161-418: Inconclusive 1896–1897 [REDACTED] Katipunan 1896–1897 [REDACTED] Spain 1898 [REDACTED] Philippine Revolutionaries 1898 [REDACTED] Spain 1899 1899 The Philippine Revolution ( Filipino : Himagsikang Pilipino or Rebolusyong Pilipino ; Spanish : Revolución Filipina or Guerra Tagala ) was a war of independence waged by
322-499: A declaration of war against the U.S., beginning the Philippine–American War . U.S. forces captured Aguinaldo on March 23, 1901, and he swore allegiance to the U.S. on April 1. On July 4, 1902, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed a complete pardon and amnesty for all Filipinos who had participated in the conflict, effectively ending the war. The Philippine Revolution was an accumulation of ideas and exposition to
483-590: A Spanish police lieutenant to the shop and to the desk of Apolonio, where they "found Katipunan paraphernalia such as a rubber stamp, a little book, ledgers, membership oaths signed in blood, and a membership roster of the Maghiganti chapter of the Katipunan." As with the Terror of 1872 , colonial authorities made several arrests and used torture to identify other Katipunan members. Despite having no involvement in
644-508: A battle lasting just six hours. The Asiatic Squadron sank or captured the entire Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón and silenced the shore batteries at Manila , with the loss of only one life on the American side from a heart attack. Didn't Admiral Dewey do wonderfully well? I got him the position out there in Asia last year, and I had to beg hard to do it; and
805-464: A boat from Mississippi , and then shelled. Farragut's fleet then continued upriver and forced the surrender of the city. This was the first battle in which Dewey distinguished himself. For the remainder of 1862, Farragut's ships (including Mississippi ) patrolled the lower river. This was dangerous, as the ships were fired on by Confederate sharpshooters on the banks, and even occasionally by light artillery. In spring 1863, Union forces moved to take
966-418: A depiction of a crossed sword and flag. The password was Gom-Bur-Za , taken from the names of the three martyrs Mariano Gomez , Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora . Bayani (Hero) wore a red mask and a sash with green borders, symbolizing courage and hope. The front of the mask had white borders that formed a triangle with three K s arranged as if occupying the angles of a triangle within a triangle, and with
1127-475: A dictatorial government which will set forth decrees under my sole responsibility, ...". On June 12, Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine independence . On June 18, Aguinaldo issued a decree proclaiming a Dictatorial Government led by himself. On June 23, Aguinaldo issued another decree, which replaced the Dictatorial Government with a Revolutionary Government. In 1898, between June and September 10,
1288-631: A dispatch boat, and was often used as the Presidential yacht. In 1885, Captain Dewey undertook another tour of sea service, and for three years was in command of USS Pensacola , familiar to him in the New Orleans battles, now flagship of the European squadron. Returning to Washington in 1893, he resumed the life of a bureau officer, being attached to the lighthouse board. In 1896, he
1449-529: A few hundred to a few thousand members. The existence of the Katipunan eventually became known to the colonial authorities through Teodoro Patiño, who revealed it to the Spaniard La Font, general manager of the printing shop Diario de Manila . Patiño was engaged in a bitter dispute over pay with a co-worker, Katipunero member Apolonio de la Cruz, and exposed the Katipunan in revenge. La Font led
1610-531: A meeting of the society and deposed Basa in an election that installed Bonifacio as president, Jacinto as fiscal, Santiago as secretary, Molina as secretary, Pío Valenzuela and Pantaleon Torres as physicians and Aguedo del Rosario and Doreteo Trinidad as councilors. On December 31, 1895, another election named Bonifacio as president, Jacinto as fiscal, Santiago as secretary, Molina as secretary, Pío Valenzuela and Pantaleon Torres as physicians and Aguedo del Rosario and Doreteo Trinidad as councilors. The members of
1771-407: A newspaper reporter that: "Our next war will be with Germany." Dewey also angered some Protestants by marrying a Catholic and giving her the house that the nation had given him following the war. Dewey withdrew from the race in mid-May 1900 and endorsed William McKinley . In 1900, after his withdrawal from the presidential race, he was named president of the newly established General Board of
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#17327583320381932-595: A practice cruise aboard USS Saratoga ; on this cruise he earned recognition as a cadet officer . As a result, he was assigned to one of the best ships of the old Navy—the steam frigate USS Wabash . Wabash under Captain Samuel Barron was the new flagship of the Mediterranean Squadron . On July 22, 1858, the ship left Hampton Roads for Europe. Wabash reached her first port of call, Gibraltar, on August 17, 1858. She cruised in
2093-418: A process known as Secularization. In this process, control of Philippine parishes were to be passed from the religious orders to the secular priests, particularly Philippine-born priests. The religious orders, or friars, reacted negatively and a political struggle between the friars and secular priests began. The 19th century was also a new era for Europe . Church power was declining, and friars began coming to
2254-551: A profound effect on many Filipinos; José Rizal , the national hero, would dedicate his novel El filibusterismo to their memory. Many Filipinos who were arrested for possible rebellion were deported to Spanish penal colonies . Some of them, however, managed to escape to Hong Kong , Yokohama , Singapore , Paris , London , Vienna , Berlin , and some parts of Spain . These people met fellow Filipino students and other exiles who had escaped from penal colonies. Bound together by common fate, they established an organization known as
2415-618: A secret organization named Katipunan in a house located in Tondo, Manila , while more conservative members led by Domingo Franco and Numeriano Adriano would later establish the Cuerpo de Compromisarios . The Katipunan obtained overwhelming number of members and attracted the lowly classes. In June 1896, Bonifacio sent an emissary to Dapitan to obtain Rizal's support, but Rizal refused to participate in an armed revolution. On August 19, 1896, Katipunan
2576-403: A small ironclad. Manassas tried to ram Mississippi , but Dewey safely maneuvered Mississippi to evade. Manassas then attacked Brooklyn and Hartford in the next division, and then turned back upriver. Farragut signaled Mississippi to run Manassas down. Dewey steered Mississippi into a ramming attack. Manassas dodged, but ran aground and was abandoned. She was set on fire by
2737-617: A specific place, but also a general area that included some of the proposed sites, such as Kangkong. Upon the discovery of the Katipunan, Bonifacio called all Katipunan councils to a meeting in Balintawak or Kangkong to discuss their situation. According to historian Teodoro Agoncillo , the meeting occurred on August 19; however, revolutionary leader Santiago Álvarez stated that it occurred on August 22. On August 21, Katipuneros were already congregating in Balintawak in Caloocan. Late in
2898-699: A steam paddle frigate assigned to the Union West Gulf Blockading Squadron . At the beginning of 1862, Mississippi was attached to David Farragut 's fleet for the capture of New Orleans . On the night of April 24–25, 1862, Farragut led his ships up the Mississippi River past the Confederate defenses at Fort St. Philip and Fort Jackson . Mississippi was the third in Farragut's first division, with Dewey at
3059-808: A supposedly a revolver at a person, or forcing him to jump over a supposedly hot flame. After the ordeals came to final rite—the pacto de sangre or blood compact —in which the neophyte signed the following oath with the blood taken from his arm: Ako'y si ______________, Nanunumpa sa ngalan ng Dios at ng bayan na ipagtatanggol nang buong katapangan ang mga kadahilanan ng K.K.K. ng mga A. ng B., ingatan ang kaniyang lihim na mamasdan at mapakinggan, sundin siya ng pikit -mata, saklolohan ang lahat na mga kasama sa lahat na panganib at pagkakailangan nila, Nanunumpa at nangangako rin naman ako na mag-pitagan sa kanilang mga Pinuno, huag na magtaksil sa kanilang mga kautusan at bilin at tatalaan kong aking dugo na kusang ibububo dito sa kasulatang hinaharap. I,_______________, swear in
3220-585: A visiting Japanese warship in May 1896 failed to gain anything. In August that year, Spanish authorities in Manila discovered the organization. Days after, the Katipunan, led by Bonifacio, openly declared war to the Spanish government, starting a three-year long revolution . The name " Katipunan " is a short name for " Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan " (Supreme and Venerabel Society of
