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75-460: Philip Kaufman (born October 23, 1936) is an American film director and screenwriter who has directed fifteen films over a career spanning nearly five decades. He has received numerous accolades including a BAFTA Award along with nominations for an Academy Award , and a Primetime Emmy Award . He has been described as a "maverick" and an "iconoclast," notable for his versatility and independence, often directing eclectic and controversial films. He

150-559: A Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special nomination. Kaufman was born in Chicago in 1936, the only son of Elizabeth (née Brandau), a housewife, and Nathan Kaufman, a produce businessman. He was the grandson of German Jewish immigrants. One of his grammar and high school friends was William Friedkin , who also became a director. He developed an early love of movies, and during his youth he would often go to double features . He attended

225-473: A film school to get a bachelor's degree studying film or cinema. Film students generally study the basic skills used in making a film. This includes, for example, preparation, shot lists and storyboards, blocking, communicating with professional actors, communicating with the crew, and reading scripts. Some film schools are equipped with sound stages and post-production facilities. Besides basic technical and logistical skills, students also receive education on

300-456: A "lyrical, poetic style" to portray different historic periods. His later films have a somewhat European style, but the stories always "stress individualism and integrity, and are clearly American." Film director The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within

375-497: A choreography of Daniel Nagrin . The New York Dance Film Society selected it as the best dance film of the year. In Dance in the Sun (1953), Clarke made use of rhythmic shots, shooting a dance on stage and then cutting from the stage to the beach and back and forth throughout the film. She crossed over from being a dancer, to being a filmmaker and expressing her art through a new medium. Clarke studied filmmaking with Hans Richter at

450-443: A contemporary, specific lifestyle (Bohemian New York of the early 1960s). The Connection generated controversy and discussion in the downtown New York City arts community. The original play by Jack Gelber had been condemned by mainstream critics during its performances off-Broadway, but had still drawn an audience that included " Leonard Bernstein , Anita Loos , Salvador Dalí and Lillian Hellman , who likened it to 'a fine time at

525-508: A distributor, but the film was a box-office failure when it finally played. While the movie did not gain as much attention as Goldstein , it did help Kaufman land a contract in Universal Studios ' Young Directors Program in 1969. In 1972, Kaufman wrote and directed The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid starring Robert Duvall as Jesse James , in what was his first commercial film after the previous two independent ones. He spent

600-518: A drama based on the novel of the same name by James Houston . Shot in documentary style, a story about whalers, played by Warren Oates , Louis Gossett Jr. , and Timothy Bottoms , stranded in the Arctic at the turn of the century. To survive they battle polar bears and take advantage of the Eskimos who had originally saved them. Kaufman wrote and began directing The Outlaw Josey Wales in 1975, but

675-485: A flat fee for the project, as a weekly salary, or as a daily rate. A handful of top Hollywood directors made from $ 133.3 million to $ 257.95 million in 2011, such as James Cameron and Steven Spielberg , but the average United States film directors and producers made $ 89,840 in 2018. A new Hollywood director typically gets paid around $ 400,000 for directing their first studio film. The average annual salary in England

750-428: A lot of time researching the real life characters when writing the screenplay, although the film took some liberties portraying some of the factual details. The Los Angeles Times wrote that "Kaufman is not an angry revisionist, but seems to be trying to tell it like it must have been, with an amused detachment, which sees the events as something close to an absurd spectacle." Kaufman directed The White Dawn in 1974,

825-510: A massive evening performance in the student center, and SUNY Cortland , where they created a video mural with art students. Clarke's final film was Ornette: Made in America (1985), a documentary profile of the jazz saxophonist and composer Ornette Coleman . In addition to directing her own films, Clarke played an independent filmmaker in the cinéma vérité -style comedy Lions Love (1969) by Agnès Varda . Clarke also appears briefly in

