89-665: The Pfungstadt Railway ( Pfungstadtbahn ) is a single-track branch line that branches off the Main-Neckar Railway in Darmstadt-Eberstadt and runs to a station on the eastern edge of the inner town of Pfungstadt , in Hesse , Germany. The Pfungstadt industrialists Wilhelm Büchner (who made ultramarine fabric) and Justus Hildebrand (who owned the Pfungstadt brewery) had advocated for the construction of
178-474: A close with military force, but accepted the farmers' demands. This marked the end of the "hot phase" of the revolution in the grand duchy, which thus lasted only two weeks. After March 1848, there was a reshuffle of the ministries, since Heinrich von Gagern was elected president of the Frankfurt Parliament and therefore had to resign from his role as a minister in the grand duchy. Nevertheless,
267-558: A coup d'état against the Landstände in autumn 1850. On 7 October 1850, he issued an edict setting aside the existing voting system, removing the sitting Landstände from power, and ordering a return to an electoral law like the one that existed before the March Revolution for "extraordinary" elections to the Landstände. These led to the election of the 14th (extraordinary) Landstände, in which pro-government representatives had
356-544: A crisis in the grand duchy. Then on 24 February 1848, a revolution in Paris forced King Louis-Philippe to abdicate. The political tension grew so great that the government no longer waited for citizens' committees and other societies to take banned political actions before persecuting them. Within a few days, the situation had become so dire that, on 5 March 1848, Grand Duke Louis II named his son Louis III as his co-regent (in fact, Louis III became sole ruler, since Louis II
445-608: A joint state railway company, known as a condominium railway ( Kondominalbahn ), by the Free City of Frankfurt , The Grand Duchy of Hesse -Darmstadt and the Grand Duchy of Baden . The plans for the railway dated back to 1835. However, years went by until the three states involved agreed on routes and how it would be organised. Not until 1838 was a treaty for the construction of a Railway from Frankfurt to Mannheim via Darmstadt agreed. The Hessian Railway Company could not raise
534-473: A level crossing in Pfungstadt. The same level crossing, which is located just before the end of the line, was restored and not—as appeared likely in the meantime—replaced by an underpass or made unnecessary by shortening the line. The costs for reactivating the line were borne by the Federal Government and the state of Hesse. The total cost was valued at €7 million, of which €4.2 million was spent on
623-549: A majority, and marked the beginning of comprehensive efforts to dismantle the achievements of the revolution. Even after the introduction of limited suffrage in October 1850, the Landstände still had many democratic and liberal members and the crisis regarding the Zollverein in 1852 showed how effective this opposition could still be. However, increased pressure on individual representatives (many of whom gave up and emigrated to
712-468: A minority in favour of this policy. On 14 May 1852, the government went so far as to dissolve the city council of Friedberg with armed police. All of this did not help Dalwigk at all. In the end, Austria and Prussia came to an agreement between themselves on customs and Austria gave up on the idea of a customs union with the German middle states. The whole affair created an enduring enemy to Dalwigk, however:
801-537: A population of 140,000 people and included the important federal Fortress of Mainz , as compensation for the Duchy of Westphalia , which Hesse had received in 1803 and which was now transferred to Prussia. During the turbulence of Hundred Days , when Napoleon returned from exile, Austria, Prussia, and the Grand Duchy of Hesse concluded a treaty on 30 June 1816, which regulated the region and went into more detail that
890-493: A result, on 8 March, a massive demonstration gathered before the residences of the Standesherren and stormed some of them. After this, the Standesherren agreed to the abolition of serfdom without compensation. In doing this, however, the farmers exceeded the limits of what the bourgeoise were willing to accept, since they were not willing to countenance interventions in private property . Von Gagern brought this protest to
979-488: A series of reforms delivered most of the "March demands". The new organisation of the administration saw the three provinces and all of the districts abolished and replaced by a single level of local administration midway between them, the Regierungsbezirk ("government district"). Each of these had a Bezirksrat (district council) to represent the people. A reform of the justice system was also carried out in