3381-622: Is only curiosity—go away! If you cannot control your vices, retire. Never shall the doors of the Supreme and Venerable Society of the Sons of the People be opened to you. Inside the candle-lit room, they would be brought to a table adorned with a skull and a bolo. There, they would condemn the abuses of the Spanish government and vow to fight colonial oppression: 1. Anó ang kalagayan nitóng Katagalugan noóng unang panahón? (In what condition did
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#17327583320383542-549: The peninsulares , the creoles , and the Principalía . The peninsulares were people who were Spanish-born, but lived in the Philippines. The creoles , or criollo people, were Spaniards who were born in the colonies. The principalía was a hereditary class of local Indios who descended from precolonial datus, rajah and nobility, and were granted special rights and privileges such as positions in local government and
3703-780: The 1896 Revolution , the council was further reorganized into a 'cabinet' which the Katipunan regarded as a genuine revolutionary government , de facto and de jure . In each province where there were Katipunan members, a provincial council called Sangguniang Bayan was established and in each town was an organized popular council called Sangguniang Balangay . Each bayan and balangay had its own set of elected officials: pangulo (president); kalihim (secretary); tagausig (fiscal); tagaingat-yaman (treasurer); pangalawang pangulo (vice president); pangalawang kalihim (vice secretary); mga kasangguni (councilors); mabalasig (terrible brother); taliba (guard); maniningil (collector/auditor); tagapamahala ng basahan ng bayan (custodian of
3864-570: The Americas , Rizal established La Liga Filipina (The Filipino League), a Filipino association organized to seek reforms in the colonial government. When the Spaniards learned that Rizal was in the Philippines, they arrested and deported him a few days after the Liga was established. Upon hearing that Rizal had been deported to Dapitan , Liga member Andrés Bonifacio and his fellows established
4025-654: The KKK , was a revolutionary organization founded in 1892 by a group of Filipino nationalists Deodato Arellano , Andrés Bonifacio , Valentin Diaz , Ladislao Diwa , José Dizon , and Teodoro Plata . Its primary objective was achieving independence from the Spanish Empire through an armed revolution . It was formed as a secret society before its eventual discovery by Spanish authorities in August 1896. This discovery led to
4186-568: The Katipunan also had sizeable chapters in Batangas , Laguna , Cavite , Rizal , Bulacan , Pampanga , Tarlac and Nueva Ecija . There were also smaller chapters in Ilocos Sur , Ilocos Norte , Pangasinan and the Bicol region . The Katipunan founders spent their free time recruiting members. For example, Diwa, who was a clerk at a judicial court, was assigned to the office of a justice of
4347-753: The Malolos Congress elections were held by the Revolutionary Government, resulting in Emilio Aguinaldo being elected as President of the Philippines. On February 2, 1899, hostilities broke out between U.S. and Filipino forces. The Malolos Constitution was adopted in a session convened on September 15, 1898. It was promulgated on January 21, 1899, creating the First Philippine Republic with Aguinaldo as President . On June 12, 1899, Aguinaldo promulgated
4508-698: The Mediterranean , and the cadet officers visited the cities of the Old World accessible to them, often taking trips inland. Dewey was assigned to keep the ship's log . Wabash returned to the New York Navy Yard on December 16, 1859, and decommissioned there on December 20, 1859. Dewey served on two short-term cruises in 1860. At the beginning of the American Civil War , Dewey was executive lieutenant on USS Mississippi ,
4669-813: The Pact of Biak-na-Bato , which temporarily reduced hostilities. Filipino revolutionary officers exiled themselves to Hong Kong . However, the hostilities never completely ceased. On April 21, 1898, after the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor , the United States declared war against the Spanish Empire, starting the Spanish-American War. On May 1, the U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron , under George Dewey , decisively defeated
4830-521: The Peele, Hubbell & Company . These became two of the leading business firms. At first, Americans had an edge over their British competitors, because they offered high prices for Philippine exports such as hemp , sugar, and tobacco. American trade supremacy did not last long. In the face of stiff British competition, they gradually lost their control over the Philippine business market. This decline
4991-648: The Philippine Declaration of Independence in Kawit . Although this signified the end date of the revolution, neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippine independence. The Treaty of Paris was signed between Spain and the United States, formally ending Spanish rule to the islands and the Spanish-American war. Despite attempts by the Filipino government, there were no Filipinos in
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5152-612: The Philippine Organic Act in July 1902. As a result, the islands become an unincorporated territory of the United States. A commonwealth government was formed in 1935, with Manuel L. Quezon , Aguinaldo's aide-de-camp during the revolution, assuming presidency. The Philippines was intended to become independent after a ten-year commonwealth period but was cut short in the advent of the Second World War in
5313-581: The Philippine–American War started. In 1902, Dewey testified during the Lodge Committee's investigation into alleged American war crimes against Filipinos. There, Dewey seemingly reversed his previous positions, stating that "neither the Filipinos nor the Cubans are capable of self-government" and the Philippines would "lapse into anarchy" if the United States granted them full independence. Despite
5474-628: The Propaganda Movement . These émigrés used their writings primarily to condemn Spanish abuses and seek reforms to the colonial government. José Rizal 's novels, Noli Me Tángere ( Touch Me Not , 1887) and El Filibusterismo ( The Filibuster , 1891), exposed Spanish abuses in socio-political and religious aspects. The publication of his first novel brought the infamous agrarian conflict in his hometown of Calamba, Laguna in 1888, when Dominican haciendas fell into trouble of submitting government taxes. In 1892, after his return from
5635-578: The Spanish Parliament , Katipunan's goals was for the archipelago to achieve independence through an armed revolution. Its founders saw that any move for Filipino autonomy from within Spain would be suppressed by colonial Spanish authorities. The other group, Cuerpo de Compromisarios, argued for a peaceful reformation instead. While fundamentally different in their views, the Katipunan decided to name Rizal as their honorary president. Rizal's status
5796-783: The USS ; Constitution ) and as an instructor at the Naval Academy. He also served on the United States Lighthouse Board and the Board of Inspection and Survey . He was promoted to commodore in 1896 and assigned to the Asiatic Squadron the following year. After that appointment, he began preparations for a potential war with Spain, which broke out in April 1898. Immediately after the beginning of
5957-570: The United States Naval Academy in 1854 at the age of 16. The conventional four-year course had just been introduced in 1851 and the cadet corps was quite small, averaging about one hundred Acting Midshipmen . Out of all that entered in his year, only fourteen stayed through the course. He stood fifth on the class roll at graduation. He graduated from the Academy on June 18, 1858. As a midshipman, Dewey first went to sea on
6118-579: The University of Santo Tomas , joined the Katipunan. He intellectualized the society's aims and formulated the principles of the society as embodied in its primer, called Kartilla . It was written in Tagalog and all recruits were required to commit it to heart before they were initiated. Jacinto would later be called the Brains of the Katipunan. At the same time, Jacinto also edited Kalayaan (Freedom),
6279-448: The galleon trade . Increased competition with foreign traders brought the galleon trade to an end in 1815. After Mexico became independent in 1821, Spain was forced to govern the Philippines directly from Madrid and to find new sources of revenue to pay for the colonial administration. At this point, post- French Revolution ideas entered the country through literature, which resulted in the rise of an enlightened principalía class in
6440-670: The throne of Spain led to the replacement of de la Torre in 1871. In 1872, the government of the succeeding governor-general, Rafael de Izquierdo , experienced the uprising of Filipino soldiers at the Fort San Felipe arsenal in Cavite el Viejo . Seven days after the mutiny, many people were arrested and tried. Three of these were secular priests: José Burgos , Mariano Gomez and friar Jacinto Zamora , who were hanged by Spanish authorities in Bagumbayan . Their execution had
