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103-632: The powers of the three branches are vested by the Constitution of the Philippines in the following: Legislative power is vested in the two-chamber Congress of the Philippines —the Senate is the upper chamber and the House of Representatives is the lower chamber. Executive power is exercised by the government under the leadership of the president. Judicial power is vested in the courts, with

206-642: A bicameral legislature called the Congress composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It vests upon Congress, among others, the power of investigation and inquiry in aid of legislation, the power to declare the existence of a state of war, the power of the purse, the power of taxation, and the power of eminent domain. Article VII vests the executive power solely in the President . The President

309-403: A bill is approved by the House of Representatives, it is passed onto the Senate. A bill must first be approved by the Senate in order to be passed for the president's signature to become a law. Only the Senate can concur with treaties and try impeachment cases. The Senate is led by the President of the Senate . The current senate president is Francis Escudero . The House of Representatives of

412-622: A civil annulment in 2011. Escudero has custody of their two children. In 2012, the senator began dating local actress and TV talk show host Heart Evangelista . Their engagement was announced in August 2014, a few months after Escudero obtained Church annulment of his first marriage. On February 15, 2015, Evangelista and Escudero married on Balesin Island , off the coast of Polillo, Quezon . In May 2018, Evangelista announced that she and Escudero were expecting their first child together. In

515-485: A declaration of martial law is just. The legislative power consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are twenty-four senators and the House is composed of district representatives. It also created opportunities for under-represented sectors of community to select their representative through party-list system. The judiciary branch comprises the Supreme Court and the lower courts. The Supreme Court

618-527: A former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court , as president of the commission. Several issues were of particular contention during the commission's sessions, including the form of government to adopt, the abolition of the death penalty, the retention of U.S. bases in Clark and Subic , and the integration of economic policies into the constitution. Lino Brocka , a film director and political activist who

721-458: A highly contested electoral exercise. When evidence of alleged electoral fraud surfaced , Escudero was among the lawmakers who moved for the impeachment of then President Arroyo. However, the President's allies in Congress voted to drop the impeachment complaint. On September 6, 2005, Escudero voted no on the dropping of impeachment complaints against President Arroyo . He explained, "It is

824-830: A law for the local government, now currently the Local Government Code . Article XI establishes the Office of the Ombudsman which is responsible for investigating and prosecuting government officials. It also vests upon the Congress the power to impeach the President, the Vice President, members of the Supreme Court, and the Ombudsman. Article XII lays down the goals and objectives of the Philippine government in terms of wealth distribution, division of goods and services and to offer job opportunities to elevate

927-601: A lawyer, Escudero was a teaching assistant at the Department of Political Science , University of the Philippines (1988–1989). In 1989, he became a Junior Political Analyst of the Batangas Development Planning office. After he received his law degree, Escudero joined the Bautista, Picazo, Buyco, Tan and Fider Law Office in 1993 as junior associate. A year later, he became a legal consultant of

1030-680: A member of the Liberal Party and the most prominent opposition figure during the Duterte administration, won as Vice-President. While the Cabinet was mentioned several times in the article, the Constitution did not expressly provide for the creation of such body or to specifically enumerate its ordinary powers and duties. The President serves as the commander-in-chief of "all armed forces", which can be construed to encompass not only

1133-538: A new constitution and issued Proclamation No. 3 on March 25, 1986, abrogating many provisions in the 1973 Constitution adopted by the Marcos regime, including the unicameral legislature (the Batasang Pambansa ), the office of Prime Minister , and additional legislative powers for the President. Often called the "Freedom Constitution", it was intended as a transitional basic law to ensure democracy, freedom of

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1236-474: A party member) as the new vice president. The appointment must then be validated by a three-fourths vote of the Congress. The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines . The Congress is bicameral , consisting of the Senate of the Philippines and the House of Representatives . The two chambers have roughly equal powers, and every bill or resolution that has to go through both houses needs

1339-401: A petition of at least twelve percent of all registered voters, and at least three percent of registered voters within each district (called a People's Initiative ). All amendments must be ratified in a national referendum . Article XVIII establishes provisions to allow a clean transition from the preceding provisional constitution to the new Constitution. This includes provisions for directing

