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91-613: The Philippine Centennial was a series of celebrations by the Philippine government to primarily commemorate the 100th anniversary of the proclamation of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898. The Philippine Centennial primarily commemorates the 100th anniversary of the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898. It also commemorates other events in the Philippine Revolution and

182-459: A civil service entrance examination to assess qualifications and work integrity for employment in the sector. The Commission on Elections enforces and administers all laws and regulations related to conducting elections, plebiscites , initiatives , referendums, and recalls . It decides on all decisions surrounding election protests and contests and has the right to deputize and take control of law enforcement and state security forces to ensure

273-485: A supertall structure as part of the commemorations. The proposed structure was the 390 meters (1,280 ft) Centennial Tower which was designed by Filipino architect Francisco Mañosa . The project, which was proposed to be built at the Luneta Park , was met with controversy due to its scale and planned site. The tower was never built. Philippine government The powers of the three branches are vested by

364-736: A Recon platoon leader. What is the job of a recon leader? To recon the front line – no man's land. And what did we do? I had to assault a fortified position of the Chinese communists and wiped them out. And what is this Special Forces group that we commanded in the Army – '62–'65? That was the only remaining combat unit in the Philippine Army . The rest were training in a military division unit set-up. We were in Luzon . We were in Sulu . And then, during

455-814: A coalition with the National Union of Christian Democrats (NUCD) of Senator & DFA Secretary Raul Manglapus and the United Muslim Democrats of the Philippines (UMDP) of Ambassador Sanchez Ali. Ramos and Osmeña, together with Congressman (later House Speaker) Jose de Venecia , campaigned for economic reforms and improved national security and unity. He won the seven-way race on May 11, 1992, narrowly defeating popular Agrarian Reform Secretary Miriam Defensor Santiago . His running mate, Governor Osmeña, lost to Senator Joseph Estrada as vice president. Despite winning, he garnered only 23.58% of

546-626: A former military general, Ramos made peace with the country's various armed rebel groups, kickstarting the process by creating a National Unification Commission (NUC) and appointing Haydee Yorac to be its chair. Upon the recommendation of the NUC, Ramos eventually decided to grant amnesty to the rebel military officers of the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) led by Col. Gregorio "Gringo" Honasan and Capt. Proceso Maligalig. Ramos

637-516: A result was implicated in a political scandal, which was known as the Expo scam. The shade of blue of the Flag of the Philippines has been a subject of debate by historians. American blue (navy blue) has been used for the flag prior to 1998, with a lighter blue (Oriental blue) used briefly during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos from 1985 to 1986. Royal Blue was codified as the official shade of blue of

728-454: A rising sun above a blue and red ribbon which twirls to form the number "100". The logo contains the centennial's slogan "Kalayaan, Kayamanan ng Bayan" ( transl.  Freedom, Wealth of the Nation ) which presents the concept that "freedom" is the wealth of the country, the said slogan was won by Joachim Medroso on the said competition. Aklanon songwriter-composer Dante Beriong composed

819-591: A suitable venue for Independence Day . In 1992, all American military bases were transferred to Philippine control after the Senate rejected the military bases agreement with the United States. Later on it was revealed through a special report by the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (PCIJ) that the projects relating to the Expo site not only revealed the extravagance and inefficiency of

910-829: Is bicameral , consisting of the Senate of the Philippines and the House of Representatives . The two chambers have roughly equal powers, and every bill or resolution that has to go through both houses needs the consent of both chambers before being passed for the President's signature. The Senate is located in Pasay , while the House of Representatives is located in Quezon City , both of which are in Metro Manila . The Senate of

1001-587: Is led by the President of the Senate . The current senate president is Francis Escudero . The House of Representatives of the Philippines is the lower house of the Congress. The House consists of district and sectoral representatives elected for a term of three years and may be re-elected for three consecutive terms. Each bill has to be approved by the House, after which it is sent to the Senate. Furthermore, all franchise and money bills must originate from