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900-468: A number of disputes about the focus of the story, Goldman quit and Kaufman wrote the screenplay himself. Goldman wanted the story to portray patriotism and center mostly on the astronauts, whereas Kaufman wanted much of the story to focus on Chuck Yeager (played by Sam Shepard ), whom Goldman's script left out completely. Goldman writes in his memoirs, "Phil's heart was with Yeager." And Shepard's biographer, Don Shewey, explains that "though its chief subject

975-687: A number of influential people, such as writer Henry Miller . He and his wife then decided to travel and live in Europe for a while where he would teach. After spending time working on a kibbutz in Israel, he taught English and math for two years in Greece and Italy. During his travels he also met author Anaïs Nin , whose relationship with her lover, Henry Miller , later became the inspiration and subject for Kaufman's film Henry & June (1990). He met Saugus, Massachusetts -born Rose Fisher in 1957, when he

1050-541: A project so he could care for Rose, who was fighting a cancer which would prove terminal. Kidman read the script and told him, "I want to do it ... no matter how long it takes. I'm in." The film was nominated for 15 Primetime Emmy Awards , including one for Kaufman for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special . Kaufman lives in San Francisco, where he also runs his production company, Walrus and Associates. In 1958, Kaufman met Rose Fisher and

1125-549: A re-creation of the affairs among and between Henry Miller, June Miller, and Anais Nin in 1931 Paris. The film created some controversy when it was released. It was the first film to be given an NC-17 rating by the MPAA. Kaufman directed Rising Sun in 1993, an adaptation of Michael Crichton 's thriller which takes place in Los Angeles. The film starred Sean Connery and Wesley Snipes . Crichton angrily withdrew early on as

1200-551: A recent trend of more attention to women directors in India, brought on partly by Amazon and Netflix moving into the industry. Of the movies produced in Nollywood , women direct only 2%. There are many different awards for film directing, run by various academies , critics associations , film festivals , and guilds . The Academy Award for Best Director and Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director are considered among

1275-515: A relationship with Lee that lasted until his death in 1986 from AIDS , which he had contracted from his use of a dirty hypodermic needle. In 1961, Clarke signed the manifesto "Statement for a New American Cinema ", and in 1962, she co-founded The Film-Makers' Cooperative in New York with Jonas Mekas . Robert Frost: A Lover's Quarrel With the World (1963), directed by Clarke and starring

1350-548: A result of Kaufman softening the book's more anti-Japan posturing. In 1995, Kaufman narrated China: The Wild East a documentary directed by his son, Peter Kaufman. In 2000, Kaufman directed Quills , a film about the increasingly desperate efforts of the Marquis de Sade's jailers to censor his licentious works, starring Geoffrey Rush , Joaquin Phoenix , Kate Winslet and Michael Caine . In 2003, he directed Twisted ,

1425-768: A shot that included a pornographic magazine and a word deemed obscene. At the time, New York State only permitted films to be publicly screened if they had received a license from the State's board of censors. Another attempt was made to publicly screen the film a year later, only for the police to intervene, as the filmmakers still did not have a license from the State's board of censors. Following these incidents, critical reviews of The Connection became predominantly negative. The situation made it difficult for Clarke to organize funding and distribution for her film projects. While filming The Connection , she fell in love with actor Carl Lee . Following her divorce from Bert Clarke, she began

1500-475: A thriller about a young policewoman whose casual sex partners are murdered while she herself suffers alcoholic blackouts. It starred Ashley Judd, Samuel L. Jackson and Andy Garcia. In 2012, eight years after his previous film, Kaufman directed an HBO biopic about Ernest Hemingway and his relationship with Martha Gellhorn entitled Hemingway & Gellhorn . It starred Clive Owen and Nicole Kidman . The film had been planned for many years, but languished as

1575-520: A yearly salary from ¥4 million to ¥10 million, and the Directors Guild of Japan requires a minimum payment of ¥3.5 million. Korean directors make 300 million to 500 million won for a film, and beginning directors start out making around 50 million won. A Korean director who breaks into the Chinese market might make 1 billion won for a single film. According to a 2018 report from UNESCO ,