6601-586: The "Grand Old Woman of Balintawak"; Marta Saldaña and Macaria Pañgilinan. George Dewey Spanish–American War Philippine–American War George Dewey (December 26, 1837 – January 16, 1917) was Admiral of the Navy , the only person in United States history to have attained that rank. He is best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War , with
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6762-749: The Cavite Arsenal of Fort San Felipe mutinied. They were led by sergeant Ferdinand La Madrid , a Spanish mestizo . The soldiers mistook the fireworks in Quiapo , which were being fired for the feast of St. Sebastian, as the signal to start a long-planned national uprising. The colonial government used the incident to spread a reign of terror and to eliminate subversive political and church figures. Among these were priests Mariano Gomez , José Burgos , and Jacinto Zamora , who were executed by garrote on February 18, 1872. They are remembered in Philippine history as Gomburza . The Cavite Mutiny of 1872, and
6923-594: The Children of the Nation") in Manila on July 7, 1892. The organization, advocating independence through armed revolt against Spain, was influenced by the rituals and organization of Freemasonry ; Bonifacio and other leading members were also Freemasons. From Manila, the Katipunan expanded into several provinces, including Batangas , Laguna , Cavite , Bulacan , Pampanga , Tarlac , Nueva Ecija , Ilocos Sur , Ilocos Norte , Pangasinan , Bicol , and Mindanao . Most of
7084-452: The Children of the Nation). The Tagalog word " katipunan " (literally, "association", "gathering", "assemblage", or "group") comes from the root word " tipon ", a Tagalog word meaning "gathering" or "to gather". The Katipunan was formed in 1892 by Filipino nationalists Deodato Arrellano , Teodoro Plata , Valentin Diaz , Ladislao Diwa , Andres Bonifacio , and Jose Dizon . It was one of
7245-464: The Chinese waters of Mirs Bay . On April 27, 1898, he sailed from China aboard USS Olympia with orders to attack the Spanish at Manila Bay . He stopped at the mouth of the bay late the night of April 30, and the following morning he gave the order to attack at first light, saying the now famous words "You may fire when you are ready, Gridley ." True to his word, Dewey defeated the Spanish in
7406-708: The Confederate fortress at Port Hudson, Louisiana , where at that time the Red River joined the Mississippi. Farragut attempted to pass the fortress with his fleet and cut it off upriver, thereby completing the Siege of Port Hudson . The attempt was made on March 14, 1863. In this action, Dewey saw fiercer fighting than he was ever to see again. Mississippi ran aground and was the target of concentrated enemy fire for half an hour, until she had to be abandoned. Dewey
7567-543: The Interior and Enrico Pacheco as Secretary of Finance. Over the next four years, the Katipunan founders would recruit new members. By the time the society was uncovered, the American writer James Le Roy estimated the strength of the Katipunan at 100,000 to 400,000 members. Historian Teodoro Agoncillo estimated that the membership had increased to around 30,000 by 1896. The Ilocano writer Isabelo de los Reyes estimated membership at 15,000 to 50,000. Aside from Manila,
7728-552: The Junta General de Reformas, was established in Manila. It consisted of five Filipinos, eleven Spanish civilians and five Spanish friars. They had the ability to vote on reforms, subject to ratification by the Home Government. However, none of the reforms were put into effect, due to the friars fearing that the reforms would diminish their influence. The Assembly ceased to exist after the 1874 Restoration . In 1776,
7889-400: The Katipunan cause were given symbolic names, such as Magdiwang (to celebrate) for Noveleta ; Magdalo (to come) for Kawit ; Magwagi (to win) for Naic ; Magtagumpay (to succeed) for Maragondon ; Walangtinag (never-diminished) for Indang and Haligue (wall) for Imus –all are in the province of Cavite . Within the society functioned a secret chamber, called Camara Reina, which
8050-487: The Katipunan: Gregoria de Jesús, Marina Dizon , president of the women's section; Josefa and Trinidad Rizal , sisters of Dr. José Rizal ; Angelica Lopez and Delfina Herbosa Natividad , close relatives of Dr. Rizal; Carmén de Rodriguez; Marina Hizon; Benita Rodriguez; Semiona de Rémigio; Gregoria Montoya; Agueda Kahabagan , Teresa Magbanua , Trinidad Tecson , rendered as "Mother of Biak-na-Bato "; Nazaria Lagos ; Patrocinio Gamboa ; Marcela Agoncillo ; Melchora Aquino ,
8211-422: The Navy Department, which was the Navy's major policy‑making body. He remained in active naval service on the board until his death, and played a major role in championing the introduction of new technologies into the expanding U.S. Navy with his support of the development of naval aviation and the submarine. In 1866, Dewey was assigned to duty in the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine , and there met
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#17327583320388372-524: The Pacific. The country finally became fully independent on July 4, 1946, 50 years after the start of the revolution. The main influx of the revolutionary ideas came at the start of the 19th century when the Philippines was opened for world trade. In 1809, the first British firms were established in Manila , followed by a royal decree in 1834 which officially opened the city to world trade. The Philippines had been governed from Mexico since 1565, with colonial administrative costs sustained by subsidies from
8533-399: The Philippine government: initially August 26 in Balintawak, and later August 23 in Pugad Lawin . Thus, the event is called the " Cry of Pugad Lawin " or "Cry of Balintawak". However, the issue is further complicated by other possible dates such as August 24 and 25 and other locations such as Kangkong , Bahay Toro and Pasong Tamo . Furthermore, at the time, "Balintawak" referred not only to
8694-469: The Philippines at the time. Dewey and Aguinaldo at first enjoyed a cordial relationship, and Dewey wrote that the Filipinos were "intelligent" and well "capable of self-government." In August after ground troops arrived, Dewey aided U.S. Army General Wesley Merritt in taking possession of Manila on August 13, 1898, during the 1898 Battle of Manila , the "mock Battle of Manila", while Aguinaldo's troops, surrounding Manila, were kept out. In February 1899,
8855-418: The Philippines, ending hopes that the friars would relinquish their posts. With the opening of the Suez Canal , the voyage between Spain and the Philippines was made shorter. More peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain) began pouring into the colony and started to occupy the various government positions traditionally held by the criollos ( Spaniards born in the Philippines). In the 300 years of colonial rule,
9016-434: The Philippines, this idea spread through the writings of criollo writers, such as Luis Rodríguez Varela , who called himself "Conde Filipino" (Earl of the Philippines). This was the first time that a colonist called himself a Filipino rather than a Spanish subject. With the increasing economic and political stability in the Philippines, the middle class began demanding that the churches in the Philippines be nationalized through
9177-442: The Philippines. In 1834, restrictions against foreign traders were relaxed when Manila became an open port. By the end of 1859, there were 15 foreign firms in Manila. Seven of these were British, three were American, two were French, two were Swiss and one was German. In 1834, some American merchants settled in Manila and invested heavily in business. Two American business firms were established—the Russell, Sturgis & Company and
9338-400: The Philippines. José Rizal decided to return to the Philippines, where he founded La Liga Filipina , the Manila chapter of the Propaganda Movement. Only days after its founding, Rizal was arrested by colonial authorities and deported to Dapitan , and the Liga was soon disbanded. Ideological differences had contributed to its dissolution. Conservative upper-class members favoring reform, under
9499-437: The Secretary of the Navy asking that 50 Chinese sailors who had served with the Asiatic Squadron at Manila Bay be allowed to enter the United States. In Dewey's letter he noted that the Chinese had "rendered the most efficient services upon that occasion" and that they had "shown courage and energy in the face of an enemy." At that time an immigration law, the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act , prohibited Chinese laborers from landing in
9660-428: The Spaniards find the Tagalog land when they came?) 2. Anó ang kalagayan sa ngayón? (In what condition do they find themselves now?) 3. Anó ang magiging kalagayan sa daratíng na panahón? (What hopes do they have for the future?) During Bonifacio's time, all of the Filipino people are referred collectively by the Katipunan as Tagalogs , while the Philippines is referred to as the Katagalugan . The next step in
