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34-776: The Philipsdam is a compartmentalisation dam constructed as part of the Delta Works in the Netherlands . It separates water of the lakes Krammer and Volkerak from the Oosterschelde , and connects the Grevelingendam to Sint Philipsland . In 1974, it was decided by Rijkswaterstaat and the Den Uyl cabinet to construct the Oosterscheldekering as a storm surge barrier at the mouth of

68-476: A sandbank known as Plaat van de Vliet . Eighteen months after initiation, the island's construction concluded, paving the way for the commencement of the locks aimed at facilitating inland navigation and accommodating yachts . By 1983, the Krammer locks complex was completed, and the dam was officially inaugurated on 2 February 1987. A second lock for yachts was added in 1994. The Philipsdam functions as

102-540: A sandbank known as Plaat van de Vliet as the preferred option. Key considerations included: The connection of the damn to the Grevelingendam instead of the southern shore of Goeree-Overflakkee was chosen to allow for the option of turning the Grevelingenmeer into a freshwater basin by feeding it via a discharge sluice from the Krammer, which was ultimately decided against. The benefit of this route

136-493: A term of art , where it means the collection of: This sense of "agricultural land" thus includes a great deal of land not devoted to agricultural use. The land actually under annually-replanted crops in any given year is instead said to constitute sown land or cropped land . "Permanent cropland" includes forested plantations used to harvest coffee , rubber , or fruit but not tree farms or proper forests used for wood or timber . Land able to be used for farming

170-613: A closure at the Oosterschelde estuary, the plan was revised to include a storm surge barrier, the Oosterscheldekering . This shift affected the dams' intended functions. Initially, the Oosterschelde dam was to transform the area into a vast freshwater body, dubbed the Zeeland Lake, to ensure a tide-free route from Antwerp to Rotterdam. This would have involved lock complexes at both the Volkerakdam and Kreekrakdam. Due to

204-698: A dam, a fresh-salt water separator, and a lock system. It mitigates tidal influences within the Scheldt-Rhine connection, ensuring the Port of Antwerp remains accessible. To the dam's west lies saltwater, while to its east, freshwater flows from the Waal and Bergse Maas . On the dam's saltwater side, the Oosterschelde's water level is maintained, ensuring the conservation of salt marshes and mudflats vital for oyster farming . The freshwater side supports extensive vegetation due to its drier conditions. The inclusion of

238-465: A lock complex facilitates the passage of ships, featuring an innovative system for fresh-salt water separation. In addition to the main road over the crest of the dam, there is a parallel road on its eastern side which was constructed to offer access to recreational zones. The dam's southern route was deliberately positioned as far west as possible from the Plaat van Vliet and Krammerse Slikken, maximising

272-430: Is 28.4% of all agricultural land (10.9% of global land area), and permanent crops (e.g. vineyards and orchards ) are 3.1% (1.2% of global land area). In 2021, the global agricultural land area was 4.79 billion hectares (ha), down 2 percent, or 0.09 billion ha compared with 2000. One-third of the total agricultural land was cropland (1.58 billion ha in 2021), which increased by 6 percent (0.09 billion ha). Asia had

306-461: Is a significant disparity in water quality across different basins, where separation is used to address undesirable conditions. Such structures play a crucial role in water management by creating physical barriers between bodies of water with differing qualities. Noteworthy examples include the following compartmentalisation dams in the Netherlands : In regions with tidal influences where closure dams are essential and multiple tidal inlets are present,

340-585: Is as little as €1,500–2,000 (£1,260–1,680) per hectare (ha) (£1,260–1,680). This is comparatively inexpensive. Poor-quality farmland in France and Spain is sold at no lower than €10,000/ha. The average Russian farm measures 150 hectares (370 acres). The most prevalent crops in Russia are wheat , barley , corn , rice , sugar beet , soy beans , sunflower , potatoes and vegetables . Russian farmers harvested roughly 85–90 million tonnes of wheat annually in

374-621: Is called cultivable land . Farmland, meanwhile, is used variously in reference to all agricultural land, to all cultivable land, or just to the newly restricted sense of "arable land". Depending upon its use of artificial irrigation , the FAO's "agricultural land" may be divided into irrigated and non-irrigated land. In the context of zoning , agricultural land or agriculturally-zoned land refers to plots that are permitted to be used for agricultural activities, without regard to its present use or even suitability. In some areas, agricultural land