1442-504: A police force (presently the Philippine National Police ), the regulation of mass media and advertising industries, the doctrine of sovereign immunity , and others. Article XVII establishes the methods by which the Constitution may be amended or revised. Amendments may be proposed by either: a) a three-fourths vote of all Members of Congress (called a Constituent Assembly ), b) a Constitutional Convention , or c)

1545-576: A possible candidacy for higher office in 2016, I believe that it behooves me to step down at this juncture to ensure that deliberations on the General Appropriations Bill (GAB) – considered the single most important piece of legislation passed by Congress each year – are untainted by suspicions or perceptions of partisan politics." Long rumored as the possible running mate of leading presidential candidate Grace Poe , Escudero officially announced his candidacy for Vice President of

1648-432: A way for the establishment of the Office of the Ombudsman, which has a function of promoting and ensuring an ethical and lawful conduct of the government. There are three possible methods by which the Constitution can be amended: a Constituent assembly (Con-Ass), Constitutional Convention (Con-Con), or People's Initiative . All three methods require ratification by majority vote in a national referendum . Following

1751-532: Is elected directly for a single six-year term. Re-election is not allowed, except in the case where the President has not yet served for more than four years, in which they may be elected again for a full six-year term. This exception was utilized by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo during the 2004 presidential election , which she eventually won. The Constitution also establishes the position of Vice-President , who can serve for up to two consecutive six-year terms. The Vice-President may optionally be appointed as member of

1854-423: Is assisted by six deputies: the overall deputy, the deputy for Luzon, the deputy for Visayas, the deputy for Mindanao, the deputy for the armed forces, and the special prosecutor. The Philippines has four main classes of elected administrative divisions , often lumped together as local government units (LGUs). They are, from the highest to the lowest division: Regions are the highest administrative division in

1957-415: Is barred from seeking re-election. The incumbent president and vice president are Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte , respectively, who were elected in 2022 . The president of the Philippines is the country's chief executive, serving as the head of state and head of government . The president heads all executive departments . The heads of the departments, which make up the cabinet , are appointed by

2060-535: Is granted the power to hear any cases that deals with the constitutionality of law, about a treaty or decree of the government. It is also tasked to administrate the function of the lower courts. Through the constitution, three independent Constitutional Commissions, namely the Civil Service Commission, Commission on Elections, and Commission on Audit, were created. These Constitutional Commissions have different functions. The constitution also paved

2163-521: Is headed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . The current speaker is Martin Romualdez . Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court of the Philippines and lower courts established by law. The Supreme Court, which has a chief justice as its head and 14 associate justices , occupies the highest tier of the judiciary. The justices serve until the age of 70. The justices are appointed by

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2266-402: Is headed by the president and his appointed cabinet members. The executive, same with the other two co-equal branches, has limited power. This is to ensure that the country will be "safeguarded" if martial law is to be declared. The president can still declare martial law, but it expires within 60 days and Congress can either reject or extend it. The task of the Supreme Court is to review whether

2369-454: Is known as the "Constitución Provisional de la República de Filipinas", and was originally written in and promulgated in the Spanish and Tagalog languages. Francis Escudero Francis Joseph " Chiz " Guevara Escudero ( Tagalog pronunciation: [ɛskʊˈdero] , born October 10, 1969) is a Filipino politician and lawyer who has served as the 25th President of the Senate of

2472-526: Is responsible for examining, auditing , and settling all revenues and expenditures of public funds and properties used by the government or its attached agencies. The three branches of the Philippine government are independently monitored by the Office of the Ombudsman ( Filipino : Tanodbayan ). The ombudsman is given the mandate to investigate and prosecute any government official allegedly guilty of crimes, especially graft and corruption . The ombudsman

2575-472: Is the first in line for succession if the president resigns, is removed after impeachment, is permanently incapacitated, or dies. The vice president is usually, though not always, a member of the president's cabinet and may be appointed without the approval of the Commission of Appointments. If there is a vacancy in the position of vice president, the president will appoint any member of Congress (usually

2678-784: The 14th Congress of the Philippines , Escudero chaired the Senate Committees on Justice and Human Rights; Ways and Means; and National Defense. In the 15th Congress , he headed the Senate Committee on Justice and Human Rights and the Committee on Environment and Natural Resources. He also led the Joint Oversight Committees on Ecological Solid Waste Management and the Joint Congressional Oversight Committee on