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1650-740: Is a film criticism concept that holds that a film director's film reflects the director's personal creative vision, as if they were the primary "auteur" (the French word for "author"). In spite of—and sometimes even because of—the production of the film as part of an industrial process, the auteur's creative voice is distinct enough to shine through studio interference and the collective process. Some film directors started as screenwriters , film editors , producers , actors , or film critics , as well as directing for similar media like television and commercials. Several American cinematographers have become directors, including Barry Sonnenfeld , originally

1725-609: Is a major example of abstract expressionism in film, with two alternative soundtracks, one with electronic music by Louis and Bebe Barron and the other is jazz orientated and was created by Teo Macero . She used the camera to create a sense of motion while filming inanimate structures. She was also involved with films produced by the US Information Agency for the 1958 Brussels World Exposition. She received an Academy Award nomination for Skyscraper (1959) with two other documentary filmmakers. Mainly shot in 1958,

1800-551: Is considered an "auteur" whose films have always expressed his personal vision. Kaufman's works have included genres such as realism , horror , fantasy , erotica , western , and crime . Kaufman earned his breakthrough for the film The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1988) which earned him the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . He

1875-716: Is married to Christine Pelosi , daughter of Paul and Nancy Pelosi , the former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives , and they have a daughter, Isabella, born in 2009. Also credited as "Based on characters created by" for post- Raiders Indiana Jones films and video games. Appearances According to film historian Annette Insdorf , "no other living American director has so consistently and successfully made movies for adults, tackling sensuality, artistic creation, and manipulation by authorities." Other critics note that Kaufman's films are "strong on mood and atmosphere," with powerful cinematography and

1950-416: Is not particularly a woman's role in our society...I identified with black people because I couldn't deal with the woman question and I transposed it. I could understand very easily the black problems, and I somehow equated them to how I felt. When I did The Connection , which was about junkies, I knew nothing about junk and cared less. It was a symbol--people who are on the outside. I always felt alone, and on

2025-540: Is noted for directing such films as The Wanderers (1979), Rising Sun (1993), the remake of Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978), Henry & June (1990), and Quills (2000). He gained prominence for The Right Stuff (1983), which received eight Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture . He is also known for directing the HBO film Hemingway & Gellhorn (2012), for which he received

2100-475: Is the astronauts, Yeager is the apple of Kaufman's heroic eye." Critic David Thomson agrees: I think Kaufman picked Shepard for the way he represents the movie star as real man and existentialist ... a man in a leather jacket on a horse meeting a jet plane in the desert. That is an arresting image, and Shepard is all that Kaufman wanted in The Right Stuff . Historian Michael Barson considers it one of

2175-418: Is to envisage a way to translate a screenplay into a fully formed film, and then to realize this vision. To do this, they oversee the artistic and technical elements of film production. This entails organizing the film crew in such a way to achieve their vision of the film and communicating with the actors. This requires skills of group leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in

2250-738: Is £50,440, in Canada is $ 62,408, and in Western Australia it can range from $ 75,230 to $ 97,119. In France, the average salary is €4000 per month, paid per project. Luc Besson was the highest paid French director in 2017, making €4.44 million for Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets . That same year, the top ten French directors' salaries in total represented 42% of the total directors' salaries in France. Film directors in Japan average

2325-665: The City College of New York after making In Paris Parks (1954). In 1955, she became a member of the Independent Filmmakers of America and was part of a circle of independent filmmakers in Greenwich Village such as Maya Deren , Stan Brakhage , Jonas Mekas , and Lionel Rogosin . In A Moment in Love , Clarke used abstract line and color to capture pure dance. Clarke's film Bridges Go-Round (1958)

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2400-653: The Martha Graham technique , the Humphrey-Weidman technique , and the Hanya Holm method of modern dance . She married Bert Clarke to escape her father's control, so she could study dance under the masters in New York City. Their daughter Wendy was born in 1944. Her marriage to Bert ended in divorce in 1963. She began her career as a dancer in the New York avant-garde modern dance movement. She