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408-495: Is notably easier in areas over a wantij , a Dutch term denoting a shallow part or tidal divide in a delta system where two tidal currents meet. At these junctures, the converging tides neutralise each other, creating an area with minimal current, facilitating easier dam construction despite the rapid movement of adjacent waters. The wantij serves as a critical navigational feature, offering shelter from strong currents or presenting challenges for vessels with deeper drafts. After

442-649: Is protected so that it can be farmed without any threat of development. The Agricultural Land Reserve in British Columbia in Canada , for instance, requires approval from its Agricultural Land Commission before its lands can be removed or subdivided. Under the FAO 's definitions above, agricultural land covers 38.4% of the world's land area as of 2011. Permanent pastures are 68.4% of all agricultural land (26.3% of global land area), arable land (row crops)

476-488: Is that it also removed the requirement for an additional road bridge across the Krammer instead connecting it to the existing road over the Grevelingendam. The road connection on the south side of the dam required significant research during the design stage, as it runs through vulnerable nature reserves. Construction on the Philipsdam commenced in 1976, starting with the creation of a 96-hectare temporary work island on

510-713: The Storm Surge of 1953 , it was decided to close the main inlets in the South-West of the Netherlands: the Oosterschelde, the Brouwershavenische Gat, and the Haringvliet. As these basins are connected to each other, and it is not possible to simply close them one-by-one, prior separation is required. Some notable examples of compartmentalisation dams used to implement such separation as part of

544-548: The Delta Works project in The Netherlands include: The Deltacommissie ( English : Delta Commission), a governmental expert panel convened to advise on measures to avert disasters like the 1953 flood , described these structures as side dams ( Dutch : nevendammen ), rather than compartmentalisation dams. Following the completion of these dams, the original Delta Plan was adapted. Instead of constructing

578-538: The Oosterschelde, instead of completely closing off the tidal inlet at that location. The construction of the Oosterscheldekering required the compartmentalisation of the basin. The compartmentalisation model chosen involved the construction of the Philipsdam, the Oesterdam , and a discharge channel for managing the level and quality of the lake that would then form behind the dams. The overall project

612-459: The Oosterschelde. The locks are designed so that there is no influx of saltwater that enters the Volkerak and only a little fresh water in the Oosterschelde. The locks rely on the physical principle that saltwater is denser and sinks, while freshwater rises. By a complex system of pipes and pumps, the saltwater is pumped from the bottom, or conversely, freshwater is pumped from the top, depending on

646-462: The United States cropland increased by 2.98 million acres from 2008 to 2012 (comprising 7.34 million acres (29,700 km ) converted to agriculture, and 4.36 million acres (17,600 km ) converted from agriculture). Source: Helgi Library, World Bank, FAOSTAT Prices and rents for agricultural land depend on supply and demand. Prices/rents rise when the supply of farmland on

680-679: The United States of America (10 percent) and China (8 percent). Cropland area per capita decreased in all regions between 2000 and 2021 as population increased faster than the cropland area. The world average declined by 18 percent to 0.20 ha per capitain 2021; the decrease was the largest in Africa (−25 percent, to0.21 ha per capita), followed by the Americas and Asia (−17 percent each,to 0.37 ha per capita and 0.13 ha per capita, respectively), Europe and Oceania (−7 percent each, to 0.39 haper capita and 0.77 ha per capita, respectively). The countries with

714-474: The cropland area of Africa overtook that of Europe in 2018. Approximately 30 percent of global cropland and permanent meadows and pastures can be found in three countries. In 2021, 12 percent of global permanent meadows and pastures belonged to China, 10 percent to Australia, and 8 percent to the United States of America. For the same year, the largest share of global cropland was in India (11 percent), followed by

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748-496: The direction of the ship. Locks on inland waterways are 280 metres long and 24 metres wide. The dam considerably changed the surrounding landscape. Shortly after closure, the water became fresh and the level in the Krammer-Volkerak was fixed at zero centimeters NAP (Amsterdam Ordnance Datum) . As a result, nearly two thousand hectares of salt marshes , mudflats , and sandflats permanently dried out. Shoreline erosion

782-413: The establishment of a compartmentalisation dam becomes crucial. Without such a structure (represented by the dotted line), Dam A would require the basin to be entirely filled through sea inlet B. This scenario could lead to a significant increase in flow rate at the inlet, causing the channel to widen and deepen, thereby complicating or outright preventing closure. Constructing a compartmentalisation dam