2781-591: The Armed Forces of the Philippines but also other armed uniformed services such as the Philippine National Police and the Philippine Coast Guard . The President may mobilize these forces to prevent or suppress "lawless violence", invasions or rebellions . However, in cases where public safety necessitates it, the President is authorized to declare a state of martial law throughout the entire Philippines or in specific areas, or to suspend

2884-536: The Bangsamoro Cabinet . Its legislative branch is the unicameral Bangsamoro Parliament . The region also has its own judiciary system that applies Sharia . Constitution of the Philippines • Senate The Constitution of the Philippines ( Filipino : Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas or Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas ) is the supreme law of the Philippines . Its final draft was completed by

2987-565: The Cabinet . The President and the Vice-President must meet the following qualifications: The President and the Vice-President are elected separately from each other. It is thus common in the Philippines for the President and the Vice-President to come from two entirely different parties or alliances. For example, in 2016, Rodrigo Duterte , running on a nationalist and populist platform, was elected President. Meanwhile, Leni Robredo ,

3090-536: The Commission on Audit (COA)—each enjoying fiscal autonomy. Other governmental bodies created under the Constitution include the Commission on Appointments (CA), the Judicial and Bar Council (JBC), the Office of the Ombudsman , and the Commission on Human Rights (CHR). Throughout its history, the Philippines has been governed by three other constitutions: the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution, which established

3193-473: The Commission on Elections , and the Commission on Audit . The Civil Service Commission is the central personnel agency of the Philippine government. It is responsible for strengthening employment and a conducive work environment in the civil service sector and overseeing the Civil Service Exam, a civil service entrance examination to assess qualifications and work integrity for employment in

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3296-519: The Constitutional Commission on October 12, 1986, and ratified by a nationwide plebiscite on February 2, 1987. The Constitution remains unamended to this day. The Constitution consists of a preamble and eighteen articles. It mandates a democratic and republican form of government and includes a bill of rights that guarantees entrenched freedoms and protections against governmental overreach. The Constitution also organizes

3399-410: The Supreme Court of the Philippines as the highest judicial body. The Executive Branch of government comprise the Cabinet and all executive departments , led by the president . The president and vice president are directly elected separately by national popular vote for a term of six years. While the vice president may be re-elected unlimited number of times (but not consecutively), the president

3502-914: The University of the Philippines , Escudero joined the Alpha Phi Beta fraternity and was a member of the Alpha Phi Beta Debating Team, which was the 1991 U.P. Open Debate Champion. A consistent honor student, Escudero was a member of the Order of the Purple Feather or the U.P. Law Honor Society (1989-1993). He became the Secretary General of the Association of Law Students of the Philippines on his senior year at law school (1992-1993). Prior to becoming

3605-434: The "Filipino family as the foundation of the nation" (Article XV, Section 1); the recognition of Filipino as "the national language of the Philippines" (Section 6, Article XIV), and even a requirement that "all educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors." (Section 19.1, Article XIV) Whether these provisions may, by themselves, be

3708-472: The 1987 charter for them to regulate economic sectors that can be opened for foreign investors, but this time through People's Initiative . Law expert Michael Henry Yusingco commented that Romualdez should show there is clear public support to amend it because without any such proof, plans will encounter hitches like before. The preamble and eighteen self-contained articles with a section numbering that resets for every article. The opening text introduces

3811-649: The Clean Air Act. On October 29, 2009, Escudero announced his resignation from the Nationalist People's Coalition and became an independent. Escudero was expected to run for the presidency but he did not. Instead, he endorsed the team-up of Senator Benigno Aquino III and Makati Mayor Jejomar Binay . The team–up dubbed " NoyBi ". The two political figures, who belong to opposing camps, won as President and Vice President, respectively. On October 2, 2012, Escudero filed for reelection. Prior to

3914-663: The Court held that a provision requiring that the State "protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology" did not require implementing legislation to become the source of operative rights. The Katipunan 's revolution led to the Tejeros Convention where, at San Francisco de Malabón , Cavite , on March 22, 1897, the first presidential and vice presidential elections in Philippine history were held—although only Katipuneros ( viz. members of

4017-570: The Katipunan) were able to take part, and not the general populace. A later meeting of the revolutionary government established there, held on November 1, 1897, at Biak-na-Bato in the town of San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacan , established the Republic of Biak-na-Bato . The republic had a constitution drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Félix Ferrer and was based on the first Cuban Constitution . It

