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38-589: The province is on the Malay Peninsula . It borders to the east the large and shallow Songkhla Lake , and to the west the Nakhon Si Thammarat mountain range . Khao Pu–Khao Ya National Park is at the border with Trang. Forests cover 628 km (242 sq mi), or 16.3 percent of the province's area. Phatthalung was formerly known as Mardelong ( Jawi : مردلوڠ) in Malay , especially during

76-837: A wireless WAN that is designed to connect users or businesses, and carry more data, using more power. The LoRaWAN data rate ranges from 0.3 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s per channel. LoRa uses license-free sub-gigahertz radio frequency bands EU868 ( 863–870/873 MHz ) in Europe ; AU915/AS923-1 (915–928 MHz) in South America ; US915 ( 902–928 MHz ) in North America ; IN865 (865–867 MHz) in India ; and AS923 (915–928 MHz) in Asia ; LoRa enables long-range transmissions with low power consumption. The technology covers

114-457: A fixed channel bandwidth B {\displaystyle B} ) by selecting the SF, i.e. the amount of spread used. A lower SF corresponds to a higher data rate but a worse sensitivity, a higher SF implies a better sensitivity but a lower data rate. Compared to lower SF, sending the same amount of data with higher SF needs more transmission time, known as time-on-air. More time-on-air means that

152-421: A proprietary spread spectrum modulation that is similar to and a derivative of chirp spread spectrum (CSS) modulation. Each symbol is represented by a cyclic shifted chirp over the frequency interval ( f 0 − B / 2 , f 0 + B / 2 {\displaystyle f_{0}-B/2,f_{0}+B/2} ) where f 0 {\displaystyle f_{0}}

190-650: A term thought to derive from Sanskrit malayakolam or malaikurram . While the Chinese chronicle of the Yuan dynasty mentioned the word Ma-li-yu-er , referring to a nation of the Malay Peninsula that was threatened by the southward expansion of the Sukhothai Kingdom under King Ram Khamhaeng . During the same era, Marco Polo made a reference to Malauir in his travelogue , as a kingdom located in

228-408: Is a physical proprietary radio communication technique. It is based on spread spectrum modulation techniques derived from chirp spread spectrum (CSS) technology. It was developed by Cycleo, a company of Grenoble, France , and patented in 2014. Cycleo was later acquired by Semtech . LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network ) defines the communication protocol and system architecture. LoRaWAN

266-873: Is an official standard of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), ITU-T Y.4480. The continued development of the LoRaWAN protocol is managed by the open, non-profit LoRa Alliance, of which Semtech is a founding member. Together, LoRa and LoRaWAN define a low-power, wide-area (LPWA) networking protocol designed to wirelessly connect battery operated devices to the Internet in regional, national or global networks, and targets key Internet of things (IoT) requirements, such as bi-directional communication , end-to-end security, mobility and localization services. The low power , low bit rate, and IoT use distinguish this type of network from

304-552: Is home to several distinct ecoregions . The Tenasserim–South Thailand semi-evergreen rain forests cover the northern peninsula, including the Tenasserim Hills and the Isthmus of Kra, and extend to the coast on both sides of the isthmus. The Kangar-Pattani floristic boundary crosses the peninsula in southern Thailand and northernmost Malaysia, marking the boundary between the large biogeographic regions of Indochina to

342-548: Is located in Mainland Southeast Asia . The landmass runs approximately north–south, and at its terminus, it is the southernmost point of the Asian continental mainland. The area contains Peninsular Malaysia , Southern Thailand , and the southernmost tip of Myanmar ( Kawthaung ). The island country of Singapore also has historical and cultural ties with the region. The Titiwangsa Mountains are part of

380-500: Is the center frequency and B {\displaystyle B} the bandwidth of the signal (in Hertz). The spreading factor (SF) is a selectable radio parameter from 5 to 12 and represents the number of symbols sent per bit and in addition determines how much the information is spread over time. There are M = 2 S F {\displaystyle M=2^{\mathrm {SF} }} different initial frequencies of

418-662: Is the home of real-world Implementation of LoRaWAN Internet of things this consist of devices with sensors , processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the LoRaWAN or other communication networks and provided to people for free. This system called "The People's Network" by installed LoRaWAN Gateway running by start-up company named Southern IoT. 7°36′56″N 100°04′22″E  /  7.61556°N 100.07278°E  / 7.61556; 100.07278 Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula

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456-446: Is to support and promote the global adoption of the LoRaWAN standard for massively scaled IoT deployments, as well as deployments in remote or hard-to-reach locations. Members collaborate in a vibrant ecosystem of device makers, solution providers, system integrators and network operators, delivering interoperability needed to scale IoT across the globe, using  public, private, hybrid, and community networks. Key areas of focus within

494-491: Is unable to maintain the two said advantages of LoRa modulation. Therefore, implementing TR013 enhances LoRaWAN's spectrum efficiency and ensures more reliable device communication, including in congested environments. TR013 is based on the LMAC and is the first industry-academia collaboration of LoRa Alliance to have resulted in a Technical Recommendation. The LoRa Alliance is an open, non-profit association whose stated mission