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#17327718935411068-421: A system of civic and parish citizenship. Bürgermeister (mayors) were established for individual settlements and parish associations with at least 400 inhabitants. In 1831 there were 1092 parishes in the grand duchy, administered by 732 mayors. The mayoralties were administered by an elected local board, consisting of the mayor, deputies, and parish councillors. Male residents elected three men and one of them
1157-680: Is a main line railway west of the Odenwald in the Upper Rhine Plain of Germany that connects Frankfurt am Main to Heidelberg via Darmstadt , Bensheim and Weinheim . It was opened in 1846 and is one of the oldest railways in Germany . The railway line is part of the networks served by the Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund and Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar . The Main-Neckar Railway was built and operated as
1246-1136: Is an important route for north-south traffic, especially freight traffic between the North Sea ports and southern Germany and Switzerland. The bridge is used by 600 trains each day, including trains operating over the Frankfurt–Bebra and Frankfurt-Hanau lines . Regional-Express trains stop only in Frankfurt, Langen, Darmstadt, Bickenbach, Bensheim, Heppenheim, Hemsbach, Weinheim and Ladenburg. Regionalbahn trains stop between Frankfurt and Darmstadt only in Langen, then stop at all stations. Lützelsachsen and Großsachsen-Heddesheim stations are served every two hours only. Stations between Frankfurt and Darmstadt via Frankfurt South are served by S-Bahn lines S3 and S4 . Between 5 AM and midnight trains run every hour and during peak hours every 30 minutes. Grand Duchy of Hesse The Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine ( German : Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein )
1335-610: The 1848 revolutions , the government was forced to grant wide-ranging reforms, including the full abolition of serfdom and universal manhood suffrage, but the reactionary government of Reinhard von Dalwigick rolled most of these back over the following decade. In 1866, Hesse entered the Austro-Prussian War on the Austrian side, but received a relatively mild settlement from the Prussian victors. The grand duchy joined
1424-776: The Battle of Austerlitz , this policy became untenable. At the last minute, Louis X switched sides and supplied troops to Napoleon . Along with fifteen other states, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt left the Holy Roman Empire and joined the Confederation of the Rhine . The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt was promoted to a grand duchy and Louis X thereafter styled himself Grand Duke Louis I ( German : Großherzog Ludewig I. , with an extra 'e') and announced not only
1513-636: The Bergstraße and viticulture in Rhine-Hesse. There were two large navigable rivers, the Rhine and the Main , which were the most important transportation routes until the development of the railway . Burgeoning industry developed in this region. The three major centres of the grand duchy were located here: the capital at Darmstadt , the largest industrial centre at Offenbach am Main , and Mainz which
1602-545: The Constitution of the German Confederation required each member state to establish their own "parliamentary constitution" ( Landständische Verfassung ). Louis I balked at this and was quoted as saying that a parliament "in a sovereign state [is] not necessary, not useful, and in some respects dangerous." In fact, the process of constitutional reform was mainly undertaken by the civil service rather than
1691-635: The Free City of Frankfurt , and the Electorate of Hesse . About 25% of the land area was forested. The two sections had very different characters: Upper Hesse was the largest of the three provinces by area. Most of this territory was forested uplands of the Vogelsberg and the Hessian Hinterland . Only a small portion was part of the fertile Wetterau , where there were also brown coal deposits. There were many streams and waterways in
1780-597: The German Empire in 1871. As a small state within the empire, the grand duchy had limits placed on its autonomy, but significant religious, social, and cultural reforms were carried out. During the November Revolution after World War I in 1918, the grand duchy was overthrown and replaced by the People's State of Hesse . The portion of the grand duchy on the right bank of the Rhine stretched most of
1869-419: The Grand Duchy of Baden . The territory consisted of two separate areas: the province [ de ] of Upper Hesse in the north and the provinces of Starkenburg and Rhenish Hesse in the south, as well as a number of much smaller exclaves. The northern and southern sections were separated by a narrow stretch of territory, which belonged to Prussia after 1866 and before that to Duchy of Nassau ,