4120-486: The Millennium Development Goals in the 2007 Budget". This is in response to the proposed national budget of the administration for not being perceptive to the social development needs of the Philippines. On January 30, 2007, Escudero filed his candidacy for the Senate of the Philippines . He was elected to the Senate with the second highest tally of votes, slightly behind Loren Legarda . In

4223-467: The Philippines is the lower house of the Congress. The House consists of district and sectoral representatives elected for a term of three years and may be re-elected for three consecutive terms. Each bill has to be approved by the House, after which it is sent to the Senate. Furthermore, all franchise and money bills must originate from the House. The House of Representatives also has the power to impeach certain officials. The House of Representatives

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4326-421: The Philippines on September 15, 2015, at the historic Club Filipino . In her introduction, Poe enumerated the accomplishments of Escudero as a legislator both in the House and the Senate. said, "It’s true Senator Chiz is my friend, but for the nation, my reason for teaming up with him is personal trust. He is a person who can be trusted, a person who has experience and a person who has already done something for

4429-404: The Philippines since May 20, 2024. Escudero has served as a Senator since 2022, and previously from 2007 to 2019. He recently served as governor of Sorsogon from 2019 to 2022, and was the representative for Sorsogon 's 1st district from 1998 to 2007, as well as House Minority Leader from 2004 to 2007. He unsuccessfully run for vice president of the Philippines in the 2016 elections as

4532-601: The Philippines, primarily used to coordinate planning and organize national services. Administrative regions are not local government units themselves but instead consist of several local government units. Meanwhile, autonomous regions are regions that have control over their governance, culture, and economy. The 1987 Constitution only allows for the creation of two autonomous regions, one in the Cordilleras of Luzon and another in Muslim Mindanao ; at present, only

4635-754: The Poe-Escudero ticket. Talks are rife the NPC, in coalition with other political parties including the Nacionalista Party , the National Unity Party, and the Makabayan bloc, will back the Poe-Escudero tandem in the coming elections. Former Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office board member Florencio Noel revealed, at least eight party-list groups have also expressed support for Poe and Escudero. In late 2015, Escudero began leading

4738-577: The Senate he oversaw the nomination and subsequent election of several of his colleagues to certain senate positions and committees, notably Senator Jinggoy Estrada having been sworn-in as the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, replacing Senator Loren Legarda . On May 21, Marcos, Jr. endorsed Escudero's Presidency saying “I extend my support to the new Senate President, Chiz Escudero.” In response to water cannon attacks by Chinese vessels against Philippine vessels , Escudero proposed

4841-663: The Supreme Court , the Secretary of Justice , the Chairs of the Senate and House Committees on Justice, and representatives from the legal profession. Article IX establishes three constitutional commissions, which are governmental bodies that are independent of the three main branches of government. These are the Civil Service Commission , the Commission on Elections , and the Commission on Audit . Article X pursues for local autonomy and mandates Congress to enact

4944-880: The UNLAD Ship Management and Manning Corp. and legal counsel of the Crusade Against Violence (CAV). By 1995, he was a partner at his own firm, the Escudero, Marasigan, Sta. Ana, Vallente and Villareal Law Office (EMSAVIL Law). He remains with the firm to this day. In 1996, Escudero received his master's degree in International and Comparative Law at the Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, D.C. Aside from pursuing his law practice, Escudero

5047-657: The Vice chair of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations , to recall the Philippine Ambassador to China, Jaime FlorCruz , in response to water cannon attacks by Chinese vessels, arguing that such action would escalate the South China Sea conflict . Responding to the 2022 Luzon Earthquake , Escudero proposed the creation of an agency focusing on disaster resilience and response to coordinate

5150-406: The administration of Corazon Aquino , succeeding administrations made several attempts to amend or change the 1987 Constitution. The first attempt was in 1995. A constitution was drafted by then-Secretary of National Security Council Jose Almonte , but was never completed because it was exposed to the media by different non-government organizations. They saw through a potential change regarding

5253-450: The anti-Charter Change bloc who voted against the constitutional reform initiatives of then House Speaker Jose de Venecia Jr. He believed these attempts to change the Constitution are nothing but last ditch efforts to keep the president and his allies in power. Escudero was a member of a group of NGO-legislators proposing an alternative national budget called "Imperatives of Real and Equitable Growth: An Alternative Proposal for Financing