532-537: The Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat . In 1924, King Rama VI ordered to move the city of Phatthalung to the present-day Khuha Sawan Subdistrict. The provincial seal shows the 177 meter high Phu Khao Ok Thalu mountain, the symbol of the province. The provincial tree and flower is the sweet shorea ( Shorea roxburghii ). The provincial aquatic life is the tinfoil barb ( Barbonymus schwanenfeld ), also known locally as pla lam-pam (Thai: ปลาลำปำ),

570-768: The Peninsular Malaysian rain forests ecoregion. The Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests include distinctive waterlogged forests in the lowlands on both sides of the peninsula. Extensive mangroves line both coasts. The Myanmar Coast mangroves are on the western shore of the peninsula, and the Indochina mangroves on the eastern shore. Two federal territories are embedded within Selangor , which are Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya . [REDACTED] Media related to Malay Peninsula at Wikimedia Commons LoRa#LoRaWAN LoRa (from " Lo ng Ra nge")

608-591: The Straits of Johor . The Malay term Tanah Melayu is derived from the word Tanah (land) and Melayu ( Malays ), thus it means "the Malay land". The term can be found in various Malay texts, of which the oldest dating back to the early 17th century. It is frequently mentioned in the Hikayat Hang Tuah , a well-known classic tale associated with the legendary heroes of Malacca Sultanate . Tanah Melayu in

646-517: The Tenasserim Hills system and form the backbone of the peninsula and the southernmost section of the central cordillera , which runs from Tibet through the Kra Isthmus , the peninsula's narrowest point, into the Malay Peninsula. The Strait of Malacca separates the Malay Peninsula from the Indonesian island of Sumatra , and the south coast is separated from the island of Singapore by

684-628: The medium access control (MAC) layer protocol, but to improve this, the LoRa Alliance's Technical Recommendation TR013 introduced CSMA-CA , which does not debilitate LoRa's distinctive modulation advantages such as Spreading Factor orthogonality, and the capability for below noise-floor communication. Employing the CAD based CSMA technique specified in TR013 overcomes the limitations of relying on Received Signal Strength (RSS)-based sensing, which

722-593: The physical layer , while other technologies and protocols such as LoRaWAN cover the upper layers. It can achieve data rates between 0.3 kbit/s and 27 kbit/s, depending upon the spreading factor. LoRa is one of the most popular low-power wireless sensor network technologies for the implementation of the Internet of Things, offering long-range communication compared to technologies such as Zigbee or Bluetooth, but with lower data rates. LoRa devices have geolocation capabilities used for trilaterating positions of devices via timestamps from gateways. LoRa uses

760-467: The Alliance are Smart Agriculture, Smart Buildings, Smart Cities, Smart Industry, Smart Logistics, and Smart Utilities. Key contributing members of the LoRa Alliance include Actility, Amazon Web Services , Cisco . Everynet, Helium , Kerlink, MachineQ, a Comcast Company, Microsoft , MikroTik , Minol Zenner, Netze BW, Semtech, Senet, STMicroelectronics , TEKTELIC and The Things Industries. In 2018,

798-528: The LoRa Development Portal, the range provided by LoRa can be up to 3 miles (4.8 km) in urban areas, and up to 10 miles (16 km) or more in rural areas (line of sight). In addition, LoRa uses forward error correction coding to improve resilience against interference. LoRa's high range is characterized by high wireless link budgets of around 155 dB to 170 dB. Range extenders for LoRa are called LoRaX. Since LoRa defines

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836-522: The Malay Peninsula, possibly similar to the one mentioned in the Yuan chronicle. The Malay Peninsula was conflated with Persia in old Japan, and was known by the same name. In the early 20th century, the term Tanah Melayu was generally used by the Malays of the peninsula during the rise of Malay nationalism to describe uniting all Malay states on the peninsula under one Malay nation, and this ambition

874-538: The ancient Indian text, Vayu Purana , may possibly refer to the Malay Peninsula. Another Indian source, an inscription on the south wall of the Brihadeeswarar Temple , recorded the word Malaiur , referring to a kingdom in the Malay Peninsula that had "a strong mountain for its rampart". Ptolemy 's Geographia named a geographical region of the Golden Chersonese as Maleu-kolon ,

912-545: The centuries they had intermarried with the Thais and adopted Thai cultural norms. Phraya Thukkharat (Chuai) Monument (อนุสาวรีย์พระยาทุกขราษฎร์ (ช่วย)) - Phraya Thukkharat was a former monk known as Phra Maha Chuai. During the Nine Armies War in the reign of King Rama I, then Phra Maha Chuai had assisted Phraya Phatthalung, who had led a force of villagers to defeat an invading Burmese army. Later, when he had left

950-430: The communication protocol and system architecture for the network, while LoRa's physical layer enables the long-range communication link. LoRaWAN is also responsible for managing the communication frequencies, data rate , and power for all devices. Devices in the network are asynchronous and transmit when they have data available to send. Data transmitted by an end-node device is received by multiple gateways, which forward

