A quasi-judicial body is a non-judicial body which can interpret law. It is an entity such as an arbitration panel or tribunal board , which can be a public administrative agency but also a contract - or private law entity, which has been given powers and procedures resembling those of a court of law or judge and which is obliged to objectively determine facts and draw conclusions from them so as to provide the basis of an official action. Such actions are able to remedy a situation or impose legal penalties, and they may affect the legal rights, duties or privileges of specific parties.
46-725: The Philippine Competition Commission (PhCC) is an independent, quasi-judicial body formed to implement the Philippine Competition Act (Republic Act No. 10667) . The PhCC aims to promote and maintain market competition within the Philippines by regulating anti-competition behavior. The main role of the PhCC is to promote economic efficiency within the Philippine economy, ensuring fair and healthy market competition. The Philippine Competition Commission creates
92-548: A bachelor's degree in economics, finance, business administration management, commerce, marketing, accounting, law, engineering. The Philippine Competition Commission issued the key provisions of the Republic Act No. 10667, otherwise known as the Philippine Competition Act, on June 3, 2016. The provisions took effect on June 18, 2016. The Philippine Competition Act provides for the regulation of
138-407: A body are often made after a quasi-judicial proceeding , which may resemble a court. There are some key differences between judicial and quasi-judicial bodies, in that: In general, decisions of a quasi-judicial body require findings of facts to reach conclusions of law that justify the decision. They usually depend on a predetermined set of guidelines or criteria to assess the nature and gravity of
184-500: A culture of competition in the country, providing sustained support to improve the institutional and technical capacity of other PCC units. Its tasks are to identify areas of concern for the PCC, formulate strategies, execute programs, and create mechanisms to engage both its internal and external stakeholders. It also collaborates with relevant business groups, consumer associations, and statutory bodies to enhance awareness and understanding of
230-496: A fine of Php 50 million pesos to Php 250 million pesos. To maintain the real value of such fines, the amount is subject to adjustment every five years. Under Sec. 31 of RA 10667 , the Commission shall have the sole and exclusive authority to conduct a preliminary inquiry after a verified party filed a complaint on the basis of probable cause. The Commission may issue an order for the temporary termination of those certain acts by
276-620: A regulatory framework for market competition in order to safeguard consumers, with the goal of providing them with more alternatives for what goods or services to purchase. It would also have the effect of creating competitive businesses that would encourage economic efficiency and innovation . The Philippine Competition Commission was formed on January 27, 2016. Since that time, the Philippine Competition Commission has formed offices through their mandate. The Philippine Competition Act (PCA) or Republic Act No. 10667
322-517: A separate and independent civil action after the commission has completed the preliminary inquiry. Under Sec. 47 of RA 10667 , only the Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court may issue a temporary restraining order, preliminary injunction or preliminary mandatory injunction against the Commission in the exercise of its duties or functions. Under Sec. 49 of RA 10667, the Commission shall form
368-562: A substantial lessening of competition in the market. Should it find that a merger or acquisition is likely to reduce competition and harm consumers through higher prices, lower quality of goods or services, or stifle innovation, it will submit a recommendation to the commission for the prohibition of the proposed transaction. It likewise develops guides for businesses on complying with antitrust laws through publication of Merger Guidelines, additional guidelines and clarificatory notes. The Philippine Competition Commission, being an attached agency to
414-617: A term of five (5) years. Among the pioneer chairman and commissioners, Guevarra, Butuyan, Quimbo and Balisacan did not finish their set term. Guevarra vacated his position after being appointed as Senior Deputy Executive Secretary under the Office of the President on June 30, 2016, and was replaced by Amabelle Asuncion. Butuyan left the commission in July 2017 and was replaced by Macario De Claro Jr. Quimbo vacated her seat after she got elected to
460-496: Is brought about by this lack of the pursuit of the optimum. The Philippine Competition Commission is composed of six (6) offices, with respective divisions under them. According to the Philippine Competition Commission website, each office has the following functions: The Administrative Office (AO) is composed of three divisions, namely, the General Services Division, Human Resources Development Division, and
506-692: Is organized between the Policy and Markets Division, and the Economic Investigation Division. Its task is to evaluate the impact of government policy on market competition and consumer welfare, and to provide economic analysis to support the detection and investigation of anti-competitive behavior. It handles cases led by the Mergers and Acquisitions Office or the Competition Enforcement Office, and supports