9821-452: The Spanish Cortes, "Filipinization" of the Catholic parishes, and the granting of individual liberties to Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly, and freedom to petition for grievances. Andrés Bonifacio , Deodato Arellano , Ladislao Diwa , Teodoro Plata , and Valentín Díaz founded the Katipunan (in full, Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, "Supreme and Venerable Society of
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#17327583320389982-404: The Spanish Navy in the Battle of Manila Bay , effectively seizing control of the area surrounding Manila. On May 19, Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines and resumed attacks against the Spaniards. By June, the rebels had gained control of nearly the entirety of the countryside, while the cities remained under Spanish control. On June 12, Aguinaldo issued
10143-401: The Spanish authorities discouraged foreign merchants from residing in the colony and engaging in business. The royal decree of February 2, 1800, prohibited foreigners from living in the Philippines. as did the royal decrees of 1807 and 1816. In 1823, Governor-General Mariano Ricafort promulgated an edict prohibiting foreign merchants from engaging in retail trade and visiting the provinces for
10304-524: The Supreme Council in 1895 were Bonifacio as president, Valenzuela as fiscal and physician, Jacinto as secretary and Molina as treasurer. Enrico Pacheco, Pantaleon Torres, Balbino Florentino, Francisco Carreón and Hermenegildo Reyes were named councilors. Eight months later, in August 1896, the fifth and last supreme council was elected to rename offices. Bonifacio was named President, Jacinto as Secretary of State, Plata as Secretary of War, Bricco Pantas as Secretary of Justice, Aguedo del Rosario as Secretary of
10465-409: The Supreme Council of the Katipunan as his cabinet. Katipunan The Katipunan ( lit. ' Association ' ), officially known as the Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ( lit. ' Supreme and Venerable Association of the Children of the Nation ' ; Spanish : Suprema y Venerable Asociación de los Hijos del Pueblo ) and abbreviated as
10626-502: The U.S. warships lying in Hong Kong harbour. Upon arrival, he learned that the Maine had blown up in Havana Harbor. Dewey was skeptical that the country would go to war, writing, "I don't see what we have to gain in a war with Spain." However, he was confident of victory, writing, "I expect to capture the Spanish ships and reduce the defenses of Manila in one day." As the war clouds loomed, Dewey assembled his squadron at Hong Kong and made preparations. The cruiser USS Baltimore
10787-483: The United States. Dewey had enlisted the Chinese sailors against the wishes of the Navy Department and, despite his very public entreatment that they be granted US citizenship, Congress refused to even take up the issue. On October 3, 1899, Dewey was presented a special sword by President McKinley in a ceremony at the Capitol building. The presentation of the sword was followed by a parade down Pennsylvania Avenue. Congress, by unanimous vote, had authorized $ 10,000 to fund
10948-402: The bankruptcy of the Royal Company of the Philippines ( Real Compaña de Filipinas ) catapulted the Spanish king to open Manila to world trade. In a royal decree issued on September 6, 1834, the privileges of the company were revoked and the port of Manila was opened to trade. Shortly after the opening of Manila to world trade, the Spanish merchants began to lose their commercial supremacy in
11109-433: The clear difference between his testimony and his earlier statements, Dewey stated that his testimony reflected the opinions he always held. Dewey was promoted to rear admiral in May 1898, and full admiral the following year. Returning to the United States on September 27, 1899, Dewey received a hero's welcome. New York City's September 1899 welcome-home celebration for Dewey was a two-day parade. When Boston paid tribute, he
11270-450: The company of women. In 1893, he was escorting two women aboard a warship when he unexpectedly ran into his son. Thinking on his feet, Dewey introduced his son as his younger brother. On November 9, 1899, after his triumphal return from the Far East, Dewey was married for the second time to Mildred McLean Hazen (1850–1931), widow of General William Babcock Hazen , in the rectory of St. Paul's Catholic Church in Washington, D.C. Since Hazen
11431-550: The country welcomed him with a banquet at the Malacañan Palace on June 23, 1869. On the night of July 12, 1869, Filipino leaders, priests and students gathered and serenaded de la Torre at Malacañan Palace to express their appreciation for his liberal policies. The serenade was led by prominent residents of Manila, including José Cabezas de Herrera (the Civil Governor of Manila), José Burgos , Maximo Paterno, Manuel Genato, Joaquín Pardo de Tavera, Ángel Garchitorena, Andrés Nieto and Jacóbo Zóbel y Zangroniz. An Assembly of Reformists ,
11592-575: The criollos had been accustomed to being semi-autonomous with the governor-general, who was the only Spaniard (peninsulares) government official. The criollos demanded representation in the Spanish Cortes where they could express their grievances. This, together with the secularization issues, gave rise to the Criollo insurgencies. In the late 18th century, Criollo (or Insulares, "islanders", as they were locally called) writers began spreading
11753-541: The death of Captain Abner Read , of USS New London , and the severe wounding of his executive officer. Dewey was present, and was so conspicuous for gallantry that he was recommended for promotion on the strength of it. Meanwhile, he was given temporary command of the frigate. In the latter part of 1864, after some service in the James River under Commander McComb, Lieutenant Dewey was made executive officer of
11914-489: The economy of Manila, the Spanish government sent Sinibaldo de Mas , a Spanish diplomat , to the Philippines in order to conduct an economic survey of the Philippines and submit recommendations. After an intensive investigation of colonial affairs in the Philippines, Mas submitted his official report to the Crown. The report, Informe sobre el estado de las Islas Filipinas en 1842 , was published at Madrid in 1843. Mas recommended
12075-603: The elections was fraudulent, with Bonifacio himself refusing to recognize the results. In April 1897, Aguinaldo ordered the arrest of Bonifacio. A trial was set in Maragondon , where the Magdalo-led jury found Bonifacio and his brother Procopio guilty of treason, sentencing both of them to death. Despite calls for commuting the sentence for the sake of national unity, the brothers were executed in May 1897. Later that year, Aguinaldo's government and Spanish authorities signed
12236-713: The evening, amidst heavy rain, the rebels moved to Kangkong in Caloocan, and arrived there past midnight. As a precaution, the rebels moved to Bahay Toro or Pugad Lawin on August 23. Agoncillo places the Cry and tearing of certificates at the house of Juan Ramos, which was in Pugad Lawin. Alvarez writes that they met at the house of Melchora Aquino (known as "Tandang Sora", and mother of Juan Ramos) in Bahay Toro on that date. Agoncillo places Aquino's house in Pasong Tamo and
12397-555: The eventual power struggle from within Katipunan's leadership. Two factions formed: Bonifacio's Magdiwang and Aguinaldo's Magdalo . This struggle culminated in the 1897 elections in Tejeros , which saw Emilio Aguinaldo elected as president in absentia . Bonifacio nullified the results after a Magdalo member questioned his election as the Secretary of the Interior. This resulted in a schism, with Bonifacio's supporters alleging that
12558-573: The executive lieutenant of the USS Mississippi at the beginning of the Civil War . He participated in the capture of New Orleans and the Siege of Port Hudson , helping the Union take control of the Mississippi River . By the end of the war, Dewey reached the rank of lieutenant commander . After the Civil War, Dewey undertook a variety of assignments, serving on multiple ships (including
12719-495: The famous frigate USS Constitution , which was berthed at Annapolis as a training ship. Some tranquil years followed the end of Dewey's cruise on Colorado . For two years, from 1868 to 1870, he was an instructor at the Naval Academy. The next year he did special surveying work on the steam sloop USS Narragansett . He was then briefly assigned to the Naval Torpedo Station at Newport, Rhode Island. It
12880-726: The first major challenge to monarchy in centuries occurred in the American Colonies . Although the American Revolution succeeded, it was in a relatively isolated area. In 1789, however, the French Revolution began to change the political landscape of Europe, as it ended absolute monarchy in France. The power passed from the king to the people through representation in parliament. People in other European countries began asking for representation, as well. In