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5356-454: The attempt serving the personal interests of the initiators. After the Estrada presidency, the administration of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo endorsed constitutional changes via a Constitutional Assembly, with then-House Speaker Jose de Venecia leading the way. However, due to political controversies surrounding Arroyo's administration, including the possibility of term extension, the proposal

5459-469: The blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, including its territorial sea,

5562-420: The case. The Supreme Court ruled that the initiative not continue, stating that a People's Initiative requires an enabling law for it to push through. During his presidency, Joseph Ejercito Estrada created a study commission for a possible charter change regarding the economic and judiciary provisions of the constitution. The attempt never attained its purpose after various entities opposed it due apparently to

5665-694: The chairman of the Committee on Finance would not have any other committee. So Senator Escudero graciously gave up the chairmanship of the committee on education because he took over the Committee on Finance." Citing a possible bid for higher office in the next elections, Escudero resigned as chairman of the Senate Committee on Finance and as co-chair of the Joint Congressional Committee on Public Expenditures on July 28, 2015. In his letter to Senate President Franklin Drilon , Escudero wrote, "However, given my public pronouncements regarding

5768-449: The citizenship of Filipinos. It enumerates two kinds of citizens: natural-born citizens and naturalized citizens. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect Philippine citizenship. The Philippines follows a jus sanguinis system where citizenship is mainly acquired through a blood relationship with Filipino citizens. Natural-born citizenship forms an important part of

5871-574: The consent of both chambers before being passed for the President's signature. The Senate is located in Pasay , while the House of Representatives is located in Quezon City , both of which are in Metro Manila . The Senate of the Philippines is the upper house of Congress. Senators are elected for a term of six years; they can be re-elected but may not run for a third consecutive term. Once

5974-436: The constitution and the people as the source of sovereignty. It follows past constitutions, including an appeal to God . The preamble reads: We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity

6077-596: The country. Following his ascension as president after the 2016 presidential election , he signed Executive Order No. 10 on December 7, 2016, creating the Consultative Committee to Review the 1987 Constitution. A year after Bongbong Marcos was proclaimed president, his first cousin Speaker Martin Romualdez told an economic forum on December 11, 2023 that legislators from the House of Representatives will renew efforts at changing

6180-571: The current presidential system of government; the 1973 Constitution, initially reintroducing the parliamentary system but later amended to adopt a semi-presidential system ; and the 1986 Freedom Constitution, briefly implemented after the People Power Revolution . The constitution of the then- First Philippine Republic , the 1899 Malolos Constitution , which aimed to establish the first functional parliamentary republic in Asia ,

6283-495: The delivery of air and distribution of funds in response to calamities. Escudero highlighted the struggles he faced as Governor of Sorsogon surrounding the distribution of aid in response to calamities which was impeded by existing bureaucracy and red-tape. Escudero married Christine Elizabeth Flores, who is a singer and stage actress, in 1999. They have two children, fraternal twins , Quino and Chesi, born September 7, 2007. They separated after six years marriage and were granted

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6386-468: The elections of the first members of the new Congress and of the President and the Vice President, specifying the current courts and the term limits of judges, specifying the initial salary for key members of government, mandating the newly elected Congress to pass laws to fulfill obligations set by these transitory provisions, and defining grace periods and limitations for previous treaties, laws, orders, and other instruments. This article also establishes that

6489-559: The first district of Sorsogon. Chiz Escudero's grandfather, Salvador Escudero Jr., was mayor of Casiguran, Sorsogon and a member of the Sorsogon Provincial Board . Escudero's grand-grandfather, Salvador C. "Gurang" Escudero Sr., entered politics in 1912 as councilor of Casiguran town and went on to become town mayor, provincial board member, and governor. When the Japanese occupation broke out in 1942 he led one of

6592-426: The government. Some essential provisions are: Article III enumerates specific protections against the abuse of state power, most of which are similar to the provisions of the U.S. Constitution. Some essential provisions are: Similar to U.S. jurisprudence and other common law jurisdictions, the scope and limitations of these rights have largely been determined by the Supreme Court through case law. Article IV defines

6695-414: The initial announcement of Senate chairmanships in the 16th Congress , Escudero got the Education Committee but ended up as chairman of the powerful Finance Committee. Majority Floor Leader Alan Cayetano explained, "Because there was no decision yet on who will be the chairperson of the Committee on Finance, and since it’s one of the biggest committees or one with the largest jurisdiction, traditionally

