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29-979: Pestalozzi is the surname of an Italian family originally based in Gravedona and Chiavenna who settled in Switzerland during the Counter-Reformation. Members of this family include: Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746–1827), Swiss pedagogue and educational reformer Max Pestalozzi (1857–1925), Swiss chess master Hans A. Pestalozzi (1929–2004), Swiss social critic See also [ edit ] Colegio Pestalozzi (disambiguation) Pestalozzi-Gymnasium Biberach , Germany Pestalozzi-Stiftung Hamburg , Germany Kinderdorf Pestalozzi , Switzerland Pestalozzianum , Switzerland Pestalozzi International Village , United Kingdom [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
58-403: A galvanic cell , consisting of a pair of metal electrodes separated by electrolyte, is the difference between their two electrode potentials (thus, two identical electrodes and a common electrolyte give zero net emf). This may be called Volta's Law of the electrochemical series. In 1800, as the result of a professional disagreement over the galvanic response advocated by Galvani, Volta invented
87-460: A clergyman as his family expected, he was sometimes accused of being irreligious and some people have speculated about his possible unbelief, stressing that "he did not join the Church", or that he virtually "ignored the church's call". Nevertheless, he cast out doubts in a declaration of faith in which he said: I do not understand how anyone can doubt the sincerity and constancy of my attachment to
116-422: A closed vessel. Volta also studied what we now call electrical capacitance , developing separate means to study both electrical potential difference ( V ) and charge ( Q ), and discovering that for a given object, they are proportional. This is called Volta's Law of Capacitance, and for this work, the unit of electrical potential has been named the volt. In 1779, he became a professor of experimental physics at
145-411: A detector of electricity. He also understood that the frog's legs were irrelevant to the electric current , which was caused by the two differing metals. He replaced the frog's leg with brine-soaked paper and detected the flow of electricity by other means familiar to him from his previous studies. In this way, he discovered the electrochemical series , and the law that the electromotive force (emf) of
174-425: A form of saltwater brine . The electrolyte exists in the form 2 H and SO 2− 4 . Zinc metal, which is higher in the electrochemical series than both copper and hydrogen, is oxidized to zinc cations (Zn ) and creates electrons that move to the copper electrode. The positively charged hydrogen ions ( protons ) capture electrons from the copper electrode, forming bubbles of hydrogen gas, H 2 . This makes
203-505: A population of 4,222 inhabitants. Gravedona is situated at the mouth of a gorge. The handsome Palazzo del Pero with four towers, at the upper end, was built in 1586 by Pellegrino Tibaldi for the Milanese Cardinal Tolomeo Gallio . Adjoining the venerable church of San Vincenzo rises the 12th century Romanesque Baptistery of Santa Maria del Tiglio , with campanile, containing two Christian inscriptions of
232-620: A professor of physics at the Royal School in Como. A year later, he improved and popularised the electrophorus , a device that produced static electricity . His promotion of it was so extensive that he is often credited with its invention, even though a machine operating on the same principle was described in 1762 by the Swedish experimenter Johan Wilcke . In 1777, he travelled through Switzerland, where he befriended H. B. de Saussure . In
261-710: A pure gift of God, a supernatural grace; but I have not neglected those human means which confirm belief, and overthrow the doubts which at times arise. I studied attentively the grounds and basis of religion, the works of apologists and assailants, the reasons for and against, and I can say that the result of such study is to clothe religion with such a degree of probability, even for the merely natural reason, that every spirit unperverted by sin and passion, every naturally noble spirit must love and accept it. May this confession which has been asked from me and which I willingly give, written and subscribed by my own hand, with authority to show it to whomsoever you will, for I am not ashamed of
290-401: A sketch of his voltaic pile. In late 2017, Nvidia announced a new workstation-focused GPU microarchitecture called Volta . The electric eel species Electrophorus voltai , described in 2019 and the strongest bioelectricity producer in nature, was named after Volta. Volta was raised as a Catholic and for all of his life continued to maintain his belief. Because he was not ordained
319-624: Is celebrated by the Tempio Voltiano memorial located in the public gardens by the lake. There is also a museum that was built in his honour, which exhibits some of the equipment that Volta used to conduct experiments. Nearby stands the Villa Olmo , which houses the Voltian Foundation, an organization promoting scientific activities. Volta carried out his experimental studies and produced his first inventions near Como. In
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#1732801963155348-587: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Gravedona Gravedona ed Uniti is a comune (municipality) in the province of Como in the Italian region of Lombardy , located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Milan and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Como . The municipality of Gravedona ed Uniti contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) of Negrana, San Carlo, Segna, Trevisa, Traversa and, following an act of fusion passed by Lombardy Region ,
377-672: The Old Campus of the University of Pavia , there is the classroom (Aula Volta) commissioned by Emperor Joseph II to Leopoldo Pollack in 1787 for the lectures of Alessandro Volta, while in the University History Museum there are many scientific instruments that belonged to Volta and his chair and his blackboard. His image was depicted on the Italian Lire ;10,000 note (1990–1997) along with
406-475: The University History Museum of the University of Pavia there are 150 of them, used by Alessandro Volta. Luigi Galvani , an Italian physicist, discovered something he named "animal electricity" when two different metals were connected in series with a frog's leg and to one another. Volta realised that the frog's leg served as both a conductor of electricity (what we would now call an electrolyte ) and as