13041-986: The first-rate wooden man-of-war USS Colorado , in the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron under command of Commodore Henry Knox Thatcher . By late 1864, Wilmington, North Carolina , was the only port left to the Confederacy. Its access to the sea was protected by Fort Fisher , at the mouth of the Cape Fear River . A joint Army-Navy attack in December failed (the First Battle of Fort Fisher , December 7–27, 1864). A second attack came in January (the Second Battle of Fort Fisher , January 13–15, 1865). Colorado
13202-621: The flagship of the European Squadron . The admiral in command of the ship and squadron was Louis M. Goldsborough , and one of Dewey's companions was John Crittenden Watson —the same man, who, as rear admiral, relieved Admiral Dewey of his duties at Manila, when he wished to return to the United States in the summer of 1899. Lieutenant Commander Dewey was in charge of the vessels at the Naval Academy in Annapolis from November 6, 1867, through August 1, 1870. This duty included commanding
13363-437: The following: opening of more ports to promote foreign trade, encouragement of Chinese immigration to stimulate agricultural development, and abolition of the tobacco monopoly. In response to Sinibaldo de Mas 's recommendations, more ports were opened by Spain. The ports of Sual, Pangasinan , Iloilo and Zamboanga were opened in 1855, Cebu was opened in 1860, and both Legazpi and Tacloban were opened in 1873. Before
13524-747: The gift shortly after the Battle of Manila Bay. The elaborately decorated sword was custom-made by Tiffany & Co. Its hilt and fittings were made of 22 carat gold. The sword is now on display, along with uniforms and medals belonging to Admiral Dewey, at the National Museum of the United States Navy at the Washington Navy Yard . Many suggested Dewey run for President on the Democratic ticket in 1900. His candidacy
13685-602: The grade of commander . This residence in Washington as a bureau officer of high rank gave him an extensive acquaintance, and he became one of the most popular men in the capital. He was a member of the Metropolitan Club , the leading social club of Washington. In 1882, this leave of absence in Washington came to an end when he was sent to the Asiatic station in command of USS Juniata , where he studied
13846-479: The group. Del Pilar is also said to have approved the Katipunan's statutes. Filipino historian Epifanio de los Santos , in the 1920s, noted, "It is very correctly stated that Andrés Bonifacio ordered Teodoro Plata to draw up the statutes of the Katipunan, and that he did this with the aid of Ladislao Diwa and Valentín Diaz. After the statutes had been discussed, Bonifacio, with the concurrence of Deodato Arellano, submitted them to Marcelo H. del Pilar for approval. Upon
14007-406: The helm. The first division (all big ships) kept near the west bank where the current was weaker and the water deeper; but this brought them right under the muzzles of the guns of Fort St. Philip. Dewey steered Mississippi through shallow water where he expected to run aground any moment. There was a squadron of Confederate gunboats waiting above the forts. This included CSS Manassas ,
14168-595: The ideals of the French Revolution in the Philippines. At the same time, a royal decree ordered the secularization of Philippine churches, and many parishes were turned over to Philippine-born priests. Halfway through the process, it was aborted due to the return of the Jesuits . The religious orders began retaking Philippine parishes. One instance that enraged the Insulares was the Franciscan takeover of Antipolo ,
14329-502: The impossibility of isolating the colony from world intercourse and commerce. In 1789, foreign vessels were given permission to transport Asian goods to the port of Manila . Even before the 1780s, many foreign ships, including Yankee clipper ships , had visited Manila regardless of anti-foreigner regulations. In 1790, Governor-General Félix Berenguer de Marquina recommended that the King of Spain open Manila to world commerce. Furthermore,
14490-399: The initiation ceremony was the lecture given by the master of ceremonies, called Mabalasig/Mabalasik (terrible brother), who informed the neophyte to withdraw if he lacked courage since he would be out of place in the patriotic society. If the neophyte persisted, he was presented to the assembly of the brethren, who subjected him to various ordeals such as blindfolding him and making him shoot
14651-406: The international community, which led to the start of nationalistic endeavours. The rise of Filipino nationalism was slow, but inevitable. Abuses by the Spanish government, military and clergy prevalent during three centuries of colonial rule, and the exposure of these abuses by the " ilustrados " in the late 19th century, paved the way for a united Filipino people. However, the growth of nationalism
14812-693: The islands, and sought an armed revolution. However, that revolution started prematurely in August 1896 upon its discovery by Spanish authorities in Manila. The organization soon declared war against Spain in Caloocan . Early battles and skirmishes were centered around sieging the capital city of Manila led by Bonifacio himself, which ultimately failed. However, revolutionaries in the neighboring provinces fared better, particularly in Cavite , where rebels led by Mariano Álvarez and cousins Baldomero and Emilio Aguinaldo won early major victories. This disparity in success, along with multiple factors, contributed to
14973-498: The latter’s letter approving the statutes, Bonifacio used the same for the purpose of gaining adepts." The Katipunan was governed by the Supreme Council (Tagalog: Kataas-taasang Sanggunian ). The first Supreme Council of the Katipunan was formed around August 1892, a month after the founding of the society. The Supreme Council was headed by an elected president ( pangulo ), followed by the secretary/secretaries ( kalihim ),
15134-541: The leadership of Apolinario Mabini , set up the Cuerpo de Compromisarios , which attempted to revive La Solidaridad in Europe. Other, more radical members belonging to the middle and lower classes, led by Andrés Bonifacio , set up the Katipunan alongside the revived Liga . The goals of the Propaganda Movement included legal equality of Filipinos and Spaniards, restoration of Philippine representation in
15295-425: The letters " Z. Ll. B. " below. Another password was Rizal . Countersigns enabled members to recognize one another on the street. A member meeting another member placed the palm of his right hand on his breast and, as he passed the other member, he closed the hands to bring the right index finger and thumb together. Color designations: Katipon could graduate to Kawal class by bringing several new members into
15456-516: The loss of only a single crewman on the American side. Dewey was born in Montpelier, Vermont . At age 15, Dewey's father enrolled him at Norwich University in Northfield, Vermont . Two years later Norwich expelled him for drunkenness and herding sheep into the barracks. Summarily, he entered the United States Naval Academy in 1854. He graduated from the academy in 1858 and was assigned as
15617-469: The meeting there on August 24. The rebels continued to congregate, and by August 24, there were over a thousand. On August 24, it was decided to notify the Katipunan councils of the surrounding towns that an attack on the capital Manila was planned for August 29. Bonifacio appointed generals to lead rebel forces in Manila. Before hostilities erupted, Bonifacio also reorganized the Katipunan into an open revolutionary government , with himself as president and
15778-410: The members, called Katipuneros, came from the lower and middle classes. The Katipunan had "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership". The Katipunan Supreme Council (Kataas-taasang Kapulungan, of which Bonifacio was a member, and eventually head) coordinated provincial councils ( Sangguniang Bayan ). The provincial councils were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on
15939-412: The name of God and to the country to defend the cause of the K.K.K. of the A. of B., with all my courage, to keep secret whatever I witness and hear, to follow orders blindly, and to support all my brethren against every danger and exigency. I also swear and pledge to respect the leaders, not to betray them, their orders of instructions, and so I attest with my blood, which is shed here in this document. He
16100-493: The nearby town of Johnson . When he was fifteen years old he went to the American Literary Scientific and Military Academy. The school, better known as Norwich University , had been founded by Alden Partridge and aimed at giving cadets a well-rounded military education. Dewey attended for two years (1852–1854). Dewey found a military role model when he read a biography of Hannibal . Dewey entered
16261-556: The new republic's fate. In November 1897, the Republic of Biak-na-Bato was established, and the insurgent government promulgated a constitution. On May 1, 1898, the Battle of Manila Bay took place as part of the Spanish–American War . On May 24, Emilio Aguinaldo , who had returned from voluntary exile on May 19, announced in Cavite, "...I return to assume command of all the forces for the attainment of our lofty aspirations, establishing