2475-461: The University of Chicago where he received a degree in history, and then enrolled at Harvard Law School where he spent a year. He returned to Chicago for a postgraduate degree, hoping to become a professor of history. Before graduating Kaufman became involved in the counterculture movement and in 1960 moved to San Francisco. He took various jobs there, including postal worker, and befriended

2550-660: The budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , producers , film editors or actors. Other film directors have attended film school. Directors use different approaches. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue, while others control every aspect and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners. Other directors edit or appear in their films or compose music score for their films. A film director's task

2625-1123: The Berlin/Brandenburg TV station RBB (Berlin-Brandenburg Broadcasting) and ARTE . In recent decades American directors have primarily been coming out of USC , UCLA , AFI , Columbia University , and NYU , each of which is known for cultivating a certain style of filmmaking. Notable film schools outside of the United States include Beijing Film Academy , Centro de Capacitación Cinematográfica in Mexico City, Dongseo University in South Korea, FAMU in Prague, Film and Television Institute of India , HFF Munich , La Fémis in Paris, Tel Aviv University , and Vancouver Film School . Film directors usually are self-employed and hired per project based on recommendations and industry reputation. Compensation might be arranged as

2700-528: The Coen brothers' Director of Photography; Wally Pfister , cinematographer on Christopher Nolan 's three Batman films made his directorial debut with Transcendence (2014). Despite the misnomer, assistant director has become a completely separate career path and is not typically a position for aspiring directors, but there are exceptions in some countries such as India where assistant directors are indeed directors-in-training. Many film directors have attended

2775-541: The Hotel Chelsea, Clarke was approached by Roger Corman to work on his next film Crazy Mama (1975). This sparked disagreements over creative approaches. Clarke realized that Corman was expecting a protègé without film experience. In a 1985 interview, Clarke stated that she did not believe the situation would have occurred had she been a male filmmaker: Clearly he couldn't be talking to an established filmmaker who had gotten prizes and stuff. He didn't know who I

2850-642: The Museum of Modern art ('Open Circuits'), Antioch College, Baltimore, Wesleyan College, Bucknell University, Film Study Center, Hampshire College and the University of Buffalo. Clarke became a professor at UCLA in 1975, teaching film and video until 1983. Clarke died of a stroke in Boston, Massachusetts after a struggle with Alzheimer's disease , shortly before her 78th birthday. The only full-length feature to receive wide media coverage during Clarke's lifetime

2925-479: The astronaut program. "It may be the last movie of the heroic 1970s," writes Thomson. The Unbearable Lightness of Being was directed and co-written by Kaufman in 1988. The film is based on the novel by Milan Kundera which takes place during the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Kaufman was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . In 1990, he wrote and directed Henry & June ,

3000-511: The best American film he had seen in 20 years. François Truffaut , another leading French director, was visiting Chicago when the film premiered and he came to the opening. Kaufman recalled that Truffaut "leaped to his feet" in the middle of the screening and began applauding. Two years later, Kaufman went on to direct Fearless Frank (1967), a comic book/counterculture fable, which he wrote, produced, and directed. It costarred Jon Voight in his film debut. Kaufman spent four years trying to find

3075-399: The best-selling book of the same name by Tom Wolfe . The story is based on the events and lives of the original test pilots who were selected to become the first U.S. astronauts. The film helped launch or boost the careers of numerous little-known actors, including Ed Harris , Scott Glenn , Fred Ward and Dennis Quaid . Kaufman hired William Goldman to write the screenplay, but after

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3150-605: The circus'". Clarke was determined to film the play, and once completed, it received favorable reviews. It was screened out of competition at the Cannes Film Festival in 1961, where again it was received positively. American Beat generation celebrities who were in Europe at the time traveled to Cannes to show support for Clarke's film. Screenings of The Connection in New York State were subsequently banned following complaints alleging indecency, based on