435-487: The University of Pavia , a chair that he occupied for almost 40 years. Volta's lectures were so crowded with students that the subsequent emperor Joseph II ordered the construction (based on a project by Leopold Pollack ) of a new "physical theatre", today the "Aula Volta". Furthermore, the emperor granted Volta substantial funding to equip the physics cabinet with instruments, purchased by Volta in England and France. At
464-500: The surname Pestalozzi . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pestalozzi&oldid=1103260566 " Categories : Surnames Surnames of Italian origin Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
493-400: The voltaic pile , an early electric battery , which produced a steady electric current. Volta had determined that the most effective pair of dissimilar metals to produce electricity was zinc and copper . Initially, he experimented with individual cells in series, each cell being a wine goblet filled with brine into which the two dissimilar electrodes were dipped. The voltaic pile replaced
522-863: The 5th century. The old vacation home of Alessandro Volta is located near Palazzo Del Pero at Villa Stampa, where Volta also spent his honeymoon. Villa Stampa was granted to Volta by the Stampa family of Gravedona, a noble family at the time. On the wall of the villa is an engraved plaque with a dedication to the Stampa family and Alessandro Volta. Gravedona ed Uniti borders the following municipalities: Colico , Domaso , Dongo , Dosso del Liro , Garzeno , San Nazzaro Val Cavargna , Peglio , Stazzona and, in Switzerland, Roveredo , Sant'Antonio and San Vittore . Alessandro Volta Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta ForMemRS ( / ˈ v oʊ l t ə , ˈ v ɒ l t ə / , Italian: [alesˈsandro ˈvɔlta] ; 18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827)
551-478: The annexed former municipalities of Consiglio di Rumo and Germasino , included on 16 May 2011. Before 2011, comune was known simply as Gravedona. The town of Gravedona has a small harbour and overlooks Lake Como and the eastern shoreline. On 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,669 and an area of 6.2 square kilometres (2.4 sq mi). After the enlargement of 2011, the municipality rose to an area of 40.8 square kilometres (15.8 sq mi) and
580-692: The electrolyte solution. In 1809, Volta became an associated member of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands . In honour of his work, Volta was made a count by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1810. Volta retired in 1819 to his estate in Camnago, a frazione of Como, Italy , now named "Camnago Volta" in his honour. He died there on 5 March 1827, just after his 82nd birthday. Volta's remains were buried in Camnago Volta. Volta's legacy
609-419: The goblets with cardboard soaked in brine. In announcing his discovery of the voltaic pile, Volta paid tribute to the influences of William Nicholson , Tiberius Cavallo , and Abraham Bennet . The battery made by Volta is credited as one of the first electrochemical cells. It consists of two electrodes: one made of zinc , the other of copper . The electrolyte is either sulfuric acid mixed with water or
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#1732801963155638-472: The members of the institute. Throughout his life, Volta enjoyed a certain amount of closeness with the emperor who conferred upon him numerous honours. Volta held the chair of experimental physics at the University of Pavia for nearly 40 years and was widely idolised by his students. Despite his professional success, Volta was inclined towards domestic life and this was more apparent in his later years when he tended to live secluded from public life and more for
667-468: The prevalent theory that electricity was generated solely by living beings. Volta's invention sparked a great amount of scientific excitement and led others to conduct similar experiments, which eventually led to the development of the field of electrochemistry . Volta drew admiration from Napoleon Bonaparte for his invention, and was invited to the Institute of France to demonstrate his invention to
696-512: The religion which I profess, the Roman, Catholic and Apostolic religion in which I was born and brought up, and of which I have always made confession, externally and internally. I have, indeed, and only too often, failed in the performance of those good works which are the mark of a Catholic Christian, and I have been guilty of many sins: but through the special mercy of God I have never, as far as I know, wavered in my faith... In this faith I recognise
725-621: The sake of his family. He died in 1827 from a series of illnesses which began in 1823. The SI unit of electric potential is named the volt in his honour. Volta was born in Como , a town in northern Italy , on 18 February 1745. His father, Filippo Volta, was of noble lineage. His mother, Donna Maddalena, came from the family of the Inzaghis. In 1794, Volta married an aristocratic lady also from Como, Teresa Peregrini, with whom he raised three sons: Zanino, Flaminio, and Luigi. In 1774, he became
754-521: The years between 1776 and 1778, Volta studied the chemistry of gases. He researched and discovered methane after reading a paper by Benjamin Franklin of the United States on "flammable air". In November 1776, he found methane in the marshes of Angera on Lake Maggiore , and by 1778 he managed to isolate it. He devised experiments such as the ignition of methane by an electric spark in
783-401: The zinc anode to compensate for the charge of the zinc cations formed there. However, this cell also has some disadvantages. It is unsafe to handle, since sulfuric acid, even if diluted, can be hazardous. Also, the power of the cell diminishes over time because the hydrogen gas is not released. Instead, it accumulates on the surface of the copper electrode and forms a barrier between the metal and
812-475: The zinc rod the negative electrode and the copper rod the positive electrode. Thus, there are two terminals, and an electric current will flow if they are connected. The chemical reactions in this voltaic cell are as follows: Copper metal does not react, but rather it functions as a catalyst for the hydrogen-gas formation and an electrode for the electric current. The sulfate anion ( SO 2− 4 ) does not undergo any chemical reaction either, but migrates to
841-514: Was an Italian physicist and chemist who was a pioneer of electricity and power , and is credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane . He invented the voltaic pile in 1799, and reported the results of his experiments in a two-part letter to the president of the Royal Society , which was published in 1800. With this invention, Volta proved that electricity could be generated chemically and debunked
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