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#17327718935411958-633: The Kingdom of Westphalia , was re-established by the Congress of Vienna as the Electorate of Hesse . After Louis I's counterpart in Hesse-Kessel, William I, Elector of Hesse , began styling himself "Elector of Hesse and Grand Duke of Fulda", Louis sought the additional title "Elector of Mainz and Duke of Worms " in order to match William I. However, Austria and Prussia refused to grant this. Instead, William gestured to this claimed title by changing
2047-630: The Landratsbezirke [ de ] and Landgerichten established in the Souveränitätslanden , which meant that the Standesherren chose the local councillors and judges. This remaining power was only removed during the German revolutions of 1848–1849 . From the 50+ Ämter that had previously existed 24 Landratsbezirke and 27 Landgerichten were created. The new Landgerichte had their own judicial districts , which covered almost
2136-670: The United States ) and, especially, the new electoral law of 1856 weakened even this opposition. In external politics, Dalwigk and Louis III supported Austria, the German Confederation , and a pan-German solution to the German Question . The first crisis with Prussia arose in 1852 in connection with the Zollverein , the north German customs union dominated by Prussia. In 1851, the Prussians terminated
2225-559: The great powers , Prussia and Austria. On the other hand, the government continually persecuted the opposition (although without much long-term success in the courts), since they feared a revolution. A political crisis was already broiling in Hesse at the time of the July Revolution in 1830: when Louis II succeeded as grand duke after the death of his father in 1830, he had a total debt of two million guilder , which he expected
2314-410: The mediatised houses , retained a significant portion of their former powers. Before this territorial expansion, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt had around 210,000 inhabitants in its territories on the right bank of the Rhine. After 1806, the population was around 546,000. At the same time, the Grand Duchy reached its greatest territorial extent, around 9,300 km . Almost simultaneously, there
2403-476: The National Association, which so overwhelmed the prosecutors, that the whole persecution was discontinued in 1861. In summer 1861, the National Association had 937 members in Hesse – the highest number outside Prussia. In 1862, the liberal Hessian Progress Party stood in the Landstände elections and won a landslide victory with 32 of the 50 seats in the lower chamber. Dalwigk's attempt to organise
2492-615: The Odenwald Railway that arrives at Darmstadt Hauptbahhnof, continues to Pfungstadt. However, these have to stay in Darmstadt for about 20 minutes before continuing. There are intermediate services that only shuttle between Darmstadt and Pfungstadt. The two lines are shown separately in the timetable: while the Odenwald Railway service is operated as RMV line 65 (RB 65), the Pfungstadt Railway service has been given
2581-483: The Prussian representative in the Federal Convention , Otto von Bismarck . He advised the Prussian government to refuse to grant a new customs treaty to the grand duchy, unless Dalwigk resigned. However, this advice was not followed. The German National Association was founded in 1859. Its goal was to create a liberal Lesser Germany under Prussian leadership – the opposite goal from Dalwigk. He advised
2670-574: The abolition of the Teutonic Order , amalgamating Kloppenheim and Schiffenberg Abbey [ de ] into the grand duchy. Between 1808 and 1810, there were plans to introduce the Napoleonic Code as only valid law for the whole grand duchy. However, these discussions were terminated by the conservative government of Friedrich August von Lichtenberg [ de ] , which was opposed to social changes. On 11 May 1810,
2759-611: The administrative system were separated at the lowest level in Starkenburg and Upper Hesse provinces. In Rheinhessen, this had already been done around twenty years earlier, while the area was under French control. The tasks that had previously been assigned to the Ämter were transferred to Landratsbezirke [ de ] ("local council districts", responsible for administration) and Landgerichten [ de ] ("local courts", responsible for judicial functions). This process took place over several years, since at first
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2848-402: The area, but none of them were big enough to serve as transport routes. Agriculture brought only low yields, while there was no industry at all. This led to increasing poverty over the course of the 19th century and massive emigration to the established industrial centres in Germany and overseas. While Upper Hesse was also the largest province by population at the start of the 19th century, by
2937-485: The areas to the right of the Rhine, including the introduction of jury courts . A new electoral law was not passed until 1849. Under this law, all members of both chambers of the Landstände were now to be elected – the lower house by universal equal suffrage and the upper house by census suffrage . So much "democracy" was novel even for liberal politicians and the interior ministry urged people to act responsibly with their right to vote. Two elections were held under