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1092-614: Is the highest ever currency denomination issued by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas , the Philippines' central bank. In December 1998, another Centennial commemorative banknote were issued by the BSP, the 2,000-Piso Banknote and they issued for the limited amount of 300,000 pieces. From 1997 to 1998, BSP released one-hundred peso banknote featuring the Philippine Centennial logo at the watermark area. The version without

1183-527: The Constitution of the Philippines in the following: Legislative power is vested in the two-chamber Congress of the Philippines —the Senate is the upper chamber and the House of Representatives is the lower chamber. Executive power is exercised by the government under the leadership of the president. Judicial power is vested in the courts, with the Supreme Court of the Philippines as

1274-659: The Makati Medical Center in Makati on July 31, 2022, at the age of 94. Fidel Valdez Ramos was born on March 18, 1928, in Lingayen , Pangasinan and grew up in Asingan town during his childhood. His father, Narciso Ramos (1900–1986), was a lawyer, journalist and five-term legislator of the House of Representatives , who eventually rose to the position of Secretary of Foreign Affairs . As such, Narciso Ramos

1365-677: The National Defense College of the Philippines and a master's degree in Business Administration from Ateneo de Manila University . In addition, he received a total of 29 honorary doctorate degrees . Ramos married Amelita Martinez on October 21, 1954, at the Central Church (now known as Central United Methodist Church ) in Ermita , Manila. They started as friends while they were classmates at

1456-794: The Philippine Army Special Forces . Later, he was named as the commander of the Army's 3rd Division based in Cebu City , Cebu . Ramos received several military awards including the Philippine Legion of Honor (March 18, 1988, and July 19, 1991), the Distinguished Conduct Star (1991), the Distinguished Service Star (May 20, 1966, December 20, 1967, and August 3, 1981), Philippine Military Merit Medal (May 23, 1952),

1547-611: The Spratly Islands , 130 nautical miles (240 km; 150 mi) off the coast of Palawan . The Philippine government issued a formal protest over the PRC's occupation of the reef and the Philippine Navy arrested sixty-two Chinese fishermen at Half Moon Shoal, eighty kilometers from Palawan. A week later, following confirmation from surveillance pictures that the structures were of military design, President Fidel Ramos had

1638-433: The gas chamber could be installed" . However, no one was electrocuted or gassed, because the previously used chair was destroyed earlier in a fire and the Philippines adopted the method of lethal injection . After his presidency, some people were put to death by this means, until the death penalty was abolished again in 2006. In early 1995, the Philippines discovered a primitive PRC military structure on Mischief Reef in

1729-536: The House. The House of Representatives also has the power to impeach certain officials. The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . The current speaker is Martin Romualdez . Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court of the Philippines and lower courts established by law. The Supreme Court, which has a chief justice as its head and 14 associate justices , occupies

1820-582: The Nation address on July 27, 1992, he requested that the Congress enact a law that would create an Energy Department that would plan and manage the Philippines' energy demands. Congress not only created the Department but gave him special emergency powers to resolve the power crisis. Using the powers given to him, Ramos issued licenses to independent power producers (IPP) to construct power plants within 24 months. Ramos issued supply contracts that guaranteed

1911-562: The Philippine Centennial theme song, "Mabuhay Ka Pilipino". The Philippine National Centennial Exposition, a world's fair featuring the Philippines' culture and history was held as part of the commemorations. The site of the exhibition was built at the Clark Special Economic Zone in Pampanga . The project for the exhibition's facilities was riddled with graft and bidding irregularities. President Fidel V. Ramos as

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2002-581: The Philippine flag in 1998 through Republic Act No. 8491 signed on February 12, 1998. President Fidel V. Ramos issued Executive Order No 179 in 1994 which mandates the observance of National Flag Days from May 28 to June 12 every year. All establishments are therefore obliged to display the Philippine flag from sunrise to sunset on those dates. May 28 marks the date of the Battle of Alapan in Imus, Cavite when

2093-529: The Philippine flag was believed to have been first unfurled. Infrastructure projects were implemented as part of the Philippine Centennial. The Old Legislative Building in Manila which used to host the Senate of the Philippines was renovated and converted to a museum – now known as the National Museum of Fine Arts . The Libingan ng mga Bayani was likewise renovated in 1998. There was a plan to build