3225-536: The couple married the following year. Their only son, Peter, was born in March 1960. Rose, who made appearances in bit roles in Henry & June and Invasion of the Body Snatchers , died in 2009, aged 70, from cancer. She co-wrote the screenplays of The Wanderers and Henry & June . Peter Kaufman was the producer of Henry & June , Rising Sun , Quills , Twisted , and Hemingway & Gellhorn . Peter

3300-422: The director ensures that all individuals involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges they have to tackle has been described as "a multi-dimensional jigsaw puzzle with egos and weather thrown in for good measure". It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when and how they will work again, if at all. Generally,

3375-435: The director works with the editor to edit the material into the director's cut . Well-established directors have the " final cut privilege ", meaning that they have the final say on which edit of the film is released. For other directors, the studio can order further edits without the director's permission. The director is one of the few positions that requires intimate involvement during every stage of film production . Thus,

3450-601: The distributor closed in 1970 after encountering financial difficulties. In the 1970s and early 1980s, Clarke experimented with live video performance, returning to her roots as a dancer. She formed The TeePee Video Space Troupe at her Hotel Chelsea penthouse. This group included video artists Andy Gurian, Bruce Ferguson, Stephanie Palewski, DeeDee Halleck, Vickie Polan, Shrider Bapat, Clarke's daughter Wendy Clarke, and many others. The Troupe were also early experimenters with taped video performance, installation and documentation. After working on video films for several years at

3525-571: The documentary He Stands in a Desert Counting the Seconds of His Life (1986) by Jonas Mekas. Clarke's legs appeared in John Lennon and Yoko Ono 's 1971 film Up Your Legs Forever . Clarke lectured regularly, speaking at theaters and museums. During the period between 1971 and 1974, Clarke led number of Teepee touring workshops in a variety of venues and institutions including the Kitchen,

3600-603: The film has become a cult favorite. In 1981, Kaufman became involved with the first Indiana Jones film, Raiders of the Lost Ark , for which he received story credit. The character of Indiana Jones was created by George Lucas and Kaufman came up with the story about the pursuit of the Ark of the Covenant . In 1983, Kaufman directed and wrote the screenplay for the critically acclaimed film, The Right Stuff , an adaptation of

3675-425: The film industry throughout the world has a disproportionately higher number of male directors compared to female directors, and they provide as an example the fact that only 20% of films in Europe are directed by women. 44% of graduates from a sample of European films schools are women, and yet women are only 24% of working film directors in Europe. However only a fraction of film school graduates aspire to direct with

3750-415: The impact her experience as a woman had on her filmmaking: There are several reasons why I succeeded at all. One, I had enough money that I didn't have to become a secretary to survive. And secondly, I have developed this personality, this way of being...I happen to have chosen a field where I have to be out there, to constantly connect, to be in charge of vast amounts of money, equipment and people. And that

3825-472: The majority entering the industry in other roles. In Hollywood, women make up only 12.6 percent of film directors, as reported by a UCLA study of the 200 top theatrical films of 2017, but that number is a significant increase from 6.9% in 2016. As of 2014, there were only 20 women in the Directors Guild of Japan out of the 550 total members. Indian film directors are also greatly underrepresented by women, even compared to other countries, but there has been

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3900-477: The more ambitious pictures of the 1980s. Roger Ebert said the film was "impressive," noting that the way Kaufman had organized the material into one of the "best recent American movies, is astonishing." The film was nominated for eight Academy Awards (including Best Picture) and won four, yet failed at the box office. Kaufman earned the Writers Guild and Directors Guild nomination for his satiric adaptation of

3975-554: The most prestigious awards for directing, and there is even an award for worst directing given out during the Golden Raspberry Awards . Shirley Clarke Shirley Clarke (née Brimberg ; October 2, 1919 – September 23, 1997) was an American filmmaker. Born Shirley Brimberg in New York City , she was the daughter of a Polish-immigrant father who made his fortune in manufacturing. Her mother

