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41-492: In 1975, the NatLab employed some 2000 people, including 600 researchers with university degrees. Research done at the NatLab has ranged from product-specific to fundamental research into electronics , physics and chemistry , as well as computing science and information technology . The original NatLab facility was disbanded in 2001 and the facility has been transformed into the commercial High Tech Campus Eindhoven , which

82-525: A cooperation with Philips that resulted in June 1980 in a common CD system standard. In 1985 Kees Teer retired as director. Philips as a whole took a turn for the worse and by the end of the 1980s bankruptcy seemed a very real possibility. Under research director Kees Bulthuis the position of long-term fundamental research at NatLab came under more and more pressure, especially after Philips introduced decentralized financing. Bulthuis reduced research budgets by

123-613: A physics professor at Leiden University . At that time, he was actively studying both heat conduction and electrical conduction , and contributed to the attainment of millikelvin temperatures. In 1942, during World War II , Casimir moved to the Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium (Philips Physics Laboratory, NatLab) in Eindhoven , the Netherlands. He remained an active scientist and in 1945 wrote

164-441: A result, academic freedom was far gone. Fundamental research, research driven purely by curiosity, was strictly reined in and priority was given to the short-term interests of the product divisions. In 2000, Philips decided on a new direction for the NatLab and the grounds it was housed on: The decision was made to transform and sell the whole of it into an open innovation facility for technology companies, of which Philips Research

205-407: A source of expertise rather than a source of innovation. In 1998, when Arie Huijser became general research director, top researchers Joseph Braat , Rudy van de Plassche, Kees Schouhamer Immink , and Dieter Kasperkovitz resigned, further accelerating NatLabs's decline. Kees Schouhamer Immink , in a newspaper interview, told that the research management was a chaos which spoiled the atmosphere. As

246-788: A well-known paper on Lars Onsager 's principle of microscopic reversibility. He became a co-director of Philips NatLab in 1946 and a member of the board of directors of the company in 1956. He retired from Philips in 1972. Although he spent much of his professional life in industry, Hendrik Casimir was one of the great Dutch theoretical physicists. Casimir made many contributions to science during his years in research from 1931 to 1950. These contributions include: pure mathematics, Lie groups (1931); hyperfine structure , calculation of nuclear quadrupole moments, (1935); low temperature physics, magnetism, thermodynamics of superconductors , paramagnetic relaxation (1935–1942); applications of Onsager's theory of irreversible phenomena (1942–1950). He helped found

287-760: Is a type of scientific research with the aim of improving scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of natural or other phenomena. In contrast, applied research uses scientific theories to develop technology or techniques, which can be used to intervene and alter natural or other phenomena. Though often driven simply by curiosity , basic research often fuels the technological innovations of applied science . The two aims are often practiced simultaneously in coordinated research and development . In addition to innovations, basic research serves to provide insights and public support of nature, possibly improving conservation efforts. Technological innovations may influence engineering concepts, such as

328-585: Is open to researchers from many different companies. Philips Research is after many reorganizations one of the smaller tenants. Philips Research also had branches in Germany, the United Kingdom, United States, India and China. Originally located in the Strijp district of Eindhoven , the facility moved to Waalre in the early 1960s. A 1972 municipal rezoning brought the facility back into Eindhoven, which

369-521: Is the most common. Basic research generates new ideas, principles, and theories, which may not be immediately utilized but nonetheless form the basis of progress and development in different fields. Today's computers, for example, could not exist without research in pure mathematics conducted over a century ago, for which there was no known practical application at the time. Basic research rarely helps practitioners directly with their everyday concerns; nevertheless, it stimulates new ways of thinking that have

410-700: The Casimir effect , which has important consequences in Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) , among others. He was awarded six honorary doctor degrees by universities outside the Netherlands. He received numerous awards and prizes, among them the illustrious IRI Medal from the Industrial Research Institute in 1976. He was a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Engineering . In 1982, he

451-562: The European Physical Society and became its president from 1972 till 1975. In 1979 he was one of the key speakers at CERN's 25th anniversary celebrations. In 1946 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences . While at Philips NatLab, in 1948 Casimir, collaborating with Dirk Polder , predicted the quantum mechanical attraction between conducting plates now known as

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492-649: The University of Leiden under Paul Ehrenfest , where he received his Ph.D. in 1931. His Ph.D. thesis dealt with the quantum mechanics of a rigid spinning body and the group theory of the rotations of molecules. During that time he also spent some time in Copenhagen with Niels Bohr , where he helped Bohr support the latter's hypothesis of the gunslinger effect with mock shoot-outs on campus. From 1932 to mid-1933, Casimir worked as an assistant to Wolfgang Pauli at ETH Zurich . During this period, he worked on

533-482: The oil crisis , the long period of economic growth came to an end and companies could no longer afford expensive research departments. With that economic reality, the belief in the stimulating value of fundamental research also seemed to disappear. On top of that, a number of bad decisions by the NatLab management did little to ingratiate the facility to the Philips Board of Directors (such bad decisions including