2184-475: The Philippine government would pay for the loans if the IPPs defaulted. The Ramos government continued signing IPP contracts even after the end of 1993 when the power crisis was considered solved. The World Bank came up with a report in 1994 warning that power rates would rise if the government continued to enter into more IPP contracts that would mean excess power. The World Bank questioned the ambitious projections of

2275-400: The Philippine military from Second Lieutenant to Commander-in-Chief. The first three years of his administration were characterized by an economic boom, technological development, political stability, and efficient delivery of basic needs to the people. He advocated party platforms as an outline and agenda for governance. He was the first Christian Democrat to be elected in the country, being

2366-540: The Philippines became legal. It was also during his presidency that the Comprehensive Agreement on Respect for Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law (CARHRIHL), which provided a mechanism to monitor human rights abuses in the course of operations was signed between the government and the CPP on 16 March 1998. During his administration, Ramos began implementing economic reforms intended to open up

2457-614: The Philippines establishes three independent constitutional commissions: the Civil Service Commission , the Commission on Elections , and the Commission on Audit . The Civil Service Commission is the central personnel agency of the Philippine government. It is responsible for strengthening employment and a conducive work environment in the civil service sector and overseeing the Civil Service Exam,

2548-446: The Philippines is the country's chief executive, serving as the head of state and head of government . The president heads all executive departments . The heads of the departments, which make up the cabinet , are appointed by the president subject to the approval of the Commission on Appointments . The president also supervises all local government units. The president may also give executive issuances , grant pardons , and exercise

2639-444: The Philippines is the upper house of Congress. Senators are elected for a term of six years; they can be re-elected but may not run for a third consecutive term. Once a bill is approved by the House of Representatives, it is passed onto the Senate. A bill must first be approved by the Senate in order to be passed for the president's signature to become a law. Only the Senate can concur with treaties and try impeachment cases. The Senate

2730-461: The Philippines. To ensure a positive financial outlook on the Philippines, Ramos led the 4th Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Leaders' Summit in the Philippines in November 1996. Under his administration, the Philippines enjoyed economic growth and stability. The Philippine Stock Exchange in the mid-1990s was one of the best in the world and his visions of ' Philippines 2000 ' that led

2821-616: The Presidency, she appointed Ramos as Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (1986–1988), and later Secretary of National Defense as well as Chairman of the National Disaster Coordinating Council (1988–1991), handling the government's response to disasters such as the 1990 Luzon earthquake and the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo . During this time, Ramos personally handled

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2912-873: The SAF Ranger Course, was used to train the 1st generation of SAF troopers, which numbered 149. Of that number, 26 were commissioned officers while the rest were enlisted personnel recruited from a wide range of PC units such as the defunct PC Brigade, the Long Range Patrol Battalion (LRP), the K-9 Support Company, PC Special Organized Group, the Light Reaction Unit (LRU) of PC METROCOM, the Constabulary Off-shore Action Command (COSAC), and other PC Units. Later on, they changed

3003-645: The U.S. Military Academy Distinguished Graduate Award and Legion of Merit (August 1, 1990), and the French Legion of Honor . Ramos was a member of the Philippines' 20th Battalion Combat Team of the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK) that fought in the Korean War . He was an Infantry Reconnaissance Platoon Leader. Ramos was one of the heroes of the Battle of Hill Eerie , where he led his platoon to sabotage

3094-583: The UP High School and neighbors at Padre Faura Street in Manila. Together, they had five daughters: Angelita Ramos-Jones, Josephine Ramos-Samartino, Carolina Ramos-Sembrano, Cristina Ramos-Jalasco , and Gloria Ramos. They also have five grandsons and three granddaughters. Ramos went to the United States Military Academy at West Point where he graduated in 1950. During his stint at the Philippine Army , Ramos founded

3185-711: The United States as he received an appointment to the United States Military Academy , where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Military Engineering degree. He also earned his master's degree in civil engineering at the University of Illinois and later took Civil Engineering Board Exam in 1953, where he placed 8th overall. He also held a master's degree in National Security Administration from