6798-413: The larger trend of vehicles with government issued license place trespassing along the busway. Escudero won a closed-ballot vote to become the 25th President of the Senate of the Philippines . Escudero replaced outgoing Senate President Juan Miguel Zubiri on the May 20, 2024. He was sworn-in by Senator Mark Villar and was accompanied by his wife Heart Evangelista . In his first acts as President of

6901-410: The latter exists, with the former remaining an administrative division. The Bangsamoro is an autonomous region located in Mindanao. Established in 2019, the region replaced the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . The region has a regional parliamentary system separate from the national presidential system. Its executive branch is led by the regional chief minister , the Council of Leaders , and

7004-412: The lives of Filipino people. This section also provides important provisions such as: Article XIII divulge the utmost responsibility of the Congress to give the highest priority in enactments of such measures which protects and enhances the rights of all the people to human dignity through affirming that present social, economic and political inequalities as well as cultural inequities among the elites and

7107-420: The local campaign of his father. He first expressed interest in running for public office as municipal councilor of Sorsogon when he was 22. At 25, he again indicated his intention to run, this time as mayor of the municipality. However, on both occasions, his family forbade him from entering politics and insisted that he finish his law studies before embarking on a political career. Consequently, Escudero

7210-441: The main branches of the Philippine government : a legislative department known as the Congress , which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives ; an executive department headed by a president ; and a judicial department , which includes the Supreme Court and lower courts. It also establishes three independent constitutional commissions— Civil Service Commission (CSC), the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), and

7313-409: The new Constitution will take effect when ratified by a majority of votes in a plebiscite. The Constitution also contains several other provisions enumerating various state policies including, i.e., the affirmation of labor "as a primary social economic force" (Section 14, Article II); the equal protection of "the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception" (Section 12, Article II);

7416-474: The official campaign period, Escudero, Legarda, and Grace Poe were expected to run as common candidates of both the administration and opposition slates. However, the opposition group United Nationalist Alliance junked the three Senate bets. Escudero remained independent but ran as part of the administration-backed coalition Team PNoy . Garnering 17,502,358 votes out of 40,214,324 registered voters who actually voted, he won another term as senator. During

7519-448: The people, and an orderly transfer of power as the Constitutional Commission was drafting a permanent charter. The Constitutional Commission was composed of forty-eight members appointed by Aquino from varied backgrounds, including several former members of the House of Representatives , former justices of the Supreme Court , a Catholic bishop , and political activists against the Marcos regime. Aquino appointed Cecilia Muñoz-Palma ,

7622-427: The people." Presidential frontrunner and Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte called the combination of Poe and Escudero as an "excellent" tandem because of his political experience and her ability to provide ascendancy. A day after his declaration, the Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC) administered the oath-taking of 200 officials from Batangas , Laguna , and Quezon as members in part because of support for

7725-441: The political system as only natural-born Filipinos are eligible to hold high offices, including all elective offices beginning with a representative in the House of Representatives up to the President. Article V mandates various age and residence qualifications to vote and a system of secret ballots and absentee voting. It also mandates a procedure for overseas and disabled and illiterate Filipinos to vote. Article VI provides for

7828-423: The poor shall be reduced or removed in order to secure equitable welfare and common good among Filipino people. It also establishes the role of the Commission on Human Rights which ensures appropriate legal measures for the protection of human rights of all the persons within the Philippines as well as Filipinos residing abroad. Moreover, this section also lays down salient provisions such as: Article XV establishes

7931-411: The president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council of the Philippines. The sitting chief justice is Alexander Gesmundo , the 27th to serve in that position. Other types of courts, of varying jurisdiction around the archipelago, are the following: Article 9 of the Constitution of the Philippines establishes three independent constitutional commissions: the Civil Service Commission ,

8034-424: The president subject to the approval of the Commission on Appointments . The president also supervises all local government units. The president may also give executive issuances , grant pardons , and exercise the power of eminent domain . Aside from having the power to veto any bill, the president also sets the legislative agenda for Congress. The vice president of the Philippines , the deputy chief executive,

8137-446: The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus . While it does not specify the extent of the President's powers during martial law, the Constitution explicitly prohibits the suspension of the Constitution, the replacement of civilian courts and assemblies, and the use of military courts and agencies over civilians when civilian courts are still operational during such state. The proclamation of martial law also does not automatically suspend