574-527: The National Science Foundation. A worker in basic scientific research is motivated by a driving curiosity about the unknown. When his explorations yield new knowledge, he experiences the satisfaction of those who first attain the summit of a mountain or the upper reaches of a river flowing through unmapped territory. Discovery of truth and understanding of nature are his objectives. His professional standing among his fellows depends upon

615-525: The Philips company as a whole, the era of Frits Philips had made the company part of the world's electronics giants with 350.000 employees in 1970. NatLab grew right along with the company and became a world class research facility. By 1963 a new campus was designed for the facility in Waalre, with space for 3.000 employees (more than any Dutch university). NatLab never grew to quite those numbers though, 2.400

656-462: The areas of propagation of radio waves , electrical circuit theory, harmonics and a number of related, mathematical problems. Van der Pol also studied the effect of the curvature of the Earth on radio wave propagation. Van der Pol's senior assistant (hired in 1923) was Bernard Tellegen . He started working on triodes and invented (with his director Gilles Holst) the penthode in 1926. The penthode

697-442: The atmosphere at that time: "We were able to conduct whatever research we found relevant, and had no pre-determined tasks; instead, we received full freedom and support of autonomous research. We went to work, not knowing what we would do that day. This view -or rather ambiguous view- on how research should be conducted, led to amazing inventions as a result. It was an innovation heaven". In 1968 Kees Teer became director. The result

738-422: The beak of a kingfisher influencing the design of a high-speed bullet train. Basic research advances fundamental knowledge about the world. It focuses on creating and refuting or supporting theories that explain observed phenomena. Pure research is the source of most new scientific ideas and ways of thinking about the world. It can be exploratory , descriptive , or explanatory; however, explanatory research

779-539: The development of the flopped videodisc , the Video 2000 videocassette recorder , and the initial lack of support for the compact disc ). The compact disc had been initiated and pushed by the audio department, although NatLab researcher Kees Schouhamer Immink played an instrumental role in its design. For the industry group 'Audio' and the NatLab the development of a small optical audio disc started early in 1974. The sound quality of this disc had to be superior to that of

820-453: The director's position until 1946 and spent his tenure creating and maintaining an academic atmosphere at the facility in which researchers had intellectual freedom and access to external research and resources. The external access also included colloquia by some of the great physicists of the day (including Albert Einstein in 1923). This managerial philosophy was unique to NatLab, compared to other Philips facilities and laboratories. Unlike

861-471: The early 1970s. Dick Raaijmakers (under the alias "Kid Baltan", "Baltan" being "Natlab" spelled backwards) and Tom Dissevelt 's work at the Natlab studios resulted in internationally acclaimed electronic music and jazz music . The period under Casimir was a time of great success and achievement for the NatLab. But the time after his retirement in 1972 was one of decline and loss. In 1973, starting with

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902-628: The entire globe. As a result of this, the Philips Omroep Holland-Indië (PHOHI, the Philips Holland-Indonesia station ) was founded. In 1946 Holst was succeeded by a triumvirate : physicist Hendrik Casimir (who would later become the primarily responsible of the three and member of the Board of Directors), chemist Evert Verwey and engineer Herre Rinia. The NatLab saw its heyday under this triumvirate. For

943-464: The equivalent of 60 million euro in three years' time. Hundreds of NatLab employees were fired and departments were closed, including the entire mathematics department in Brussels . By 1989 the NatLab, which had formerly been on the Board of Directors budget, drew two-thirds of its income from contracts with the product divisions. This made the role of the NatLab far more limited than before: it became

984-456: The field of quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics . He is best known for his work on the Casimir effect , which describes the attractive force between two uncharged plates in a vacuum due to quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. Hendrik Casimir is also known for his research on the two-fluid model of superconductors (together with C. J. Gorter ) in 1934. Casimir was born 15 July 1909. He studied theoretical physics at

1025-407: The large and vulnerable vinyl record. To realize this, Lou Ottens, technical director of 'Audio', formed a seven-person project group. Vries and Diepeveen were members of this project group. In March 1974, during an Audio-VLP meeting Peek and Vries recommended a digital audio registration because an error-correcting code could be included. Vries and Diepeveen built an error-correcting coder-decoder that

1066-421: The need to do in-house research to support product development, as well as create a company patent portfolio and reduce the company dependence on patents held by third parties. They hired physicist Gilles Holst (the first director) who assembled a staff consisting of Ekko Oosterhuis and a small number of research assistants; this was the entire scientific staff of the facility for the first decade. Holst held

1107-468: The originality and soundness of his work. Creativeness in science is of a cloth with that of the poet or painter. It conducted a study in which it traced the relationship between basic scientific research efforts and the development of major innovations, such as oral contraceptives and videotape recorders. This study found that basic research played a key role in the development in all of the innovations. The number of basic science research that assisted in

1148-489: The other Philips labs, NatLab similar to AT&T Bell Laboratories in the United States. The research was also not limited to industrial research; a good deal of fundamental research was also performed at NatLab, such as that of Bernard D. H. Tellegen and Balthasar van der Pol . Van der Pol was hired in 1922 to start a research program into radio technology . This research program resulted in publishable results in