3276-587: The administration, but also served as a convenient vehicle to affect election fund-raising for the LAKAS political party of Ramos, which came at the expense of tax-payers and was in direct violation of the Election Code . The Centennial Expo Pilipino project, intended to be the centerpiece for celebrating the 100th anniversary of the country's independence from Spain, also earned extensive criticism for being an expensive white elephant project that disadvantaged

3367-400: The claim as "hearsay by itself, and is further based on a string of successive hearsay conversations" and challenged anyone who believed the claim to produce evidence. At the time of his accession in 1992, he was the first and only Protestant to date to be elected President of the Philippines with a Roman Catholic majority and the only Filipino officer in history to have held every rank in

3458-484: The committee as the National Centennial Commission through Executive Order No. 128. It also expanded the committee to include certain government officials including Cabinet secretaries and former Vice President Salvador Laurel . The conduct of the centennial had the following goals: A commemorative ₱100,000 banknote was issued as part of the centennial celebrations in 1998. The banknote

3549-675: The country into a newly industrialized country in the world and the "Tiger Cub Economy in Asia". At the start of Ramos' tenure, the Philippines was experiencing widespread blackouts due to huge demand for electricity, the antiquity of power plants, the abolishment of the Department of Energy , and the discontinuation of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant during the Corazon Aquino administration. During his State of

3640-530: The country's 1987 constitution through a process popularly known to many Filipinos as charter change or cha-cha . Widespread protests led by Corazon Aquino and the Roman Catholic Church stopped him from pushing through with the plan. Political analysts were divided as to whether Ramos really wanted to use charter change to extend his presidency or only to imbalance his opponents as the next presidential election neared. He also intended to extend

3731-614: The country's first female President. Later in life, Ramos would say he considered his role in the revolution as his "atonement" for his role in the implementation of Martial Law. When belittled by the press regarding his combat record, Ramos responded with trademark sarcasm (July 31, 1987): I fought the communists as part of the battalion combat teams, I went up the ladder. Battalion staff officer. Company commander . Task Force commander. Special Forces group commander. Brigade commander. All in different periods in our country. Huk campaign. Korean War campaign. The Vietnam War , and I

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3822-722: The creation of two autonomous regions, one in the Cordilleras of Luzon and another in Muslim Mindanao ; at present, only the latter exists, with the former remaining an administrative division. The Bangsamoro is an autonomous region located in Mindanao. Established in 2019, the region replaced the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . The region has a regional parliamentary system separate from

3913-514: The deals tied to IPP projects were insurance contracts in which companies made millions of dollars in commissions alone. All the IPP contracts came with attractive incentives and guarantees. Every contract was designed to give IPP creditors some degree of comfort in financing ventures that would usually involve huge capital and risks. Most IPPs were funded by foreign loans secured with a form of government guarantee or performance undertaking, which meant that

4004-412: The death penalty verdict of Sarah Balabagan in September 1995. Balabagan's sentence was reduced and she was released in August 1996. After tensions cooled off, Ramos restored diplomatic relations with Singapore after meeting Goh Chok Tong on the sidelines during the 50th anniversary of the United Nations in New York City. The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis , which started in Thailand , was a major blow to

4095-457: The earlier part of the Philippine-American war including the execution of José Rizal (1896), the Cry of Pugad Lawin , the death of Andres Bonifacio , the exile of Emilio Aguinaldo in 1897 (See Hong Kong Junta ), the Capture of Malolos , the death of Antonio Luna , and the Battle of Tirad Pass . The Philippine Centennial culminates with the 100th anniversary of the ratification of the Malolos Constitution on September 15, 1898, that led to

4186-415: The end of the Ramos administration, with him stepping down with a negative GDP growth. The economy was hit by currency devaluation with the Philippine Peso dropped to ₱45.42/$ 1 in January 1998 from ₱26.40/$ 1 in July 1997. The same was true for the Thai baht , Malaysian ringgit , and Indonesian rupiah . Growth fell to about −0.6% in 1998 from 5.2% in 1997, but recovered to 3.4% by 1999. It also resulted in