8240-471: The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus. Article VIII vests the judicial power upon the Supreme Court and other lower courts as may be established by law (by Congress). While the power to appoint justices and judges still reside with the President, the President from a list of at least three nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council for every vacancy, a body composed of the Chief Justice of

8343-479: The protection of the people's interests in the constitutional draft. In 1997, the Pedrosa couple created a group called PIRMA followed with an attempt to change the constitution through a People's Initiative by way of gathering signatures from voters. Many prominent figures opposed the proposition, including Senator Miriam Defensor-Santiago , who brought the issue all the way to the Supreme Court and eventually won

8446-537: The radio programs "Magandang Umaga Bayan" on the Angel Radio, DZAR 1026 AM ; and "Usapang de Campanilla" and "Usapang Legal", both on DZMM . Escudero also penned a column, "Usapang Legal ni Chiz Escudero" (later renamed " Say Chiz Archived December 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine ") in two tabloids: Abante and Abante Tonite. Escudero's involvement in politics started in the 1980s as an organizer for

8549-466: The recognition of the state on the Filipino family as the basic foundation of the nation as it shall reinforce and bolster its solidarity and steadily promote its development. Alongside with this, it also states important provisions such as: Article XVI contains several general provisions, such as a general description of the national flag , the establishment of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and

8652-528: The running mate of Grace Poe . Born to a family of politicians from Sorsogon, he attended the University of the Philippines from kindergarten through law school. Prior to entering politics, he worked as a lawyer and lecturer and earned his Master of Laws degree from Georgetown University in the United States. Francis Joseph Guevara Escudero was born on October 10, 1969, in Manila , Philippines ,

8755-883: The same month, however, one of the twins she was carrying was lost to a miscarriage. In June 2018, Evangelista announced that she suffered yet another miscarriage, losing the last of her twins. While protesting against the Presidency of Arroyo, Escudero was chanted as "Bamboo" by other protesters due to some facial similarities to Bamboo , a Filipino singer and former vocalist of Rivermaya . Because of facial similarities, many memes were created about it. The two finally met in 2022 and netizens made fun of it. On their 9th wedding anniversary on February 15, 2024, Escudero and Evangelista renewed their vows at Balesin Royal Villa, also in Balesin Island. In 1999, Escudero

8858-410: The seabed, the subsoil , the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines. Article II lays out the basic social and political creed of the Philippines, particularly the implementation of the constitution and sets forth the objectives of

8961-527: The second of the three children of the late Salvador "Sonny" Escudero III , who was then the director of UP Veterinary Hospital at the time of his birth and later served as the Agriculture Minister, representative of the first district of Sorsogon during the Marcos era , and Sorsogon representative until his death in 2012. His mother is Dr. Evelina B. Guevara-Escudero, a former representative of

9064-426: The sector. The Commission on Elections enforces and administers all laws and regulations related to conducting elections, plebiscites , initiatives , referendums, and recalls . It decides on all decisions surrounding election protests and contests and has the right to deputize and take control of law enforcement and state security forces to ensure the free and orderly conduct of elections. The Commission on Audit

9167-475: The source of enforceable rights without accompanying legislation has been the subject of considerable debate in the legal sphere and within the Supreme Court. The Court, for example, has ruled that a provision requiring that the State "guarantee equal access to opportunities to public service" could not be enforced without accompanying legislation, and thus could not bar the disallowance of so-called "nuisance candidates" in presidential elections. But in another case,

9270-643: The three guerilla units of the province. Escudero was educated in the Philippine public school system. He attended the University of the Philippines Integrated School in elementary (1981) and high school (1985). He obtained his bachelor's degree in political science from the University of the Philippines Diliman (1988) and Bachelor of Laws at the University of the Philippines College of Law (1993). At

9373-426: The truth that has lost. But the search for the truth does not end today. The president and her allies will always be haunted by questions." A new set of impeachment case was filed on 2006 and Escudero maintained his vote against its dismissal. Despite another round of defeat, Escudero said the results "will not change the fact that there was cheating, lying, anomalies and stealing in government." Escudero belonged to

9476-417: The usage of at least 100 million pesos for the construction of permanent structures housing soldiers and fishermen on Second Thomas Shoal , in the South China Sea . He has also previously advocated for the construction of permanent structures during his previous tenure as Governor of Sorsogon after similar water cannon attacks. Escudero spoke out against the statement issued by Senator Francis Tolentino ,