1189-585: The potential to revolutionize and dramatically improve how practitioners deal with a problem in the future. In the United States, basic research is funded mainly by the federal government and done mainly at universities and institutes. As government funding has diminished in the 2010s, however, private funding is increasingly important. Applied science focuses on the development of technology and techniques. In contrast, basic science develops scientific knowledge and predictions, principally in natural sciences but also in other empirical sciences, which are used as

1230-766: The production of a given innovation peaked between 20 and 30 years before the innovation itself. While most innovation takes the form of applied science and most innovation occurs in the private sector, basic research is a necessary precursor to almost all applied science and associated instances of innovation. Roughly 76% of basic research is conducted by universities. A distinction can be made between basic science and disciplines such as medicine and technology. They can be grouped as STM (science, technology, and medicine; not to be confused with STEM [science, technology, engineering, and mathematics]) or STS (science, technology, and society). These groups are interrelated and influence each other, although they may differ in

1271-495: The relativistic theory of the electron, in particular, evaluating deviations of the Klein-Nishina equation in the case of bound electrons. To attack the problem, he invented a number of mathematical tools. One in particular is still referred to as the “Casimir trick": in particle interaction calculations, it is a familiar procedure of trace formation and projections using products of Dirac matrices . In 1938, Casimir became

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1312-457: The scientific foundation for applied science. Basic science develops and establishes information to predict phenomena and perhaps to understand nature, whereas applied science uses portions of basic science to develop interventions via technology or technique to alter events or outcomes. Applied and basic sciences can interface closely in research and development . The interface between basic research and applied research has been studied by

1353-545: The specifics such as methods and standards. The Nobel Prize mixes basic with applied sciences for its award in Physiology or Medicine . In contrast, the Royal Society of London awards distinguish natural science from applied science. Hendrik Casimir Hendrik Brugt Gerhard Casimir ForMemRS (15 July 1909 – 4 May 2000) was a Dutch physicist who made significant contributions to

1394-710: The universities, and vice versa graduates joined the Philips Research. Philips researchers received prestigious awards in technical fields. was a Dutch physicist best known for his research on the two-fluid model of superconductors (together with C. J. Gorter ) in 1934 and the Casimir effect (together with D. Polder ) in 1948. Was the head of NatLab from 1946 until 1972. 51°24′38″N 5°27′25″E  /  51.41056°N 5.45694°E  / 51.41056; 5.45694 Fundamental research Basic research , also called pure research , fundamental research , basic science , or pure science ,

1435-587: Was a slew of commercial and fundamental results, including the cassette tape in 1962, Plumbicon camera tube and the Video Long Play disc , which was the technological basis for the 1980 compact disc . Results were also achieved in the area of integrated circuitry : Else Kooi  [ nl ] invented the LOCOS technology and Kees Hart and Arie Slob developed the I²L ( Integrated Injection Logic ) in

1476-480: Was delivered in the summer of 1978. The decoder was included in the CD prototype player that was presented to the international press. The error-correcting coder-decoder was abandoned in 1979 in favor of Sony ’s superior CIRC code, which became the adopted CD's standard. To commemorate this breakthrough, Philips received an IEEE Milestone Award on March 6, 2009. This breakthrough was also appreciated by Sony and they started

1517-458: Was followed some years later by Eindhoven renaming the street the facility is on into the Prof. Holstlaan , after the first director . The history of the NatLab spans roughly three periods: 1914–1946, 1946–1972 and 1972–2001. The NatLab was founded in 1914 after a direct decision of Gerard and Anton Philips . At the time Philips was branching out into different areas of electronics and they felt

1558-600: Was only a small one. The new name is the High Tech Campus Eindhoven , which has by now completely subsumed the old NatLab. This decision by Philips also fit with the new direction chosen by the company, "Health and Lifestyle". Philips has divested itself of branches like the Lighting and semiconductors branches (now the independent NXP ), which has reduced the on-site size of Philips Research to 200 as of 2016. In March 2012 High Tech Campus Eindhoven

1599-596: Was sold by Philips to Ramphastos Investments, a private consortium of investors. Philips remained as tenant, but its status changed from owner/manager to resident. The Natlab had a great impact on science in The Netherlands . The list of appointments and honors compiled by Henk Hagenbeuk, shows the close cooperation between the Dutch universities and Philips Research until the 1990s. The cooperation worked both ways: researchers were appointed as (part-time) professor at

1640-536: Was the centerpiece of the famous Philips radio and it soon found its way into every radio and amplifier in the market. Tellegen also did pioneering research in the area of electrical networks. In 1925 Van der Pol took on a junior student from Delft , Johan Numans . Numans designed and built a short wave crystal controlled telephony transmitter for his required period of practical work, with call sign PCJJ. This transmitter made world headlines on March 11, 1927 when it transmitted practically undistorted music and voice across

1681-408: Was the record – and that included the foreign branches which had been added in the meantime. The NatLab became a superuniversity where the "best of the best" could do research in practically perfect circumstances (full academic freedom , no time devoted to teaching classes, nearly unlimited budgets and so on). Kees Schouhamer Immink , digital pioneer and one of NatLab's top-scientists, formulated

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