4277-413: The enemy in Hill Eerie. Ramos was also in the Vietnam War as a non-combat civil military engineer and Chief of Staff of the Philippine Civic Action Group (PHILCAG). It was during this assignment where he forged his lifelong friendship with his junior officer Maj. Jose T. Almonte , who went on to become his National Security Advisor during his administration from 1992 to 1998. In January 1972, Ramos

4368-427: The establishment of the First Republic on January 23, 1899. The implementation of the Philippine Centennial is largely overseen by the administration of President Fidel V. Ramos . It was part of Ramos' program Philippines 2000 which envisions the Philippines as a newly industrialized country by the year 2000. The government body which organized the centennial was the National Centennial Commission (NCC). The NCC

4459-443: The founder of Lakas-CMD (Christian-Muslim Democrats Party). He was one of the most influential leaders and the unofficial spokesman of liberal democracy in Asia. Ramos' policies were organized around a socio-economic program dubbed "Philippines 2000", which envisioned the Philippines achieving a newly industrialized country status by the year 2000 and beyond. The five points of the program were: Contrary to expectations as

4550-399: The free and orderly conduct of elections. The Commission on Audit is responsible for examining, auditing , and settling all revenues and expenditures of public funds and properties used by the government or its attached agencies. The three branches of the Philippine government are independently monitored by the Office of the Ombudsman ( Filipino : Tanodbayan ). The ombudsman is given

4641-454: The government and the World Bank that an impending oversupply of electricity could push up prices, a situation that persists in the Philippines up to the present. Individuals linked to Ramos lobbied for the approval of some of the contracts for independent power producers (IPPs), which came with numerous other deals, including lucrative legal, technical, and financial consultancies that were given to individuals and companies close to him. Among

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4732-468: The government at the cost of ₱9 billion or 1.7 percent of the country's 1998 national budget. Six ranking Ramos cabinet members and officials, headed by Salvador Laurel (former vice-president), chairman of the Centennial Commission, were cleared by the Ombudsman and the Sandiganbayan . Ramos appeared before a Congressional Committee in October 1998 to help exonerate said officials of any wrongdoing. During his final years in office, Ramos tried to amend

4823-459: The government on economic growth and power demand from 1994 to 1998. It also warned that the power generated by private utilities' IPPs could duplicate those of the National Power Corporation and create an overcapacity. The World Bank said that the factors created considerable uncertainty in power demand, like substantial overcapacity, particularly under take-or-pay conditions and would require considerable tariff increases that would be unpopular with

4914-446: The government would buy whatever power the IPPs produced under the contract in U.S. dollars to entice investments in power plants. This became a problem during the East Asian Financial Crisis when the demand for electricity contracted and the Philippine peso lost half of its value. Ramos personally pushed for the speedy approval of some of the most expensive power deals, and justified signing more contracts despite warnings from within

5005-552: The highest judicial body. The Executive Branch of government comprise the Cabinet and all executive departments , led by the president . The president and vice president are directly elected separately by national popular vote for a term of six years. While the vice president may be re-elected unlimited number of times (but not consecutively ), the president is barred from seeking re-election. The incumbent president and vice president are Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte , respectively, who were elected in 2022 . The president of

5096-410: The highest tier of the judiciary. The justices serve until the age of 70. The justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council of the Philippines. The sitting chief justice is Alexander Gesmundo , the 27th to serve in that position. Other types of courts, of varying jurisdiction around the archipelago, are the following: Article 9 of the Constitution of

5187-442: The highest to the lowest division: Regions are the highest administrative division in the Philippines, primarily used to coordinate planning and organize national services. Administrative regions are not local government units themselves but instead consist of several local government units. Meanwhile, autonomous regions are regions that have control over their governance, culture, and economy. The 1987 Constitution only allows for

5278-478: The mandate to investigate and prosecute any government official allegedly guilty of crimes, especially graft and corruption . The ombudsman is assisted by six deputies: the overall deputy, the deputy for Luzon, the deputy for Visayas, the deputy for Mindanao, the deputy for the armed forces, and the special prosecutor. The Philippines has four main classes of elected administrative divisions , often lumped together as local government units (LGUs). They are, from

