Cuba. People march in the streets, showing their support to the Cuban Communist government and the Cuban Revolution during the whole morning. In Dominica , Labour Day

1071-567: The Second International for labor, socialist, and Marxist parties. It adopted a resolution for a "great international demonstration" in support of working-class demands for the eight-hour day . The 1 May date was chosen by the American Federation of Labor to commemorate a general strike in the United States, which had begun on 1 May 1886 and culminated in the Haymarket affair four days later. The demonstration subsequently became

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1122-800: The Soviet Union and attended by the top leaders of the Kremlin , especially the Politburo , atop Lenin's Mausoleum . It became an enduring symbol of that period. In Poland , since 1982, party leaders led the official parades. In Hungary, May Day was officially celebrated under the communist rule, and remains a public holiday. Traditionally, the day was marked by dancing around designated "May trees". Some factories in socialist countries were named in honour of International Workers' Day, such as 1 Maja Coal Mine in Wodzisław Śląski , Poland. In East Germany ,

1173-529: The 1880s. In 1882, Matthew Maguire , a machinist , first proposed a Labor Day holiday on the first Monday of September while serving as secretary of the Central Labor Union (CLU) of New York. Others argue that it was first proposed by Peter J. McGuire of the American Federation of Labor in May 1882, after witnessing the annual labour festival held in Toronto , Canada . In 1887, Oregon

1224-827: The 1890 anniversary of the Chicago protests. On 1 May 1890, the call encouraged May Day demonstrations took place in the United States and most countries in Europe. Demonstrations were also held in Chile and Peru. May Day was formally recognized as an annual event at the International's second congress in 1891. Subsequently, the May Day riots of 1894 occurred. The International Socialist Congress, Amsterdam 1904 called on "all Social Democratic Party organisations and trade unions of all countries to demonstrate energetically on

1275-408: The 1973 Labour Day, the first contemporary demonstration was organized by the major trade union confederations; over 30,000 trade unionists took part in this demonstration. Further, it is the customary date on which the minimum wage rises. President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo decreed 1 May a national holiday in 1931, in honour of the dignity of workers. All stores and public services must close for

1326-406: The First of May for the legal establishment of the 8-hour day, for the class demands of the proletariat, and for universal peace." The congress made it "mandatory upon the proletarian organisations of all countries to stop work on 1 May, wherever it is possible without injury to the workers." In the United States and Canada, a September holiday, called Labor or Labour Day , was first proposed in

1377-692: The Haymarket affair, the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) called for the government to establish an official holiday on 1 May. It also called for workers to stay home from work that day. COSATU was joined by a number of prominent anti- apartheid organizations, including the National Education Crisis Committee and the United Democratic Front (South Africa) . The call was also supported by

1428-647: The President) address the workers. Each year, the government approves (and increases) the minimum wage on Labour Day. In Libya , International Workers' Day was declared a national public holiday by the National Transitional Council in 2012 the first year of the post-Qaddafi era. On 1 May 1978, then Libyan leader Colonel Mu'ammar Al-Qaddafi addressed the nation in the capital city of Tripoli calling for administrative and also economic reforms across Libya . In Mauritius , 1 May

1479-403: The Second International. May Day is one of the most important holidays in communist countries such as China , Vietnam , Cuba , Laos , North Korea , and the former Soviet Union countries. May Day celebrations in these countries typically feature elaborate workforce parades, including displays of military hardware and soldiers. In 1955, the Catholic Church dedicated 1 May to " Saint Joseph

1530-618: The Secretary General of the trade union congress and by regional secretaries in the regions. Workers from different workplaces through banners and T-shirts identify their companies. In Kenya , 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as Labour Day. It is a big day addressed by the leaders of the workers' umbrella union body – the Central Organisation of Trade Unions (COTU). The Cabinet Secretary in charge of Ministry of Labour and Social Protection (and occasionally

1581-491: The Worker". Saint Joseph is the patron saint of workers and craftsmen, among others. Today, the majority of countries around the world celebrate a workers' day on 1 May. Eastern Bloc countries such as the Soviet Union and most countries of central and eastern Europe that were under the rule of Marxist–Leninist governments held official May Day celebrations in every town and city, during which party leaders greeted

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1632-407: The building, and workers fled in terror. Everything breakable in the shop was destroyed. They left the destroyed shop and went down the railroad tracks to the main office of the company. The police came, which deterred the mob for a short period of time. They took over the coal carts and used them as barriers as they surrounded the police; they threw stones at them. Some of the rioters were scared by

1683-446: The city was little better off. A throng of 200 Italians marched through the streets armed with clubs, iron and wire rods, and gate posts. At Gates's quarry there were speeches and threats; workers dropped their tools and joined them. The same speeches and threats were made at Neff's quarry, and more men joined. At Reader's quarry, there was little opposition. They broke into boarding houses and compelled more to join them. The Mayor urged

1734-532: The crowds. Workers carried banners with political slogans and many companies decorated their company cars. The biggest celebration of 1 May usually occurred in the capital of a particular socialist country and usually included a military display and the presence of the president and the secretary general of the party. During the Cold War , May Day became the occasion for large military parades in Red Square by

1785-423: The death of 18 people across Soweto. It has its origins within the historical struggles of workers and their trade unions internationally for solidarity between working people in their struggles to win fair employment standards and more importantly, to establish a culture of human and worker rights and to ensure that these are enshrined in international law and the national law. In 1986, the hundredth anniversary of