816-405: The final location of the Philipsdam and the lock complex were investigated, with an important consideration being the preservation of valuable intertidal areas along with considerations of the closure method to be employed. The decision-making process for the nature and location of the Philipsdam involved a comprehensive consideration of multiple factors, leading to the selection of the variant at

850-626: The highest croplandarea per capita are Kazakhstan, Australia and Canada, due to vast areas of land available. Globally, the total amount of permanent pasture according to the FAO has been in decline since 1998, in part due to a decrease of wool production in favor of synthetic fibers (such as polyester) and cotton . The decrease of permanent pasture, however, does not account for gross conversion (e.g. land extensively cleared for agriculture in some areas, while converted from agriculture to other uses elsewhere) and more detailed analyses have demonstrated this. For example, Lark et al. 2015 found that in

884-514: The largest share of the global cropland area in 2021 (37 percent), followedby the Americas (24 percent), Africa (19 percent), Europe (18 percent) and Oceania (2 percent). There were differences in cropland expansion in the different regions during this period – Oceania and Africa both had rapid growth in cropland area (33 percent and 27 percent), while Asia and the Americas had more moderate growth (4 percent and 2 percent). The cropland area of Europe declined between 2000 and 2021 by 5 percent. As aresult,

918-416: The market reduces. Landholders then put more land on the market – causing prices to fall. Conversely, land prices/rents fall when the demand for agricultural land declines because of falls in the returns from holding and using it. The immediate triggers for falls in land demand might be reductions in the demand for farm produce or in relevant government subsidies and tax reliefs. The cost of Russian farmland

952-474: The non-completion of the Oosterschelde closure and the deferred decision to build a storm surge barrier, the Volkerak remained open, maintaining significant flow rates through the Zijpe channel. This persistent flow led to erosion, necessitating additional protective measures until the completion of the Oosterscheldekering. Agricultural land Agricultural land is typically land devoted to agriculture ,

986-523: The recreational potential of these mudflats. Efforts were made to preserve the ecological and tidal areas of the Slaak (the region between the dam and the northern side of Sint Philipsland), while minimising the impact on agricultural land in Sint Philipsland. The locks are technically sophisticated because they must avoid the exchange between the freshwater Volkerak and the brackish water of

1020-427: The systematic and controlled use of other forms of life —particularly the rearing of livestock and production of crops —to produce food for humans . It is generally synonymous with both farmland or cropland , as well as pasture or rangeland . The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and others following its definitions, however, also use agricultural land or agricultural area as

1054-614: The years around 2010. Russia exported most to Egypt , Turkey and Iran in 2012; China was a significant export market as well. The average yield from the Krasnodar region was between 4 and 5 tonnes per ha, while the Russian average was only 2t/ha. The Basic Element Group , a conglomerate owned by Oleg Deripaska , is one of Russia's leading agricultural producers, and owns or manages 109,000ha of Russian farmland, out of 90m actual and 115m total (0.12% actual). In 2013, Ukraine

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1088-620: Was also required to create a freshwater lake for water management purposes, ensure a tide-free navigation on the Scheldt-Rhine connection , and achieve a tidal difference of 2.7m at Yerseke . To prevent unacceptable flow velocities from being realised in the Scheldt-Rhine Canal during the works, the closing phases of both the Philipsdam and the Oesterdam had to be coordinated with each other. A number of alternatives to

1122-754: Was mitigated by constructing foreshores . In the 1990s, around forty islands were created that are of great importance for coastal breeding birds, meaning that the alluvial tidal marsh now supports rich animal life. An observation hut was installed to facilitate the observation of the many species of birds, such as the pied avocet . Information (in Dutch) about the Philipsdam From the Watersnoodmuseum Knowledge Centre website Compartmentalisation dam Compartmentalisation dams have been deployed in scenarios where there

1156-480: Was ranked third in corn production and sixth in wheat production. It was the main supplier of corn , wheat , and rape to Europe, although it is unclear whether the internal supply from countries like France were accounted in this calculation. Ukrainian farmers achieve 60% of the output per unit area of their North American competitors. UkrLandFarming PLC produces, from 650,000 hectares (1.6m acres), corn, wheat, barley, sugar beet, and sunflowers. Until 2014,

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