5369-424: The military forces in the region strengthened. He ordered the Philippine Air Force to dispatch five F-5 fighters backed by four jet trainers and two helicopters, while the navy sent two additional ships. The People's Republic of China had claimed that the structures were shelters for fishermen but these small incidents could have triggered a war in the South China Sea . A perceived weakness of his administration

5460-483: The military operations that crushed nine coup attempts against the Aquino government . In December 1991, Ramos declared his candidacy for president. However, he lost the nomination of the then-dominant party Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) to House Speaker Ramon Mitra Jr. Days later, he bolted from the LDP and founded his own party, the Partido Lakas Tao (People Power Party), inviting Cebu Governor Emilio Mario Osmeña to be his running mate. The party formed

5551-405: The name of the course to the SAF Commando Course. On August 8, 1983, during a speech in Camp Crame to commemorate Philippine Constabulary Day, Marcos announced his removal of Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile from the chain of command, and the creation of a new arrangement with himself as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces replacing AFP Chief of Staff Gen. Fabian Ver . Marcos also removed

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5642-467: The national presidential system. Its executive branch is led by the regional chief minister , the Council of Leaders , and the Bangsamoro Cabinet . Its legislative branch is the unicameral Bangsamoro Parliament . The region also has its own judiciary system that applies Sharia . Fidel V. Ramos Fidel Valdez Ramos CCLH GCS KGCR ( Tagalog: [pɪˈdɛl bɐlˈdɛs ˈɾamos] ; March 18, 1928 – July 31, 2022), popularly known as FVR ,

5733-561: The newly established government of President Corazon C. Aquino . Prior to his election as president, Ramos served in the cabinet of President Aquino, first as chief-of-staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), and later as Secretary of National Defense from 1986 to 1991. He was credited with the creation of the Philippine Army's Special Forces and the Philippine National Police Special Action Force . After his retirement, he remained active in politics, serving as adviser to his successors. Ramos died of COVID-19 Omicron variant at

5824-491: The non-violent People Power Revolution . General Ramos later also defected and followed Enrile into Camp Crame, and the duo shifted their fealty to Corazón Aquino , the widow of Senator Benigno Aquino and Marcos' main election rival. On February 25, the "EDSA Revolution" reached its peak when Marcos, along with his family and some supporters, fled into exile in Hawaii with the assistance of the United States government , ending his 20-year rule , leaving Corazon Aquino to accede as

5915-420: The once-closed national economy, encourage private enterprise, invite more foreign and domestic investment, and reduce corruption. Ramos ended the government’s monopoly over the skies and opened aviation to new players. Ramos was also known as the most-traveled Philippine President compared to his predecessors with numerous foreign trips abroad, generating about US$ 20 billion worth of foreign investments to

6006-404: The operational control of the Integrated National Police from the Philippine Constabulary under Gen. Ramos and transferred it under the direct control of Gen. Ver; the Constabulary then had only administrative supervision over the INP. On February 22, 1986, Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile protested alleged fraud committed by Marcos in the 1986 snap elections , withdrawing support and triggering

6097-405: The power of eminent domain . Aside from having the power to veto any bill, the president also sets the legislative agenda for Congress. The vice president of the Philippines , the deputy chief executive, is the first in line for succession if the president resigns, is removed after impeachment, is permanently incapacitated, or dies. The vice president is usually, though not always, a member of

6188-427: The president's cabinet and may be appointed without the approval of the Commission of Appointments. If there is a vacancy in the position of vice president, the president will appoint any member of Congress (usually a party member) as the new vice president. The appointment must then be validated by a three-fourths vote of the Congress. The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines . The Congress

6279-462: The previous regime, Marawi incident. Who was sent there? Ramos. We defended the camp, being besieged by 400 rebels. So next time, look at the man's record, don't just write and write. You said, no combat experience, no combat experience. Look around you who comes from the platoon, who rose to battalion staff, company commander, group commander, which is like a battalion, brigade commander , here and abroad. Abroad, I never had an abroad assignment that