3026-602: The changing needs of passengers. Today, the Main-Neckar line shares the load of north-south traffic with the Mannheim–Frankfurt railway , which runs further to the west in the Rhine valley, from Frankfurt, bypassing Darmstadt, via Groß-Gerau to Mannheim and Worms . On the section between Darmstadt and Mannheim/Heidelberg, the Main-Neckar Railway has reached the limit of its capacity: 250 trains run on
3115-488: The constitution was formally granted by him. Louis I was honoured as a great lawgiver, with the Ludwigsmonument [ de ] in Darmstadt honouring him for "his" constitution. The constitution was followed by a wide range of further reforms in the grand duchy. After its territorial augmentation, the grand duchy consisted of numerous territories with different administrative systems. To regularise this, it
3204-433: The council of ministers on 25 September 1852. Louis III, who "imitated the image of a paternalistic ruler projected by his grandfather, without achieving his significance," and Dalwigk shared a conservative outlook and were both opposed to liberalism and democracy. For Dalwigk, "the democratic principle [was] perilous for the state, since it necessarily leads to socialism and communism . In this role, Dalwigk organised
3293-573: The end of the grand duchy in 1918 it had become the smallest. The only significant institution which was based here was the University of Giessen . Starkenburg and Rhenish Hesse were totally different. They lay almost entirely on the banks of the Rhine (except for the Odenwald , which faced similar structural problems to the Vogelsberg). Intensive agriculture was possible and profitable in many areas of these plains, such as fruit growing on
3382-459: The existing customs treaty from the end of 1853. Austria then attempted to establish a customs union with the German middle states. Dalwigk signed up for this project, against all economic logic, since the grand duchy's exports to Austria were only 3% of its exports to Prussia. Massive protests followed. Even in the Landestände, which was now dominated by pro-Dalwigk conservatives, he found only
3471-471: The first 15 years of operations, freight volume increased thirty times while the number of passengers carried increased by 50%. The Main-Neckar line was completed and fully open to traffic with the commissioning of the Main-Neckar bridge in Frankfurt on 15 November 1848. From 18 May 1849 the line was closed to traffic south of Heppenheim as a result of the Baden Revolution and on 6 and 7 June 1849
3560-426: The first elections in the grand duchy, it also caused massive protests, tax strikes , and even armed rebellions against the government in some parts of the grand duchy. The grand duke and his administration gave in to the pressure and a new constitution was promulgated on 17 December 1820. The new constitution contained most of what the opponents of the first constitution had wanted, but the grand duke saved face since
3649-570: The grand duchy and the French Empire concluded a treaty, which granted the grand duchy further areas under French control, which had been taken from Electoral Hesse in 1806. Although the treaty was agreed in May, it was only signed by Napoleon on 17 October 1810. The Hessian certificate of possession is dated 10 November 1810. The Babenhausen district was attached to Strakenburg province, the other territories to Upper Hesse. In August 1810, there
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3738-465: The grand duchy continued to be known by its former name of Hesse-Darmstadt . In 1806, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt seceded from the Holy Roman Empire and joined Napoleon 's new Confederation of the Rhine . The country was promoted to the status of grand duchy and received considerable new territories, principally the Duchy of Westphalia . After the French defeat in 1815, the grand duchy joined
3827-467: The grand duchy. In Rhine-Hesse, the guilds had been abolished during French rule, while in the provinces on the right bank of the Rhine, guild privileges had only been abolished in a few places for a few industries. This abolition was expanded, but guild privileges continued to exist. The government in Darmstadt only implemented the Karlsbad Decrees in a moderate manner, to the displeasure of
3916-469: The grand duke himself. The members of the civil service who led the reforms were: In 1816, a three-man legal commission was established to craft a constitution and other necessary laws, composed of Floret and Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Grolman . The constitution which was promulgated by grand ducal edict in March 1820 provided for a parliament ( Landstände ), but with no authority of its own. Although this led to