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#1732782340801552-477: Is the primary competition law of the Philippines. It aims to promote and protect market competition in the country. It protects the well-being of consumers and preserves the efficiency of competition in the marketplace. The Philippine Competition Act was passed in 2015 after being stuck in Congress for 24 years. The Act is expected to improve consumer protection and help accelerate investment and job creation in
598-522: The House of Representatives in the 2019 general election and was replaced by Emerson Aquende. On June 30, 2022, Balisacan was appointed by President Bongbong Marcos to be the head of the National Economic and Development Authority thus vacating his position as chairman of the commission. As the only remaining pioneer and most senior commissioner, Bernabe thus became the officer-in-charge of
644-503: The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) , he took his oath of office on January 27, 2016. Appointed PCC Commissioners Stella Quimbo , Johannes Bernabe, Elcid Butuyan and Menardo Guevarra also took part in the said oathtaking ceremony. In accordance with the PCA, Balisacan, as chair, would have served a seven-year term without reappointment. Quimbo and Bernabe will have a term of seven (7) years, while Butuyan and Guevarra will have
690-469: The Office of the President , is headed by a chairperson and four (4) Commissioners. The chairperson and the Commissioners make up the decision-making panel of the commission, and they work together in deciding on the different market competition issues that are under the jurisdiction of the PCC. In accordance with the Philippine Competition Act (PCA), they shall be appointed by the President, and have
736-431: The 2014 Philippine Competition Act. This became the first instance wherein the Philippines gained a law specifically on competition. The official website of the Philippine Competition Commission cites the following reasons on why they consider market competition to be important: In addition, the official website states that in its capacity as a regulatory body, the Philippine Competition Commission helps protect markets in
782-492: The Act provides the rules in creating the Philippine Competition Commission. Under Sec. 12 of RA 10667 , the Commission prohibits Anti-Competitive Agreements and Acts. The law indicated the following violations: Other anti-competitive agreements whose "object or effect of substantially preventing, restricting or lessening competition" are also prohibited but subject to "rule of reason". These include: Under Sec. 15 of RA 10667 ,
828-573: The Commission in advance of the disposition. Under Sec. 44 of RA 10667 , the Regional Trial Court of the city or province where the entity of subject matter of the case conducts its business, shall have original and exclusive jurisdiction, regardless of the penalties imposed, of all criminal and civil cases involving violation of this Act and other competition-related laws. Under Sec. 45 of RA 10667 , any person who suffers direct injury by reason of any violation of this Act may institute
874-525: The Congressional Oversight Committee (COCC) composed of the following individuals: Quasi-judicial body Such bodies usually have powers of adjudication in such matters as: Their powers are usually limited to a very specific area of expertise and authority, such as land use and zoning , financial markets , employment law , public standards, and/or a specific set of regulations of an agency. The decisions of such
920-631: The Information and Communications Technology Division. Its main function is to act as the commission's deliverer of key corporate services in the areas of human resource management, procurement, information technology, and administration. The Communication & Knowledge Management (CKMO) consists of the Knowledge Management Division and the Training Division. It leads the commission's advocacy efforts to foster
966-580: The OP on June 30, 2016, when he issued his first Executive Order as president. The Office of the President's mandate is to provide administrative, advisory, consultative and other support services to the President in the latter's exercise of their powers and functions as Head of State and of the Executive Branch. The executive powers of the President under the 1987 Constitution from which the Office of
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#17327823408011012-560: The Philippine Competition Act. The Competition Enforcement Office (CEO) is divided into the Monitoring and Investigation Division, and the Litigation Division. It is in charge of monitoring, prevention, detection, investigation, and prosecution of anti-competitive agreements or abuse of dominant position conduct that substantially restricts, prevents, or lessens competition, as generally provided under Sections 14 and 15 of
1058-538: The Philippine Competition Act. To effectively enforce procedural fairness, it utilizes technical experts, highly trained investigators, and experienced litigators, while tapping synergies within the PCC, such as the Economics Office and the Mergers and Acquisitions Office. It likewise espouses Leniency and Whistleblower Programs as avenues for businesses and market stakeholders to self-police its ranks and report anti-competitive conduct. The Economics Office (EO)