4050-548: The nature of professional relationships that occur during film production. A full degree course can be designed for up to five years of studying. Future directors usually complete short films during their enrollment. The National Film School of Denmark has the student's final projects presented on national TV. Some film schools retain the rights for their students' works. Many directors successfully prepared for making feature films by working in television. The German Film and Television Academy Berlin consequently cooperates with

4125-458: The outside of the culture that I was in. I grew up in a time when women weren't running things. They still aren't. In 1962, she described, her objectives: "I'm revolting against the conventions of movies. Who says a film has to cost a million dollars and be safe and innocuous enough to satisfy every 12-year-old in America?" Her first feature film The Connection (1961), from the play by Jack Gelber , concerns heroin-addicted jazz musicians, and

4200-721: The pioneering video collective Videofreex were part of the Troupe: David Cort, Parry Teasdale, Chuck Kennedy, Skip Blumberg, Bart Freidman, and Nancy Cain. The troupe worked in and around the Hotel Chelsea on West 23rd St in New York City, often setting up multiple cameras and monitors on the roof or in the stairwell. The Chelsea guest participants included Viva , Arthur C. Clarke (no relation), Severn Darden , and Agnès Varda . The troupe went on tour to colleges and media centers, including Bucknell College in Pennsylvania, where they worked with drama and dance students in

4275-486: The poet Robert Frost , won the Academy Award for Documentary Feature . Based on a novel by Warren Miller , Clarke's feature, The Cool World (1964), followed the life of a young man who rose to be the leader of a juvenile gang. The first movie to dramatize a story on black street gangs without relying upon Hollywood-style moralizing, it was shot on location in Harlem and produced by Frederick Wiseman . The Cool World

4350-415: The position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that "20-hour days are not unusual". Some directors also take on additional roles, such as producing, writing or editing. Under European Union law, the film director is considered the "author" or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory . Auteur theory

4425-526: The range and limitations of cinema-verité style". Portrait of Jason (1967) had a mixed response from American critics. With the exception of non-mainstream publications, reviewers were generally negative focusing on Clarke's supposed "morbid viewpoint and the lack of production polish". Portrait of Jason had a better reception in Europe. The film was distributed by the Film-Makers Distribution Center. Co-founded by Clarke in 1966,

4500-407: The restrictions of the film's budget and the demands of the producer and studio (such as the need to get a particular age rating ). Directors also play an important role in post-production . While the film is still in production, the director sends " dailies " to the film editor and explains their overall vision for the film, allowing the editor to assemble an editor's cut . In post-production,

4575-798: The short film captures the construction of 666 Fifth Avenue that began in 1957. The 20-minute film includes shots of the Roxy Theatre which was demolished the year Skyscraper was released. In 1959, it won the Golden Gate Award at the San Francisco International Film Festival . A Scary Time (1960), showing poverty and disease among children in Third World nations, was produced by UNICEF in consultation with Thorold Dickinson . It features music by Peggy Glanville-Hicks . Clarke described

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4650-403: The sole superiors of the director are the producers and the studio that is financing the film, although sometimes the director can also be a producer of the same film. The role of a director differs from producers in that producers typically manage the logistics and business operations of the production, whereas the director is tasked with making creative decisions. The director must work within

4725-664: The story in an unfinished novel, but at the urging of Anaïs Nin he then made it into a "mystical comedy" film. It was inspired by a story from Martin Buber 's Tales of the Hasidim , and was filmed on location in Chicago with a cast composed of local actors from The Second City comedy troupe. The film won the Prix de la Nouvelle Critique (New Critics Prize) at the 1964 Cannes Film Festival , with French director Jean Renoir calling it

4800-477: The stressful, fast-paced environment of a film set. Moreover, it is necessary to have an artistic eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus, excellent communication skills are a must. Because the film director depends on the successful cooperation of many different creative individuals with possibly strongly contradicting artistic ideals and visions, they also need to possess conflict-resolution skills to mediate whenever necessary. Thus