4005-405: The individual lords, in order to integrate their judicial powers into the state's court system. In some cases this took until the middle of the 1820s. The "Edict concerning Standesherren's Legal Relationships in the Grand Duchy of Hesse" of 27 March 1820 served as the frame of reference for these agreements. According to this edict, the individual Standesherren retained their personnel sovereignty in
4094-438: The jobs available. Only men with impeccable reputation, able to satisfy a thorough examination that they were in perfect health, would be allowed to make the substantial deposit for the coveted dress uniform of railway workers. Somebody who had ruined his health, for example, in the construction of the railway, had no chance. In the following years, the line was constantly developed, modernised and adapted to increasing traffic and
4183-532: The laying out of the 1.8 km-long track, which was organised by DB Netz . The annual operating cost, which is estimated to amount to €900,000, is shared by the Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund (Rhine-Main transport association, RMV) and Dadina. The line was commissioned at the 2011/2012 timetable change on 11 December 2011. The route is operated by the railway company VIAS , the operator of the Odenwald Railway , which begins in Darmstadt. Every second train of
4272-426: The line be built to 1600 mm broad gauge but could not gain agreement for this. Responsibility for funding the project was in proportion to the length of the line in the three countries: Frankfurt: 6.9 km (4 mi), Hesse-Darmstadt: 49.4 km (31 mi) and Baden: 38.8 km (24 mi). All three governments were represented in the management of the Main-Neckar Railway in Darmstadt. The construction of
4361-460: The line began in June 1843 on the Frankfurt section. The management of construction was carried out by municipal chief engineer Remigius Eyssen. On 16 April 1846, the first trial service ran from Darmstadt to Langen. The fare for this trip was 1 guilder and 6 kreuzers for first class, 48 kreuzers for second class, 33 kreuzers for third class and 21 kreuzers for fourth class. The line was opened for
4450-518: The line in each direction every day. Between Frankfurt and Darmstadt, where the line has three or four tracks, the line is used by the Rhine-Main S-Bahn. This will be relieved by the proposed Frankfurt–Mannheim high-speed railway between Frankfurt Airport and Mannheim, which will take a portion of the high-speed and long-distance trains. Construction is expected to start in 2011 and be completed in 2017. The Main-Neckar railway bridge line
4539-482: The line since the mid-19th century. Various alternative routes were considered, as well as a possible extension on a curve to Bickenbach , which was rejected for cost reasons. The project was discussed for 22 years from 1864. The line was finally built by the State Railways of the Grand Duchy of Hesse ( Großherzoglich Hessischen Staatseisenbahnen ). The Main-Neckar Railway was not chosen to build it because it
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#17327718935414628-540: The line was used exclusively for military transport. Civil operations only resumed on the entire route on 27 June 1849. Operations were also temporarily disrupted in the War of 1866 . The Main-Neckar Railway brought jobs and income for the people of the Bergstrasse and the western Odenwald . It connected Darmstadt, Mannheim and Frankfurt. Getting a job in the railways, however, was not so simple, many people competed for
4717-464: The local councils to prosecute all known members of the Association, using the ban on all political associations as justification. After some prominent Hessians, including August Metz [ de ] , Carl Johann Hoffmann [ de ] and Emil Pirazzi [ de ] , were convicted to a symbolic few days imprisonment for this, there was a massive increase in membership of
4806-604: The local government offices were destroyed. The toll office in Heldenbergen and the Nidda courthouse were also affected. The grand duke introduced summary execution , which was unanimously approved by the Landstände. Under the command of the grand duke's brother, Prince Emil , the rebellion was suppressed by the army. Part of this suppression was the Södel Bloodbath , named for the number of dead and wounded. After
4895-468: The mayors, while in Rhinehessen, where this local district did not exist, the mayors were chosen directly by the provincial governments. The state was also interested in replacing the old agricultural ground rent , which was often based on the yield of the year's harvest, with a modern system of taxation. There had been plans for this since 1816. A first step in the process was also implemented during