6370-415: The public. While campaigning for the presidency, Ramos declared his support for reinstating the death penalty. Capital punishment was abolished for all crimes in 1987, making the Philippines the first Asian country to do so. In 1996, Ramos signed a bill that returned capital punishment with the electric chair (method used from 1923 to 1976, making Philippines the only country to do so outside U.S.) "until

6461-416: The ranks in the Philippine military early in his career and became Chief of the Philippine Constabulary and Vice Chief-of-Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines during the term of President Ferdinand Marcos . During the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution , Ramos was hailed as a hero by many Filipinos for his decision to break away from the administration of Marcos, and pledge allegiance and loyalty to

6552-655: The resulting programs and various projects, one of which was the Centennial Expo and Amphitheater at the former Clark Air Base in Angeles City , supposedly Ramos's pet project. The commemorative projects, particularly those undertaken at Clark, were hounded by illegal electioneering and corruption controversies even years after the Centennial celebrations. Clark Air Base at that point was already completely free of American interference and therefore conceived as

6643-416: The retiring General Romeo Espino who was the nation's longest serving chief of staff. Ramos lost to General Fabian Ver a graduate of the University of the Philippines , whom Marcos appointed to the top military post. Instead Ramos, a cousin of Marcos was named AFP Vice-Chief of staff in 1982, and promoted to the rank of three-star general. On May 12, 1983, a new unit in the former Philippine Constabulary

6734-422: The shutdown of some businesses, a decline in importation, a rising unemployment rate, and an unstable financial sector. Supposedly, one of his notable contributions to the Philippines was the revival of nationalistic spirit by embarking on a massive promotion campaign for the centennial of Philippine Independence celebrated on June 12, 1998. However, charges of alleged massive corruption or misuse of funds blemished

6825-520: The term limits of the presidency to remain in power but his political rival Miriam Defensor Santiago went to the Supreme Court and negated extending the term limit of the president, which preserved democracy at the time. In January 2001, Ramos was instrumental in the success of the so-called Second EDSA Revolution that deposed Philippine president Joseph Estrada and installed then-Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as president. Ramos

6916-430: The vote tally. Santiago filed an electoral protest, but it was eventually junked by the Supreme Court . The quote, "Miriam won in the elections, but lost in the counting" became popular nationwide. De los Santos alleged that Libyan leader Muammar al-Qaddafi had channeled $ 200,000 (5 million pesos) to Ramos' 1992 election campaign. Philippine election laws prohibit accepting contribution from foreigners. Ramos dismissed

7007-417: The vote, the lowest plurality in the country's history. The election results were marred by allegations of fraud as Santiago was leading the race for the first five days of counting but became second after a nationwide energy black-out, putting Ramos in first place. International media were already calling Santiago as the president-elect but withdrew their declarations because of the sudden change in positions in

7098-476: The year of issue was released in 1997, while those with a year of issue was released in 1998. A scene of the centennial celebration is also featured in the New Generation Currency (NGC) one-thousand peso banknote since 2010. The logo for the Philippine Centennial was the winning entry of a national design competition which had 5,000 submissions. The logo designed by Edgardo Santiago featured

7189-443: Was a Filipino general and politician who served as the 12th President of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998 . He was the only career military officer, who reached the rank of five-star general/admiral de jure . Rising from second lieutenant to commander-in-chief of the armed forces, Ramos is credited for revitalizing and renewing international confidence in the Philippine economy during his six years in office. Ramos rose through

7280-774: Was an educator, woman suffragette , and member of the Valdez clan of Batac , Ilocos Norte , making him a second degree cousin of former President Ferdinand E. Marcos . He received elementary education in a Lingayen public school. Ramos began secondary education at the University of the Philippines (UP) High School, now the UPIS , in Manila , and continued in the High School Department of Mapúa Institute of Technology . He graduated high school from Centro Escolar University Integrated School in 1945. Afterwards, he went to