988-539: The cyclic shifted chirp (the instantaneous frequency is linearly increased and wrapped to f 0 − B / 2 {\displaystyle f_{0}-B/2} when it reaches the maximum frequency f 0 + B / 2 {\displaystyle f_{0}+B/2} ). The symbol rate is determined by R s = B / 2 S F {\displaystyle R_{s}=B/2^{\mathrm {SF} }} . LoRa can trade off data rate for sensitivity (assuming

1026-497: The data packets to a centralized network server. Data is then forwarded to application servers. This technology shows high reliability for the moderate load, however, it has some performance issues with sending acknowledgements. In the wireless communication, particularly across the IoT applications, collision avoidance is essential for reliable communication and overall spectral efficiency. Previously, LoRaWAN has relied upon ALOHA as

1064-811: The eponymous of the striking local water source Songkhla Lake , or known in Phatthalung as Lam Pam Lake or Thale Noi and Phatthalung Lake. Phatthalung does not have an airport. The nearest airport is Trang Airport , which is 66 km from the center of Phatthalung. The main station in the province is the Phatthalung Railway Station . Phatthalung is divided into 11 districts ( amphoes ). The districts are further divided into 65 subdistricts ( tambons ) and 626 villages ( mubans ). As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Phatthalung Provincial Administration Organisation ( ongkan borihan suan changwat ) and 49 municipal ( thesaban ) areas in

1102-417: The lower, physical, layer, the upper networking layers were lacking. LoRaWAN is a protocol that was developed to define the upper layers of the network. LoRaWAN is a cloud-based medium access control (MAC) layer protocol, but acts mainly as a network layer protocol for managing communication between LPWAN gateways and end-node devices, as a routing protocol maintained by the LoRa Alliance. LoRaWAN defines

1140-536: The modem is transmitting for a longer time and consuming more energy. Typical LoRa modems support transmit powers up to +22 dBm. However, the regulations of the respective country may additionally limit the allowed transmit power. Higher transmit power results in higher signal power at the receiver and hence a higher link budget , but at the cost of consuming more energy. There are measurement studies of LoRa performance with regard to energy consumption, communication distances, and medium access efficiency. According to

1178-572: The monkhood, he was awarded the royal title Phraya Thukkharat and was an assistant to the city's ruler. Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017. Phatthalung

Phatthalung province - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-487: The north and Sundaland and Malesia to the south. The forests north of the boundary are characterized by seasonally-deciduous trees, while the Sundaland forests have more year-round rainfall and the trees are mostly evergreen. Peninsular Malaysia is home to three terrestrial ecoregions. The Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests ecoregion covers the mountains above 1,000 meters elevation. The lowlands and hills are in

1254-531: The peninsula – Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ), gaur ( Bos gaurus ), tiger ( Panthera tigris ), sun bear ( Helarctos malayanus ), Malayan tapir ( Tapirus indicus ), clouded leopard ( Neofelis nebulosa ), and siamang ( Symphalangus syndactylus ). The Sumatran rhinoceros ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis ) once inhabited the forests, but Malaysia's last rhinoceroses died in 2019, and the species' few remaining members survive only in Sumatra . The peninsula

1292-531: The province. Phatthalung has town ( thesaban mueang ) status. Further 48 subdistrict municipalities ( thesaban tambon ). The non-municipal areas are administered by 24 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO ( ongkan borihan suan tambon ). Religion in Phattalung The majority of the province's populace are Thai Buddhists. Muslims account for 11.1 percent of the population. Many of Phatthalung's Muslims have some ethnic Malay ancestry, but over

1330-502: The region of Malaios surrounded by the Andaman Sea in the north, the entire Strait of Malacca in the centre, a part of Sunda Strait in the south, and the western part of South China Sea in the east. Prior to the foundation of Malacca, ancient and medieval references to a Malay peninsula exist in various foreign sources. According to several Indian scholars, the word Malayadvipa ("mountain-insular continent"), mentioned in

1368-539: The text is consistently employed to refer to the area under Malaccan dominance. In the early 16th century, Tomé Pires , a Portuguese apothecary who stayed in Malacca from 1512 to 1515, uses an almost identical term, Terra de Tana Malaio , with which he referred to the southeastern part of Sumatra, where the deposed sultan of Malacca, Mahmud Shah , established his exiled government. The 17th century's account of Portuguese historian, Emanuel Godinho de Erédia , noted on

1406-565: The time when the region came under Malay - Muslim influence. Phatthalung became one of twelve royal cities during the reign of King Ramathibodi I of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 14th century. At the end of the 18th century, King Rama I submitted the city to the Ministry of Defense, which was responsible for all the southern provinces. In 1896, during the administrative reforms of King Chulalongkorn , Phatthalung became part of

1444-558: Was largely realised with the formation of Persekutuan Tanah Melayu ( Malay for " Federation of Malaya ") in 1948. The Malay Peninsula is covered with tropical moist broadleaf forests . Lowland forests are dominated by dipterocarp trees, while montane forests are home to evergreen trees in the beech family ( Fagaceae ), Myrtle family ( Myrtaceae ), laurel family ( Lauraceae ), tropical conifers , and other plant families. The peninsula's forests are home to thousands of species of animals and plants. Several large endangered mammals inhabit

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