1104-478: The Philippine Competition Commission states that a stable, fair playing field is expected to result in greater interest among foreign investors, which in turn would lead to an expansion of the market, and opening global opportunities for companies in the Philippines, big or small. According to Howard Ellis , an anti-trust lawyer based in the United States, economics is inherently individualistic, and without
1150-511: The Philippines from anti-competitive behavior, thereby protecting consumers from having their choices unfairly limited by companies that seek to severely limit these choices in order to increase profits. Effective protection of competition in the market will also protect small and medium businesses seeking to offer better quality and/or lower priced goods and services by ensuring that dominant players do not engage in practices that unfairly takes advantage of their market share. The official website of
1196-664: The President (OP) was created through Administrative Order No. 322, s. 1997. The order was issued following the submission of position papers by the officials of the Department of History of the University of the Philippines , and the Board of National Historical Institute which conducted deliberations and consultations in four meetings held at the Malacañang Palace from May 5 to June 25, 1997. The order established
1242-589: The President mandate emanates, includes among others the President's power of control over all the executive departments, bureaus and offices, as well as the constitutional duty of those executive departments, bureaus, offices, and the Chief Executive to ensure that the laws are faithfully executed. Based on said executive powers of the President, the OP proper would perform the following core functions: Listed below are agencies that have been abolished, transferred, integrated, merged, reorganized or renamed into
1288-458: The President of the Philippines ( OP ; Filipino: Tanggapan ng Pangulo ng Pilipinas ), is an administrative, advisory, and consultative government agency that aids the president of the Philippines in performing their duty as head of state and chief of the executive branch of government. The office is housed within the Malacañang Palace complex in San Miguel , Manila . The Office of
1334-864: The advocacy and knowledge management activities of the commission. The Finance, Planning, and Management (FPMO) has three (3) divisions under it, namely: the Budget Division, the Accounting Division, and the Corporate Planning & Management Division. Its work centers on providing the commission with effective and efficient advice and technical assistance on areas of budget and finance, plans and programs, management matters, and other functions, as may be provided by law. The Mergers and Acquisitions Office reviews, investigates and evaluates mergers and acquisitions which are likely to substantially prevent, restrict, or lessen competition in
1380-513: The analogous non-adversarial administrative remedies. Under Sec. 39 of RA 10667 , decisions of the Commission shall be appealable to the Court of Appeals in accordance with the Rules of Court. Under Sec. 43 of RA 10667 , the Commission shall underwrite lawsuit costs to its chairperson, Commissioners, officers, employees provided that they are not found to have violated the Act. The costs and expenses incurred in defending their actions may be paid by
1426-440: The commission from June 30, 2022, to the present. The PCC is also composed of an executive director and six directors, all of whom respectively head the offices of the commission. According to the PCA, it is the commission, namely the chairperson and the Commissioners, who shall appoint, and determine their status, qualifications, and duties. They, along with the other staff members of the commission, are required to possess at least
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1472-399: The concerned sector regulator must be consulted and afforded reasonable opportunity to submit its own opinions and recommendations before the commission can make its decision. To promote competition, protect consumer and prevent abuse of market power by dominant players, the commission and the sector regulators shall work together to issue the rules and regulations. Under Sec. 34 of RA 10667,
1518-520: The country's markets to curtail anti-competitive behavior and punish cartels and other unfair monopolies. Under Sec. 3 of RA 10667 , the Commission shall impose this Act against any person or entity engaged in any trade, industry and commerce in the Republic of the Philippines. Moreover, it shall also be applied to international trade with direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effects in trade, industry and commerce. Under Sec. 6 of RA 10667 ,
1564-442: The country, consistent with the goal of the national government in fostering an inclusive form of economic growth. Enforcement of this law would help ensure that markets are open and free, challenging anti-competitive business practices, while maintaining an economic environment where businesses could compete based on the quality of their work. A competitive market means a market with multiple buyers and multiple sellers, which has
1610-459: The effect of driving market prices lower and offering consumers more choices. For some economists, a "truly competitive market" encourages efficiency and innovation, forcing businesses to excel. In 2014, a drastic increase in the price of garlic led to then President Benigno S. Aquino III conducting an investigation, which resulted in the discovery of a cartel controlling garlic imports. This led to Senator Paolo Benigno "Bam" Aquino IV authoring