7371-586: Was appointed head of the Philippine Constabulary , then a major service branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which functioned as the country's national police. He served at this post at the time Ferdinand Marcos imposed Martial Law on September 21, 1972. In 1975, all civic and municipal police forces in the country were integrated by decree, and it became known as the Integrated National Police (INP), which

7462-801: Was established as the Committee for the National Centennial Celebrations on June 13, 1991, through Administrative Order No. 223 issued by President Corazon Aquino . The same order also mandates that the composition of the committee shall include 11 representatives; six from the Presidential Commission for Culture and the Arts (PCCA), and five from the Philippine Centennial Foundation, Inc. (PCFI). President Fidel V. Ramos later renamed

7553-618: Was instrumental in the signing of the final peace agreement between the government and the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) led by Nur Misuari in 1996. Although he battled Communist rebels as a young lieutenant in the 1950s, Ramos signed into law the Republic Act No. 7636, which repealed the Anti-Subversion Law . With its repeal, membership in the once-outlawed Communist Party of

7644-654: Was led by retired Supreme Court Justice Emilio Gancayco . As recommended by the Gancayco Commission, Ramos facilitated the enactment of Republic Act No. 8042, better known as the "Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995", which was signed into law on June 7, 1995. Learning from the lessons of the Contemplación case, Ramos immediately ordered Philippines Ambassador to the UAE Roy Señeres to facilitate negotiations after learning of

7735-461: Was marred with protests after his arrival in Manila . The protests also caused the resignation of Foreign Affairs Secretary Roberto Romulo and Labor Secretary Nieves Confesor from the cabinet. He immediately recalled Philippine ambassador to Singapore Alicia Ramos and suspended diplomatic relations with Singapore and created a special commission to look into the case, which was in part an effort to try to rescue his sagging popularity. The commission

7826-483: Was not combat. NO SOFT JOBS FOR RAMOS. Thirty-seven years in the Armed Forces. REMEMBER THAT. You're only writing about the fringe, but do not allow yourself to destroy the armed forces by those guys. You write about the majority of the Armed Forces who are on the job. That's why we're here enjoying our freedom, ladies and gentlemen. You are here. If the majority of the Armed Forces did not do their job, I doubt very much if you'd all be here. After Corazon Aquino assumed

7917-506: Was organized to deal with so-called "terrorist-related" crimes, and named as the Philippine Constabulary Special Action Force as a requirement of General Order 323 of Philippine Constabulary Headquarters. Fidel Ramos and Gen. Renato de Villa were the founders of the unit. De Villa tasked Rosendo Ferrer and Sonny Razon to organize a Special Action Force. Subsequently, a training program called

8008-566: Was the Philippine signatory to the ASEAN declaration forged in Bangkok in 1967, and was a founding member of the Liberal Party . According to Fidel Ramos's biography for his presidential inauguration in 1992, Narciso Ramos also served as one of the leaders of the anti-Japanese guerrilla group Maharlika , which was founded by Ferdinand Marcos . His mother, Angela Valdez (1905–1978),

8099-531: Was the head of the advance party of the PHILCAG (Philippine Civil Action Group to Vietnam) that went to a tiny province at the Cambodian border – the so-called Alligator Jaw – War Zone Z where even Max Soliven said The Viet-Cong will eat us up. Of course, we were physically there as non-combat troops. But you try to be a non-combat troop in a combat area – that is the toughest kind of assignment. Korea – as

8190-670: Was the situation in handling migrant workers' protection, a very major issue in the Philippines, as there are millions of Filipinos abroad throughout the world serving as workers in foreign countries, and their remittances to relatives at home are very important to the Filipino economy. On the eve of his 67th birthday on March 17, 1995, Ramos was on a foreign trip when Flor Contemplación was hanged in Singapore. His last-minute effort to negotiate with Singapore President Ong Teng Cheong and Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong failed and Ramos' return

8281-663: Was under the control and supervision of the Philippine Constabulary. As head of the PC, Ramos was ex officio the INP's first concurrent Director-General. Martial Law was formally lifted nine years later on January 17, 1981, but Marcos retained absolute powers. Due to his accomplishments, Ramos was one of the candidates for the position of Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in 1981, as replacement to

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