16422-624: The organization suggest that the Katipunan may have been around by January 1892 but became active by July. Being originally formed as a secret society , the Katipunan had its members undergo through initiation rites similar to freemasonry . Membership to the organization was initially open only for men; however, women were eventually accepted. The Katipunan had a short-lived publication, Kalayaan ( lit. ' Freedom ' ), which only saw printing in March 1896. During its existence, revolutionary ideals and works flourished, and Filipino literature
16583-534: The peace in Pampanga. He initiated members in that province as well as Bulacan, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija. Most of the Katipuneros were plebeian although several wealthy patriots joined the society and submitted themselves to the leadership of Bonifacio. Katipunero (plural, mga Katipunero ) is the demonym of a male member of the Katipunan. Katipunera (plural, mga Katipunera ) refers to female members. It
16744-569: The people's library); tagapangasiwa (administrator); manunulat (clerk); tagatulong sa pagsulat (assistant clerk); tagalaan (warden) and tagalibot (patroller). Each balangay was given a chance to expand their own spheres of influence through the triangle system in order to elevate their status to Sangguniang Bayan . Every balangay that did not gain Sangguniang Bayan status were dissolved and annexed by greater provincial or popular councils. The towns/cities which supported
16905-411: The presidency to Bonifacio in 1894 because of a dispute over the usefulness of the initiation rites and Bonifacio's handling of the society's funds. Basa contested Bonifacio's practice of lending their funds to needy members, complete with promissory notes. Moreover, Basa refused to induct his son into the organization. It was also in 1894 when Emilio Jacinto , a nephew of Dizon who was studying law at
17066-476: The purpose of trading. It was reissued by Governor-General Luis Lardizábal in 1840. A royal decree issued in 1844 prohibited foreigners from traveling to the provinces under any pretext whatsoever, and in 1857, several anti-foreigner laws were renewed. With the wide acceptance of laissez-faire doctrines in the later part of the 18th century, Spain relaxed its mercantilist policies. The British capture and occupation of Manila in 1762–1764 made Spain realize
17227-567: The race and endorsed President William McKinley . He served on the General Board of the United States Navy , an important policy-making body, from 1900 until his death in 1917. Dewey was born in Montpelier, Vermont , on December 26, 1837, directly opposite the Vermont State House , to Julius Yemans Dewey and his first wife, Mary Perrin. Julius was a physician who received his degree from The University of Vermont . He
17388-478: The realms of the KKK. A section for women was established in the society: to become admitted, one must be a wife, a daughter, or a sister of a male katipunero . It was estimated that from 20 to 50 women had become members of the society. The first woman to become a member of the Katipunan was Gregoria de Jesús , wife of Bonifacio. Her codename was Lakambini (Princess). Initially, there were 29 women were admitted to
17549-562: The reason I gave was that we might have to send him to Manila. And we sent him — and he went! In the early stages of the Spanish-American War in the Philippines, Dewey and the Americans were aided by the Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo who had fought previously the Philippine Revolution and were attacking the Spanish by land after Dewey had defeated the Spanish at sea. There were no U.S. Army ground troops in
17710-562: The result was the founding of secret societies in villages. Among the pioneering editors of the paper were Graciano López Jaena , Marcelo H. del Pilar , and José Rizal . The editors of La Solidaridad also included leading Spanish liberals, such as Miguel Morayta. The Propaganda Movement in Europe resulted in the Spanish legislature passing some reforms for the islands, but the colonial government did not implement them. After being published from 1889 to 1895, La Solidaridad began to run out of funds, and it had not accomplished concrete changes in
17871-487: The revolutionary organization Katipunan against the Spanish Empire from 1896 to 1898. It was the culmination of the 333-year colonial rule of Spain in the archipelago. The Philippines was one of the last major colonies of the Spanish Empire, which had already suffered a massive decline in the 1820s . Cuba rebelled in 1895 , and in 1898, the United States intervened and the Spanish soon capitulated. In June, Philippine revolutionaries declared independence . However, it
18032-561: The richest parish in the islands, which had been under the control of Philippine-born priests. In the early 19th century, Fathers Pedro Peláez and Mariano Gomez began organizing activities which demanded that control of Philippine parishes be returned to the Filipino seculars. Father Peláez, who was Archbishop of the Manila Cathedral, died in an earthquake, while Father Gómez retired to private life. The next generation of Insular activists included Father José Burgos , who organized
18193-510: The right to vote, though they were lower than the peninsulares and insulares in social standing. Many members of the Philippine Revolution belonged to the principalía class, like José Rizal . Although the peninsulares and the creoles enjoyed the same social power, as they both belonged to the upper class, the peninsulares considered themselves as socially superior to the creoles and the native principalía . The lowest of
18354-437: The same year based on recent documents discovered in the 21st century. The organization was originally formed as a secret society following freemasonic practices such as its initiation rites and its organizational structure. This may come from the fact that many of its early members were freemasons themselves. While not directly involved in the organization, prominent Filipino freemason Marcelo H. del Pilar may have influenced
18515-584: The secessionist movement, many of them were executed, notably Don Francisco Roxas. Bonifacio had forged their signatures in Katipunan documents, hoping that they would be forced to support the revolution. On August 24, 1896, Bonifacio called Katipunan members to a mass gathering in Caloocan , where the group decided to start a nationwide armed revolution against Spain. The event included a mass tearing of cedulas (community tax certificates) accompanied by patriotic cries. The exact date and location are disputed, but two possibilities have been officially endorsed by
18676-668: The secret organization that would trigger the revolution, mainly consisted of the masses. Material prosperity at the start of 19th century produced an enlightened middle class in the Philippines, consisting of well-to-do farmers, teachers, lawyers, physicians, writers, and government employees. Many of them were able to buy and read books originally withheld from the lowly Filipino class. They discussed political problems and sought government reforms, and eventually, they were able to send their children to colleges and universities in Manila and abroad, particularly to Madrid . The material progress
18837-400: The situation with care and acquired information of immense importance ten years later. He was promoted to the rank of captain in 1884, and he was ordered home and given command of USS Dolphin —one of the first four ships of the original "white squadron" , steam-powered ships with steel hulls which formed the basis of the modern United States Navy. Dolphin was officially classed as
18998-429: The society's official organ, but only one edition of the paper was issued; a second was prepared but never printed due to the discovery of the society. Kalayaan was published through the printing press of the Spanish newspaper Diario de Manila . This printing press and its workers would later play an important role in the outbreak of the revolution. In 1895, José Turiano Santiago , a close personal friend of Bonifacio,
19159-498: The society, Katipon wore a black hood with a triangle of white ribbon having the letters " Z. Ll. B. ", corresponding to the roman " A. N. B. ", meaning Anak ng̃ Bayan (Son of the People, see below ). Kawal wore a green hood with a triangle having white lines and the letters " Z. LL. B. " at the three angles of the triangle, and also wore a green ribbon with a medal with the letter [REDACTED] ( ka ) in Baybayin script above
19320-407: The society. The 1868 Spanish Revolution brought the rule of Queen Isabella II to an end. The conservative government was replaced by a liberal government led by General Francisco Serrano . In 1869, Serrano appointed Carlos María de la Torre as the 91st governor-general . The leadership of de la Torre introduced the idea of liberalism to the Philippines. The election of Amadeo of Savoy to