1836-584: The end of 18th century - sometimes on January 20 (France, 1793), sometimes on June 5 (France, 1867). On 21 April 1856, Australian stonemasons in Victoria undertook a mass stoppage as part of the eight-hour workday movement. It became a yearly commemoration, inspiring American workers to have their first stoppage. 1 May was chosen to be International Workers' Day to commemorate the 1886 Haymarket affair in Chicago . In that year beginning on 1 May, there

1887-406: The entire day, and the major trade unions of Chile, represented in the national organization Workers' United Center of Chile (Central Unitaria de Trabajadores), organize rallies during the morning hours, with festivities and cookouts in the later part of the day, in all the major cities of Chile. During these rallies, representatives of the major left-wing political parties speak to the assemblies on

1938-399: The following years, 1 May became a popular, if not official, holiday. As a result of the killings on 1 May 1950 and the success of COSATU's call in 1986, 1 May became associated with resistance to the apartheid government. After its first universal election in 1994 , 1 May was adopted as a public holiday, celebrated for the first time in 1995. On its website, the city of Durban states that

1989-589: The holiday "celebrate[s] the role played by trade unions and other labour movements in the fight against South Africa's apartheid regime". In Tanzania , it is a public holiday on 1 May and celebrated as Worker's Day. 1 May is recognized as Labour Day in Tunisia , and is a paid public holiday In Uganda , Labour Day is a public holiday on 1 May. 1 May is recognized as a public holiday in Zimbabwe and called Workers' Day. In Antigua and Barbuda , Labour Day

2040-603: The holiday was officially known as Internationaler Kampf- und Feiertag der Werktätigen für Frieden und Sozialismus ("International Day of the Struggle and Celebration of the Workers for Peace and Socialism"); similar names were used in other Eastern Bloc countries. In Algeria , 1 May is a public holiday celebrated as Labour Day. 1 May is recognized as public holiday in Angola and called Workers' Day. In Egypt , 1 May

2091-479: The international labour movement celebrated it for the first time. In 1930, it was established as an official holiday by the Radical Civic Union president Hipólito Yrigoyen . The day became particularly significant during the worker-oriented government of Juan Domingo Perón (1946–55). He permitted and endorsed national recognition of the holiday during his tenure in office. In Barbados , May Day

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2142-425: The issues of the day concerning workers' rights. 1 May has long been recognized as Labour Day and almost all workers respect it as a national holiday. As in many other countries, it is common to see rallies by the trade unions in all over the main regional capitals of the country. First celebrated in 1913, labor day is a public holiday, and at the same time an important day for government activities. On this day,

2193-474: The leader of the mob, who encouraged them to keep peace; he was ignored. They entered the foundry department, where workmen were forced to halt. One man attempted to restart his work, but was held by mob members while others fled from the building. Shops were closed and barred, while employees fled. Mobmen all ran at the Standard Paint Works with the cry "Victory!" The workers of the shop joined

2244-616: The legal establishment of the 8-hour day, for the class demands of the proletariat, and for universal peace." The congress made it "mandatory upon the proletarian organizations of all countries to stop work on May 1, wherever it is possible without injury to the workers." The city was suffering from an economic crisis. Eventually scores of people lost their jobs and this led to the massive demonstrations and rallies. These became violent and led to confrontations with authorities. The mob consisted of around 4 000 men, who were said to be "a rabble made up chiefly of foreigners". The mob marched through

2295-520: The manufacturing district of the city, called "The Flats" armed with clubs and stones. Much property was destroyed, but they were ultimately taken down by the police. Men with flags shouted to the crowd to encourage them to join the riots, but only about a dozen boys joined them. The square was abandoned as the mob marched on. The crowd was "hooting and jeering those who didn't join them." They then attacked firemen, believing they were police. The firemen held their ground as clubs flew. They soon met up with

2346-653: The people not to riot, and called for police forces to be assembled. The stated that the city would use every power to maintain law and order. Armories were prepared for discharge at the mayor's order. Another mob forced the workers of the United Salt Company out. They proceeded to the Cleveland Rolling Mills where they met by the police. After several minutes of serious clubbing, the mob dispersed in every direction. Seven men, all with broken heads, were arrested. Policemen were stationed in

2397-562: The presence of the police, and fled. The crowd of 5 000 "dwindled to half that number." The leaders of the riot planned an attack on the Faulhaber Furniture Company; but the police stopped them before there could be a repeat of the event at the Upson factory. The police grew to such numbers that they "presented a formidable appearance." They dispersed the rioters and arrested their leader, Tom Moore. The eastern part of

2448-497: The ranks of the men in their attack of the Upson Nut Works. People threw coal at the shop, breaking windows and knocking down workers before they had the chance to retreat. Many men on the inside of the factory were injured in the raid. The coal-throwing stopped as the mob rushed the gates. This slight resistance made the mob take "vengeance by tearing the doors and gates to pieces." The men then took complete possession over

2499-475: The unemployed who condemned city leaders for their ineffective relief measures. According to the New York Times, "[t]he desire to stop work seemed to take possession of every laborer..." on May Day of 1894. May Day, or International Workers' Day was a day for remembering the workers who died during the Haymarket affair of 1886. During a General Strike in Chicago , Illinois, an unknown person threw

2550-489: Was a general strike for the eight-hour workday. On 4 May, the police acted to disperse a public assembly in support of the strike when an unidentified person threw a bomb. The police responded by firing on the workers. The event led to the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians; sixty police officers were injured, as were one hundred and fifteen civilians. Hundreds of labour leaders and sympathizers were later rounded-up and four were executed by hanging, after

2601-488: Was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday . By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty US states officially celebrated Labor Day. Thus by 1887 in North America, Labour Day was an established, official holiday but in September, not on 1 May. May Day has also been a focal point for demonstrations by various socialist, communist and anarchist groups since

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