4984-423: The name of the grand duchy to the Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine ( German : Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein ), which also helped to distinguish the two Hessian states. As a result of these territorial acquisitions, the grand duchy was composed of numerous disparate components. A constitution was therefore urgently needed in order to unite the various territories of the new state. Furthermore, article 13 of
5073-501: The new German Confederation . Westphalia was taken by Prussia , but Hesse received Rhenish Hesse in return. A constitution was proclaimed in 1820 and a long process of legal reforms was begun, with the aim of unifying the disparate territories under the grand duke's control. The political history of the grand duchy during this period was characterised by conflict between the conservative mediatised houses ( Standesherren ) and forces supporting political and social liberalisation . During
5162-527: The new electoral system, in 1849 and 1850. Both times, the democrats received a strong majority in the lower chamber, which they used to block the enactment of a state budget. Grand Duke Louis III appointed Reinhard von Dalwigk [ de ] as director of the ministry of the interior on 30 June 1850, transferred him provisionally to the ministry of foreign affairs and the Grand Ducal House on 8 August 1850, and finally named him president of
5251-680: The number 66. The line is listed as route 650.1 in the Deutsche Bahn timetable. The journey to Pfungstadt takes 12 minutes with stops in Darmstadt Süd and Darmstadt-Eberstadt. An order for four more diesel multiple units for the Odenwald Railway, placed by the Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund in November 2007, provided an additional Itino set for the extension to Pfungstadt. The Pro Bahn association criticised
5340-464: The old Heidelberg station, which was opened in May 1848, was replaced by the current Heidelberg Hauptbahnhof in 1955 and demolished in 1960. Each of these stations proved too small for the rapidly growing traffic and were replaced by bigger stations built further from the centre of the towns they serve. The architectural quality of the reception buildings on the line was high. In Bensheim and Heppenheim they were designed by Georg Moller . Initially
5429-466: The press, but reacted harshly to the distribution of The Hessian Courier , a pamphlet by Georg Büchner calling for social revolution. The persecution of his fellow contributors continued until 1839. In the 1840s, Karl du Thil [ de ] , chief minister from 1821 to 1848, inaugurated the "System du Thil", which entailed the complete suppression of all political discussion. Crop failures and rapidly rising prices for basic foodstuffs created
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#17327718935415518-514: The promotion, but also the territories he had received under the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine in an edict on 13 August 1806. Along with the promotion to the rank of grand duchy, Hesse was also rewarded with territorial gains, such as the Electorate of Cologne . However, although all this territory lay under his sovereignty , the princes who had previously held these territories,
5607-553: The railway had 18 locomotives and 252 cars. Twelve locomotives were bought by Hesse-Darmstadt from the Sharp locomotive works of Manchester . The six locomotives purchased of Baden and Frankfurt came from Kesslers Maschinenfabrik in Karlsruhe . All locomotives had a 1A1 wheel arrangement . On 9 August 1847 freight operations started, with freight carried by mixed trains, until 1848 when separate freight trains proved successful. In
5696-402: The reforms of 1821. However, this was only a limited reform, since only the ground rents paid to the state were removable. The removal of "private" ground rents, including those paid to churches, religious orders, and Standesherren, failed to pass the first chamber of the parliament. Furthermore, in order to remove the ground rent from their land, farmers were initially required to pay a fee which
5785-524: The required capital and it was then dissolved. There was a second treaty signed of 21 and 23 March 1843, which agreed to build the Main-Neckar line at government expense and—as a compromise between the interests of Mannheim and Heidelberg —located the line centrally in Friedrichsfeld where it joined the Mannheim–Heidelberg line of the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway . Baden requested that
5874-476: The revolution of 1830 was over, the government regained the upper hand and decided that if they could not suppress the rising appetites for reform, they would at least try to control them. The bourgeoisie partially switched its focus to cultural activities, which the government then began to monitor warily. Thus, the Historical Society for Hesse [ de ] was allowed to be founded in 1833, but local societies that had originally been planned were not, and