19481-404: The society. A Kawal could become a Bayani upon being elected an officer of the society. Any person who wished to join the Katipunan was subjected to certain initiation rites, resembling those of Masonic rites , to test his courage, patriotism and loyalty. New recruits underwent the initiation rite three at a time so that no member knew more than two other members of the society. The neophyte
19642-554: The start of the Philippine Revolution . Historians generally placed the date of its founding in July 1892 shortly after the arrest and deportation of Filipino author and nationalist José Rizal to Dapitan in Mindanao . Rizal was one of the founders of the nascent La Liga Filipina , which aimed for a Filipino representation to the Spanish Parliament . Many members of the Katipunan, including Bonifacio himself, were members of that organization. However, recent discovery of documents of
19803-417: The start of the Philippine Revolution, Filipino society was subdivided into social classifications that were based on the economic status of a person. Background, ancestry, and economic status played a huge role in determining standing in the social hierarchy. The Spanish people as well as native descendants of precolonial nobility belonged to the upper class, and they were further subdivided into more classes:
19964-475: The student rallies in the University of Santo Tomas . On the political front, Insular activists included Joaquín Pardo de Tavera and Jacobo Zobel. The unrest escalated into a large insurgency in 1823 when Andres Novales , a creole captain, declared the Philippines to be independent from Spain and crowned himself Emperor of the Philippines. In January 1872, the Insular uprisings began when soldiers and workers of
20125-545: The subsequent deportation of criollos and mestizos to the Mariana Islands and Europe , created a colony of Filipino expatriates in Europe, particularly in Madrid . In Madrid, Marcelo H. del Pilar , Mariano Ponce , Eduardo de Lete , and Antonio Luna founded La Solidaridad , a newspaper that pressed for reforms in the Philippines and spread ideas of revolution. This effort is known as the Propaganda Movement , and
20286-432: The supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level". Local councils ( Panguluhang Bayan ) were in charge of affairs "on the district or barrio level." By 1895, Bonifacio was the supreme leader ( Supremo ) or supreme president ( Presidente Supremo ) of the Katipunan and was the head of its Supreme Council. Some historians estimate that there were between 30,000 and 400,000 members by 1896; other historians argue that there were only
20447-622: The system was abolished after proving it to be clumsy and complicated. A new system of initiation, modelled after the Masonic rites was then adopted. When the Katipuneros had expanded to more than a hundred members, Bonifacio divided the members into three grades: the Katipon (literally: Associate) which is the lowest rank, the Kawal (soldier), and the Bayani (Hero or Patriot). In the meeting of
20608-468: The treasurer ( tagaingat-yaman ) and the fiscal ( tagausig ). The Supreme Council also had its councilors ( kasangguni ); the number varied through presidencies. To distinguish from presidents of lower sanggunian or councils (below), the president of the Supreme Council was called the Supreme President (Tagalog: Kataas-taasang Pangulo ; Spanish: Presidente Supremo ). At the outbreak of
20769-403: The treaty. On February 4, 1899, fighting broke out between the Filipino and American forces, beginning the Philippine–American War . Aguinaldo immediately declared war, ordering "that peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies". In June 1899, the First Philippine Republic formally declared war against the United States, which ended with
20930-431: The two classes was the masses , or Indios . This class included all poor commoners, peasants and laborers. Unlike the principalía class, where the members enjoyed high public offices and recommendations from the King of Spain , the masses only enjoyed a few civil rights and privileges. The highest political office that they could possibly hold was the gobernadorcillo , or the town executive. The members of Katipunan ,
21091-471: The two groups that was formed after the dissolution of the nascent La Liga Filipina , a nationalist organization formed by Filipino writer Jose Rizal and members of the Propaganda Movement in Spain, following Rizal's arrest and deportation to Dapitan in Mindanao . Most of the Katipunan's early members were also members of the La Liga. However, while the La Liga advocated for a Filipino representation in
21252-492: The very first flames of the revolution. In 1868, a revolution overthrew the autocratic monarchy of Queen Isabella II of Spain , which was replaced by a civil and liberal government with Republican principles led by Francisco Serrano . The next year, Serrano appointed Carlos María de la Torre , a member of the Spanish Army, as the 91st Governor-General of the Philippines . Filipino and Spanish liberals residing in
21413-424: The war, Dewey led an attack on Manila Bay , sinking or capturing the entire Spanish Pacific fleet while suffering only minor casualties. After the battle, his fleet assisted in the capture of Manila . Dewey's victory at Manila Bay was widely lauded in the United States, and he was promoted to Admiral of the Navy in 1903. Dewey explored a run for the 1900 Democratic presidential nomination, but he withdrew from
21574-402: The woman who became his first wife: Susan "Susie" Boardman Goodwin (1844–1872), daughter of New Hampshire's war governor , Ichabod Goodwin , a Republican who fitted out troops for the war at his own expense. The Deweys were married on October 24, 1867, and had one son, George. Susie died on December 28, 1872, five days after giving birth. The longtime widower cut a dashing figure and enjoyed
21735-571: Was a Roman Catholic and Dewey was not, they were not permitted to have their wedding inside a Catholic church. The marriage was criticized by some anti-Catholic voices , as was Dewey's transfer to his wife of the $ 50,000 Washington mansion given to him by the American public through a fund-raising campaign. In later life, Dewey wore stylish clothes and a handlebar mustache, which was his trademark. His inherited wealth allowed him to live in comfort. He often went horseback riding with President Theodore Roosevelt in Washington's Rock Creek Park , and he
21896-740: Was among the founders of the National Life Insurance Company in 1848, a member of the Episcopal Church , and was among the founders of the Christ Episcopal Church in Montpelier. George was baptized and attended Sunday school there. George had two older brothers and a younger sister. Dewey's third cousin twice removed was Thomas E. Dewey , Governor of New York and two time Republican Party presidential nominee. Dewey attended school in
22057-456: Was among the last to leave the wreck. Dewey was highly complimented by his immediate superiors and by Farragut himself, who appointed him executive officer of USS Agawam , a small gunboat the admiral used frequently for dispatches and his personal reconnoitering. This little vessel was frequently under fire by concealed sharpshooters and temporary batteries. In July of that year a small engagement at Donaldsonville, Louisiana , resulted in
22218-544: Was discovered by a Spanish friar, which resulted in the start of the Philippine Revolution. The revolution initially flared up in Central Luzon . The armed resistance eventually spread throughout the Southern Tagalog region, particularly in Cavite province , where towns were gradually liberated during the early months of the uprising. In 1896 and 1897, successive conventions at Imus and Tejeros decided
22379-462: Was dispatched to Hong Kong via the Republic of Hawaii . Dewey purchased the merchant colliers Nanshan and Zafiro , retaining their crews. The warships were repainted from white to gray. Upon the outbreak of war between the United States and Spain, the United Kingdom declared its neutrality and Dewey was ordered by Wilsone Black to leave British waters. The Asiatic Squadron moved to
22540-470: Was due to lack of support from the U.S. government and lack of U.S. trade bases in the Orient . In 1875, Russell, Sturgis & Company went into bankruptcy, followed by Peele, Hubbell & Company in 1887. Soon after, British merchants, including James Adam Smith , Lawrence H. Bell and Robert P. Wood , dominated the financial sector in Manila. In 1842, alarmed by the domination of foreign merchants in
22701-418: Was during Basa's term that the society organized a women's auxiliary section. Two of its initial members were Gregoria de Jesús , whom Bonifacio had just married, and Marina Dizon , daughter of José Dizon. It was also in 1893 when Basa and Diwa organized the provincial council of Cavite, which would later be the most successful council of the society. The Filipino scholar Maximo Kalaw reports that Basa yielded
22862-522: Was during this assignment that his wife died just after the birth of his son. In 1873, Dewey was given command of Narragansett and spent nearly four years on her, engaged in the Pacific Coast Survey. This entitled him to a period of rest ashore; and he was ordered to Washington , and made lighthouse inspector in 1880, and then secretary of the lighthouse board , a service in which he took great interest. Meanwhile, he had been promoted to