1656-529: The entities (whether companies or individuals) are prohibited from abusing their dominant position by engaging in conduct that would substantially prevent, restrict or lessen competition. Such conduct includes predatory pricing, imposing barriers to entry in an anti-competitive manner, unfair exercise of monopsony power, among others Under Sec. 17 of RA 10667 , merger or acquisition agreements that substantially prevent, restrict or lessen competition are prohibited. The law imposes fines and penalties on violators of
1702-509: The first set of appointees, the chairperson and two (2) Commissioners shall hold officer for a term of seven (7) years, and the other two (2) Commissioners shall serve a term of five (5) years. Appointed by former President Benigno Aquino III, Arsenio Balisacan served as the first chairperson of the Philippine Competition Commission. After having left his position as the Economic Planning Secretary and Director-General of
1748-469: The individual's ability to choose freely economics cannot exist. He says that by principle, a monopoly limits the free choice of an individual in the market by controlling both the price and the scarcity of a product. He says that this inability to choose creates an economic environment that is unsuitable for practicing the economic optimum, which describes the best application of limited resources to unlimited wants of consumers. A factor in economic stagnation
1794-472: The law protects confidential business information submitted to the commission. The identity of the persons who provide information to the Commission under condition of anonymity, as a rule, would likewise remain confidential. However, the Commission may disclose information provided that the entity agrees or if the information is required to be disclosed by law or a court. A fine of not less than Php 1,000,000.00 but not more than Php 5,000,000.00 shall be imposed if
1840-522: The law. Under Sec. 29 of RA 10667 , administrative fines of up to Php 250 million pesos can be imposed. In addition, the party which fails to comply with the commission's order shall pay a penalty of not less than Php 50,000.00 up to Php 2,000,000.00 for each violation. For those parties that provide incorrect or misleading information, it may impose fines of at most Php 1,000,000.00. Under Sec. 30 of RA 10667 , criminal penalties for anti-competitive agreements are punishable by imprisonment of 2 to 7 years and
1886-733: The office retroactively to the date of the date of the Tejeros Convention . The convention was held on March 22, 1897, which saw the election of Emilio Aguinaldo as President of the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines. The OP was abolished after the capture of Aguinaldo in 1901 by the Americans and was reinstated after the proclamation of the Philippine Commonwealth in 1935. Then-newly elected President Rodrigo Duterte reorganized
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1932-439: The permission or relief sought, or of the offense committed. Decisions of a quasi-judicial body are often legally enforceable under the laws of a jurisdiction; they can be challenged in a court of law, which is the final decisive authority. The following is a partial list of quasi-judicial bodies: Some non-constitutional bodies that are quasi-judicial in nature: Office of the President (Philippines) The Office of
1978-553: The provision is violated. Under Sec. 35 of RA 10667 , the Leniency Program shall be developed to be awarded to any entity in the form of exemption from suit or reduction of any fine in exchange of voluntary disclosure of information with regards to anti-competitive activities before or during the preliminary inquiry provided: Under Sec. 37 of RA 10667 , the Commission shall encourage voluntary compliance with this Act and other competition laws by making available to parties
2024-417: The rank equivalent of cabinet secretary and undersecretary, respectively. The primary requirement for their appointment would be being distinguished professionally in public, civic or academic service in the fields of economics, law, finance, commerce or engineering. According to the PCA, the chairperson and the Commissioners are to serve for 7 years without reappointment, and shall enjoy security of tenure. Of
2070-561: The relevant market or in the market for goods or services. It receives notifications of proposed mergers and acquisitions that reach the threshold under the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Philippine Competition Act, as well as cases referred to it by the commission for a motu proprio review. The Office works together with the Economic Office to investigate whether mergers and acquisitions are likely to result in
2116-508: The respondent party after due notice and hearing and once the basis of facts and evidence are presented. If the evidence is validated, the Commission may file criminal complaints against the Act on the Department of Justice which will do preliminary investigation. Under Sec. 32 of RA 10667 , the commission will have original and primary jurisdiction over all competition-related issues. It shall also have jurisdiction over all other issues that involve both competition and non-competition issues, but
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