5963-464: The same areas as the Landratsbezirke did. In general, the old seats of the Amtsmen remained either the seat of the Landrat or the Landgericht. Five further Landratsbezirke and six more Landgerichten were created over the following years as a result of the negotiations with the Standesherren. A modern system of civic administration, modelled on the French system, was also introduced in 1821. The outmoded cooperative parish associations were replaced by
6052-407: The scheduled traffic in sections: Until the Main-Neckar Bridge in Frankfurt (at the site of today's Friedensbrücke ) was completed on opened to traffic on 15 November 1848, rail services ran into the Mainspitze depot and reversed to the old Sachsenhausen station. After the completion of the bridge over the Main the line ended in Main-Neckar station . The original temporary wooden bridge at Ladenburg
6141-422: The site of the ultramarine fabric factory, which was built with the railway, was dismantled in the 1930s. Deutsche Bundesbahn abandoned passenger services on 30 April 1955, but freight traffic (mainly wood and sugar beet) continued to 31 May 1997. At the end of the decline of the sugar beet traffic in the early 1990s, this was little traffic. The last timetable number for the passenger service before traffic ended
6230-427: The society's charter stated that the society must not occupy itself with "contemporary history and discussion of the political circumstances of more recent times." Above all, sports clubs were considered highly suspicious, even though a demonstration of sporting activities was presented in Darmstadt at the dedication of the Ludwig Monument in 1844. The government initially maintained its relatively open policy towards
6319-433: The state could make new rules about administration and justice only where it had unrestricted authority over these matters. The areas in which the grand duchy's sovereignty was unrestricted were called Dominiallande , while the areas where the Standesherren and other nobles exercised their own judicial and administrative authority were the Souveränitätslanden . In the latter areas, the state first had to forge agreements with
6408-548: The state to pay for. The liberal opposition in the Landstände considered this outrageous and rejected the proposal with a resounding vote of 41:7. In Upper Hesse province, a revolt broke out in September 1830, whose members expressed a general dissatisfaction with the state. Characteristically, the territories of the Standesherren were particularly affected: Büdingen and Ortenberg . In these areas, shops were burgled and
6497-403: The thin service on the weekend and the early last service in the evening as being a "half-hearted offer". Pfungstadt station was opened at the same time as the railway. This was taken by Grand Duke Louis IV of Hesse-Darmstadt as an opportunity to give Pfungstadt town privileges . The original station building has been demolished. A new, simply-equipped station with a 140-metre-long platform
6586-551: The treaty signed at Vienna in the previous year. There were further border agreements and exchanges of small areas of territory with the Electorate of Hesse and the Kingdom of Bavaria. The patents of possession are dated 8 July 1816, but were only published on 11 July. After this consolidation, the grand duchy had a population of roughly 630,000. The neighbouring Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel , which Napoleon had annexed into
6675-511: The way from the south of the modern state of Hesse to Frankenberg . The portion on the left bank was located in the modern state of Rhineland-Palatinate . In addition to the great floodplains of the Rhine ( Hessian Ried ), Main , and Wetterau , the grand duchy also contained upland regions like the Vogelsberg , the Hessian Hinterland , and the Odenwald . In the south, the exclaves of the Wimpfen district [ de ] extended into
6764-462: Was 315d. The Darmstadt-Dieburger Nahverkehrsorganisation (Darmstadt-Dieburg local transport organisation, Dadina for short) decided that it would put the disused line back into service and integrate it into the Odenwald Railway . Initially scheduled for competition in December 2007, the reactivation was delayed due to necessary signalling changes at Darmstadt Hauptbahnhof and difficulties with
6853-472: Was a grand duchy in western Germany that existed from 1806 to 1918. The grand duchy originally formed from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1806 as the Grand Duchy of Hesse (German: Großherzogtum Hessen ). It assumed the name Hesse und bei Rhein in 1816 to distinguish itself from the Electorate of Hesse , which had formed from the neighbouring Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel . Colloquially,
6942-496: Was a radical change in the state's internal politics. With two edicts on 1 October 1806, the Grand Duke revoked the financial privileges of the landed nobility on a large scale (the landed nobility became subject to taxation ) and their Landstände (feudal estates) were abolished, which transformed Hesse-Darmstadt "from a mosaic of patrimonial fragments into a centralized, absolute monarchy". On 24 April 1809, Napoleon ordered