23023-502: Was engaged, and Dewey played a key role in her success. Colorado , being a wooden ship, was placed in the line outside the monitors and other armored vessels but got a full share of conflict. Toward the end of the second engagement, when matters were moving the right way, Admiral Porter signaled Thatcher to close in and silence a certain part of the works. As Colorado had already received considerable damage, her officers remonstrated. But Dewey, who had now acquired marked tactical ability,
23184-457: Was expanded by some of its prominent members. Existing documents suggest that the Katipunan planned for an armed revolution since its founding, and initially sought for support from Filipino intellectuals. In one such incident, Bonifacio planned a rescue for the deported José Rizal in Dapitan in exchange for his support to the revolution, to which Rizal refused. An attempt to secure firearms from
23345-488: Was expelled because a coded message of the Katipunan fell into the hands of a Spanish priest teaching at the University of Santo Tomas . Since the priest was a friend of Santiago's sister, he and his half-brother Restituto Javier were suspected of betrayal, but the two would remain loyal to the Katipunan and Santiago would even join the Philippine revolutionary forces in the Philippine–American War . Jacinto replaced Santiago as secretary. In early 1895, Bonifacio called for
23506-643: Was first blindfolded and then led into a dimly lighted room with black curtains where his folded cloth was removed from his eyes. An admonition, in Tagalog, was posted at the entrance to the room: Kung 'di ka marunong pumigil ng̃ iyong masasamang hilig, umurong ka; kailan man ang pintuan ng̃ May-kapangyarihan at Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Baya'y hindi bubuksan nang dahil sa iyó. Kung 'di ka marunong pumigil ng iyong masasamang hilig, umurong ka; kailan man, ang pintuan ng Makapangyarihan at Kagalanggalang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ay hindi bubuksan nang dahil sa iyo. If what has brought you here
23667-589: Was greeted at City Hall by 280 singers from the Handel and Haydn Society who sang the anthem "See the Conquering Hero Comes" from Handel's Judas Maccabaeus . By act of Congress , he was promoted to the special rank of Admiral of the Navy in 1903, with his date of rank retroactive to 1899. A special military decoration , the Battle of Manila Bay Medal (commonly called the Dewey Medal ),
23828-608: Was handed down in the figure of a cup with a serpent coiled around it. Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts In 1892, after the Katipunan was founded, the members of the Supreme Council consisted of Arellano as president, Bonifacio as comptroller, Diwa as fiscal, Plata as secretary and Díaz as treasurer. In 1893, the Supreme Council comprised Ramón Basa as president, Bonifacio as fiscal, José Turiano Santiago as secretary, Vicente Molina as treasurer and Restituto Javier, Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Gonzales. Gonzales, Plata and Diwa were councilors. It
23989-482: Was not permitted, but Dewey was promoted to lieutenant commander . After the end of the Civil War, then Lieutenant Commander Dewey remained in active service, and was sent to the European station as executive officer of USS Kearsarge —the famous ship that had sunk the Confederate privateer Alabama . Dewey's next tour of duty was in 1867 and 1868 as executive officer of USS Colorado —the same vessel in which he had won his honors at Fort Fisher, and now
24150-459: Was not recognized by Spain, which sold the islands to the United States in the Treaty of Paris . Led by Andrés Bonifacio , the Katipunan was formed in secrecy in 1892 in the wake of the nascent La Liga Filipina , an organization created by Filipino nationalist José Rizal and others in Spain with goals of Philippine representation to the Spanish Parliament . Katipunan soon gained influence across
24311-444: Was one of only four Americans in history (the other three being Admiral William T. Sampson , Admiral Richard E. Byrd , and General John J. Pershing ) who were entitled to wear a US government-issued medal with their own image on it. Such was his high regard by the public that "Dewey" was the 19th most popular boys' name in 1898, jumping from 111th the year prior. Shortly after the Battle of Manila Bay, on May 31, 1898, Dewey wrote to
24472-447: Was plagued by public relations missteps. He was quoted as saying the job of president would be easy since the chief executive was merely following orders in executing the laws enacted by Congress and that he would "execute the laws of Congress as faithfully as I have always executed the orders of my superiors." He admitted to never having voted in a presidential election. He drew yet more criticism when he offhandedly, but prophetically, told
24633-428: Was presided over by Bonifacio, Jacinto and Pío Valenzuela . This mysterious chamber passed judgment upon those who had betrayed their oath and those accused of certain offenses penalized by Katipunan laws. Every katipunero stood in fearful awe of this chamber. According to José P. Santos, throughout the existence of the secret chamber, about five katipuneros were convicted and sentenced to die by it. The death sentence
24794-525: Was primarily due to the opening of the Manila ports to world trade. The leading intellectuals of the country came from the enlightened middle class. They later called themselves the Ilustrados , which means "erudite ones". They also considered themselves to be the intelligentsia branch of the Filipino society. From the Ilustrados rose the prominent members of the Propaganda Movement , who stirred
24955-603: Was promoted to commodore and transferred to the Board of Inspection and Survey . In 1896, Dewey applied for a sea posting as commander of the Asiatic Squadron. Although Dewey was a long shot for the position, his friend Theodore Roosevelt arranged for President William McKinley to select Dewey over a more senior officer. The Commodore hoisted his pennant on board USS Olympia at Nagasaki in January 1898, and departed for Hong Kong in February to inspect
25116-527: Was quick to see the advantage to be gained by the move and the work was taken in fifteen minutes. The New York Times , commenting upon this part of the action, spoke of it as "the most beautiful duel of the war". When Admiral Porter came to congratulate Commodore Thatcher, the latter said generously: "You must thank Lieutenant Dewey, sir. It was his move." Nevertheless, Thatcher was promoted to rear admiral . He tried to take Dewey with him as his fleet captain when he went to supersede Farragut at Mobile Bay . This
25277-402: Was slow because of the difficulty in social and economic intercourse among the Filipinos. In a dated letter written by the Filipino writer José P. Rizal to Father Vicente García of Ateneo Municipal de Manila , Rizal states that: There is, then, in the Philippines, a progress or improvement which is individual, but there is no national progress. Before the opening of Manila to foreign trade,
25438-629: Was so prominent within the organization that "Rizal" was one of the passwords of the group alongside " Gomburza ", a trio of Filipino priests executed in Bagumbayan in 1872 the wake of the Cavite mutiny . Modern historical consensus generally place Katipunan's formation on the night of July 7, 1892, following Rizal's arrest. It was formed in secrecy on a house in Azcarraga Street (now Recto Avenue ) in San Nicolas, Manila . However, it may have been formed on paper as early as January of
25599-519: Was struck in honor of Dewey's victory at Manila Bay. It was awarded to every American officer, sailor, and Marine present at the battle. The medals were designed by Daniel Chester French , sculptor of the Lincoln Memorial , and produced by Tiffany & Co. of New York. Each medal was engraved with the recipient's name, rank, and ship. Since his own image appeared on the obverse of the medal, out of modesty, Dewey wore his medal reversed. Dewey
25760-412: Was the original plan of Bonifacio to increase the membership of the Katipunan by means of sistemang patatsulok or triangle system. He formed his first triangle with his two comrades, Teodoro Plata and Ladislao Diwa . Each of them re-instituted Katipunan thoughts into another two new converts. The founder of the triangle knew the other two members, but the latter did not know each other. In December 1892
25921-469: Was then accepted as a full-fledged member, with a symbolic name by which he was known within Katipunan circles. Bonifacio's symbolic name was Maypagasa ; Jacinto was Pingkian and Artemio Ricarte was Vibora . At first, Katipunan was purely a patriotic society for men. Owing to the growing suspicion of the women regarding nocturnal absences of their husbands, the reduction of their monthly earnings and "long hours of work", Bonifacio had to bring them into
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