4875-790: The works of experimental new filmmakers such as John Cassavetes and Shirley Clarke , among others. He recalls the effect of being exposed to those filmmakers as the "start of something new" which would later inspire the European flavor of many of his films: "I could feel the cry of America, the sense of jazz ... So I came back to Chicago in 1962 and set about trying to learn as much as I could, seeing every foreign movie I could." Kaufman returned to Chicago, ready to make his first feature film. He went around town looking for funding for his directorial debut, Goldstein (1964), co-written and co-directed with Benjamin Manaster. Kaufman initially conceived of

4950-442: Was The Connection . It was not her only film subject to bans by New York State censors, or distribution challenges posed by the lack of infrastructure for independent filmmakers. Clarke's reputation languished for many years, during a period when she was "marginalized, written out of histories and dismissed as a dilettante". There has been renewed interest in her filmmaking, however. The first Shirley Clarke Avant-Garde Filmmaker Award

5025-525: Was "geographically correct to the Powell Street line." In 1979, he directed The Wanderers , based on comic novel by Richard Price . The direction of the film illustrated Kaufman's mastery of genre quite different from his previous films. It is the story of a benign Italian gang of teenagers in the Bronx of 1963, with Ken Wahl and Karen Allen . It was Wahl's debut film, and Allen's second role, and

5100-481: Was 21 and she was 18, and both were undergraduates at the University of Chicago . A year later, in 1958, they married. They had one son, Peter. Rose Kaufman was also a screenwriter and had bit roles in two of her husband's films. After backpacking in Europe with his wife and their young son, they returned to the United States. His time in Europe heavily influenced Kaufman's decision to become a filmmaker, when he and his wife would wander into small movie theaters showcasing

5175-508: Was a remake of the 1956 version. In this version, Kaufman moved the setting to San Francisco and recreated the alien threat as more a horror film than science fiction, and in a way that was disturbing, humorous, and believable. Critic Pauline Kael said "It may be the best movie of its kind ever made." Critics from the San Francisco Chronicle stated that unlike other Hollywood depictions of San Francisco, this representation

5250-461: Was an avid participant in dance lessons and performances at the Young Women's Hebrew Association . In 1972, Clarke was a signatory to a campaign of Ms. magazine, "We Have Had Abortions", which called for an end to "archaic laws" limiting reproductive freedom; the participants encouraged women to share their stories and take action. In her first film, Dance in the Sun (1953), she adapted

5325-450: Was at all. [...] Would he ever talk to a man like that? He didn't trust me, that's for sure. There's deep discrimination against women artists that is still very strong. I was a representative of tokenism. I was relied on to be the woman filmmaker. No one person can carry that burden. There's no question that my career would have been different if I was a man, but if I was a man I would be a different human being. From time to time, members of

5400-403: Was fired as director after artistic differences with its star Clint Eastwood , who then directed the film himself. The enmity between Kaufman and Eastwood also stemmed from their mutual pursuit of actress Sondra Locke , then 32 and married to Gordon Leigh Anderson. Kaufman directed the science fiction thriller, Invasion of the Body Snatchers in 1978, which became his first box office hit. It

5475-429: Was part of the emergence of a New York independent feature film movement. The film heralded a new style addressing relevant social issues in black-and-white low-budget films. Clarke intended the film to be used as a test case in a successful fight to abolish New York State's censorship rules. It also served as a commentary on the failures of cinema verité . It is meant to appear to document the spontaneous interactions of

5550-450: Was the daughter of a multimillionaire Jewish manufacturer and inventor. The eldest of three daughters, her sister was the writer Elaine Dundy . Her interest in dance began at an early age, but met with the disapproval of her father, a violent bully. Clarke attended Stephens College , Johns Hopkins University , Bennington College , and University of North Carolina . As a result of dance lessons at each of these schools, she trained under

5625-591: Was the first independently made film to be screened at the Venice International Film Festival . Clarke directed a feature-length interview with a gay black male prostitute, Portrait of Jason (1967) which was selected for the New York Film Festival . Edited from 12 hours of interview footage, the film was described by Lauren Rabinovitz as an exploration of one "person's character while it simultaneously addresses

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