7031-503: Was a three-way agreement between France, Hesse, and the Grand Duchy of Baden . Baden placed its territories at French disposal and France gave them back to the grand duchy with a treaty signed on 11 November 1810. The Hessian certificate of possession is dated 13 November 1810. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the grand duchy joined the German Confederation and received a portion of the former Mont-Tonnerre department , which had
7120-414: Was built on the foundations of the historic station for the reactivation. Access for local traffic is provided by a terminal loop and a park and ride parking area. Of the total costs of €2.8 million, the state of Hesse assumed €170,000 and the rest was shared by the town and the federal government. Main-Neckar Railway The Main-Neckar Railway ( German : Main-Neckar–Eisenbahn , MNE )
7209-418: Was chosen as mayor: This system ensured that, if the authorities did not like a particular candidate, they could prevent them from taking office. Thus, for example, the entrepreneur Ernst Emil Hoffmann [ de ] received the most votes in Darmstadt two times, but the mayoralty was assigned to the second or third place candidates. In Upper Hesse and Starkenburg, the local council had oversight of
7298-486: Was eighteen times their annual rent and most farmers could not afford this. The process of abolition would drag on into the second half of the 19th century. The constitution declared that an economic system based on liberal principles was the state's goal. Achieving economic freedom , which also required the abolition of guild privileges, proved difficult, as a result of "damage to multiple interests". Even in this area, different conditions applied in different parts of
7387-434: Was ill and died a few months later on 16 June 1848). The next day, Karl du Thil was dismissed and replaced as chief minister by Heinrich von Gagern . Von Gagern proclaimed that the new government would grant all of the "March demands". However, the rural population's demands that the Standesherren be stripped of their privileges and for serfdom to be abolished without requiring them to pay compensation were not fulfilled. As
7476-681: Was inherited by the Grand Duke of Hesse in 1866, but had to be ceded to Prussia later that same year. The Biedenkopf district and the Hessian Hinterland were also annexed by Prussia in 1866. These territories were combined with Electoral Hesse, the Duchy of Nassau, and Frankfurt to create the new Prussian Province of Hesse-Nassau in 1868. During the Napoleonic Wars , Louis X , Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt , initially sought Prussian protection against Napoleonic France , but after
7565-478: Was operated by the Main-Neckar Railway. The route began in Frankfurt at the Main-Neckar station, one of the three Frankfurt western stations . It was in the (present) Willy-Brandt-Platz on the corner of Münchner Straße and Gallusanlage, south of the Taunus station . It was demolished in 1888. Similarly the old Main-Neckar Darmstadt station was replaced by the current Darmstadt Hauptbahnhof between 1910 and 1912 and
7654-610: Was replaced by a stone arch bridge in 1848. Since the Baden Mainline between Mannheim and Heidelberg was built with a broad gauge of 1600 mm and the Main-Neckar line with standard gauge of 1435 mm , additional track had to be built: from Friedrichsfeld to Heidelberg a second line ran next to the line of the Baden State Railway line. From Friedrichsfeld to Mannheim, the Baden State Railway built an additional standard gauge track at its own expense, although it
7743-408: Was the largest city and the most significant centre for trade. The grand duchy was divided into three provinces: The neighbouring states were: There were also a number of Hessian exclaves to the north and south: Amt Dorheim [ de ] , which belonged to the Electorate of Hesse, was an enclave within the grand duchy until 1866, when it was given to the grand duchy. Hesse-Homburg
7832-439: Was then still a Kondominalbahn (condominium railway) that was owned by several states and had its own administration. The line was opened as a Secundärbahn (secondary railway) on 20 December 1886 and Pfungstadt was incorporated as a municipality at the same time. The line proved to be an economic success for both the railway company and the industrial area. It was Deutsche Reichsbahn 's shortest timetable route. The siding to
7921-457: Was urgently necessary to integrate the various regions. At the lower levels, the administrative system of these regions was still based on the Amt system which had become obsolete centuries earlier. As well as being the lowest level administrative subdivision, the Ämter were also the courts of first instance . Preliminary work on reforming this system began by 1816, and from 1821, the court system and
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