9579-495: The vice presidential opinion polls, and by February 2016 started being statistically tied with Senator Bongbong Marcos several times, before being beaten by Marcos by early April. Escudero continued to drop in April, maintaining third place behind Marcos and Congresswoman Leni Robredo . A day after the election, on May 10, 2016, Escudero conceded the race, garnering 4.9 million votes and placing fourth among six candidates with 12% of

9682-441: The votes in the unofficial Comelec transparency server count, behind Robredo, Marcos and Senator Alan Peter Cayetano. Escudero was elected Governor of Sorsogon and executed his duties for one term from June 30, 2019 to June 30, 2022. In the run up to the 2022 Philippine general election , Escudero was endorsed by the outgoing President Rodrigo Duterte and campaigned for the empowerment of local government units. Escudero

9785-508: Was 28 when he began his political career. He was elected representative of the first district of Sorsogon in 1998 and was one of the youngest lawmakers in the 11th Congress . Escudero was a member of the Nationalist People's Coalition , the second biggest political party in the Philippines , from 1998 to 2009. He was elected Assistant Majority Floor Leader of the 11th Congress from June 1998 to November 2000 and became Second Deputy Majority Floor Leader from November 2000 to January 2001. He

9888-410: Was Assistant Deputy Majority of the 11th Congress from January to June 2001. In his last term as member of the House of Representatives, he served as Minority Floor Leader from 2004 to 2007. While in Congress, Escudero pushed for the cityhood of Sorsogon. On August 16, 2000, Republic Act 8806 was passed, merging the municipalities of Sorsogon and Bacon into a component city of Sorsogon province. The law

9991-465: Was a member of the commission, walked out before the constitution's completion, and two other delegates dissented from the final draft. The Commission finished the final draft on October 12, 1986, and presented it to Aquino on October 15. The constitution was ratified by a nationwide plebiscite on February 2, 1987 . The constitution provided for three governmental branches, namely the executive , legislative , and judicial branches . The executive branch

10094-671: Was awarded Youth Achiever in Government; in 2000, Most Outstanding Congressman and Outstanding Public Servant of the Year; and in 2005, he was one of Ten Outstanding Young Men (TOYM) of the Philippines awardees in recognition of his youth leadership. In 2007, Escudero was the only Filipino named as Asia's News Network's Asia's Idols. In 2008, he was given the Anak TV Seal as the Most Admired TV Personality. He

10197-496: Was never fully implemented nationwide and did not lead to international recognition, largely due to the outbreak of the Philippine–American War . Ruling by decree in the early months of her presidency following the 1986 People Power Revolution , President Corazon Aquino was presented with three options: restore the 1935 Constitution; retain and reform the 1973 Constitution; or pass a new constitution. She decided to have

10300-413: Was once again elected, finishing fifth with over 20 million votes. After a vehicle bearing the protocol license plate assigned to Escudero trespassed along the bus-exclusive EDSA busway , Escudero apologized and stated that the usage of the vehicle was unauthorized and driven by the driver of a family member. Private vehicles are not authorized to drive along the busway, and the incident was seen as part of

10403-425: Was ratified during a plebiscite on December 16, 2000, and Sorsogon functioned as a city on June 30, 2001, with the assumption into office of its first officials. In 2004, Escudero figured prominently in the Philippine presidential elections as the campaign spokesperson of presidential candidate Fernando Poe Jr. , a popular movie actor. Poe eventually lost to the incumbent president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in

10506-489: Was rejected by the Supreme Court. The next attempt was from then-Speaker of the House Feliciano Belmonte Jr . during President Benigno Aquino III 's administration. Belmonte attempted to introduce amendments to the Constitution focusing on economic provisions aiming toward liberalization. The effort did not succeed. President Rodrigo Duterte oversaw the possibility of implementing federalism on

10609-679: Was senior lecturer at the College of Law at University of the Philippines (1996-1998). He also taught at the Graduate School of the Ateneo de Manila University in 2000. On July 3, 2000, Escudero was named a Commander of the Philippine Navy Reserve Command . While serving as a lawmaker, Escudero also dabbled in media. From May to August 2000, he hosted "Ngayon na Pinoy", a TV program on RPN . He also anchored

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