44-415: Phillip Island ( Boonwurrung : Corriong , Worne or Millowl ) is an Australian island about 125 km (78 mi) south-southeast of Melbourne , Victoria . The island is named after Governor Arthur Phillip , the first Governor of New South Wales , by explorer and seaman George Bass , who sailed in a whaleboat , arriving from Sydney on 5 January 1798. Phillip Island forms a natural breakwater for
88-585: A few months holiday he recovered his health, took up his duties again, and the gratuity was not paid to him. He later did valuable work in the country districts of Victoria, became Surveyor General of Victoria in 1851, and retired in July 1853 with a pension of £1,000 a year. He had bought in 1837 the block of land in Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, on which the Commonwealth Bank now stands, for
132-505: A half chains wide (30 m), and at the insistence of Bourke, smaller east–west streets a half chain wide (10 m) were inserted, intended to furnish back entrances (but quickly became frontages in their own right). This layout came to be known as the Hoddle Grid . In 1837, at the same time as Melbourne, Hoddle laid out the first blocks of Williamstown , but without rear laneways. In 1838 he laid out Geelong , including narrow laneways as in
176-490: A location on the body from 1 to 16. After 16, at the top of the head, the count follows the equivalent locations across the other side of the body. Some Boonwurrung words for animals and plants include: Robert Hoddle Robert Hoddle (21 April 1794 – 24 October 1881) was a surveyor and artist. He was the first Surveyor-General of Victoria from 1851 to 1853. He was previously the Surveyor-in-Charge of
220-540: A maximum frequency of rain in winter ). The island is not very sunny, experiencing 31.8 clear days and 98.7 cloudy days per year. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 41.5 °C (106.7 °F) on 29 January 2009 to −2.3 °C (27.9 °F) on 28 July 1994. Phillip Island's Grand Prix motorcycle race is traditionally held in October, often seeing unreliable and fickle weather conditions, such as very cold surface temperatures and extreme wind. On 10 August 2005, snow
264-399: A message stick with markings to indicate the number and type of people involved and a prop to indicate the type of event, such as a ball for a Marn grook event. The location of meeting was spoken, but neighbouring clans might not use the same language, so a sign language was used to indicate the number of days in the future when the people should assemble. The number was indicated by pointing to
308-550: Is not permitted for the birds' safety. Phillip Island is home to approximately 40,000 penguins, which can be seen by tourists at sunset every day of the year. The island is recognised as having some of the most consistently reliable and varied surf conditions in the country. The island has hosted various surf events in the past, such as the Rip Curl Pro and the Roxy Pro Women's Surfing Festival. Other events include
352-506: Is now Fitzroy , Collingwood and Richmond , were soon subdivided by speculators creating the sometimes quite narrow streets and irregular grid pattern. Hoddle's subdivision of East Melbourne was far more regular. Hoddle was in favour of the principal entry streets being a generous width of 60m, which he applied to what are now Melbourne's tree-lined boulevards, such as St Kilda Road , Victoria Parade , Elizabeth Street in Carlton , and
396-692: The 2021 census , the island's permanent population was 13,799, compared to 7,071 in 2001. During the summer, the population swells to 40,000. 60% of the island is farmland devoted to grazing of sheep and cattle. The earliest inhabitants of the area were the Yalloc Bulluk clan of the Bunurong people , of the Kulin nation . In the Bunwurrung language the island is known as corriong or millowl . Their coastal territory with its sheltered bays meant that
440-592: The Bass Strait , the island has a milder climate than Melbourne . Average maxima vary from 23.8 °C (74.8 °F) in February to 13.5 °C (56.3 °F) in July, while average minima fluctuate between 14.0 °C (57.2 °F) in February and 6.8 °C (44.2 °F) in July. Mean precipitation is moderately low (averaging 738.1 mm (29.06 in) per annum), but rainfall is frequent, as Phillip Island receives 151.4 precipitation days annually (with
484-618: The Great Dividing Range in the area of the Goulburn River , with which it shares 80%. Woiwurrung, Taungurong and Boonwurrung have been considered by linguists to be dialects of a single Central Victorian language, whose range stretched from almost Echuca in the north, to Wilsons Promontory in the south. R. Brough Smyth wrote in 1878 that "The dialects of the Wooeewoorong or Wawoorong tribe (River Yarra) and
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#1732776246572528-840: The Kulin nation of Central Victoria . Woiwurrung was spoken by the Woiwurrung and related peoples in the Yarra River basin, Taungurung by the Taungurung people north of the Great Dividing Range in the Goulburn River Valley around Mansfield, Benalla and Heathcote, and Boonwurrung by the six clans which comprised the Boonwurrung people along the coast from the Werribee River , across
572-480: The Mornington Peninsula , Western Port Bay to Wilsons Promontory . They are often portrayed as distinct languages, but they were mutually intelligible. Ngurai-illamwurrung (Ngurraiillam) may have been a clan name, a dialect, or a closely related language. Boonwurrung is closely related to Woiwurrung, with which it shares 93% of its vocabulary, and to a lesser degree with Taungurung spoken north of
616-691: The Port Phillip District from 1837 to 1851. He became Surveyor-General upon the proclamation of the Port Phillip District as the new Colony of Victoria within the British Empire in July 1851. He is especially recognized for the design and layout of the Hoddle Grid in 1837, the area which forms the Melbourne central business district (CBD) of Melbourne . He was also an accomplished artist and depicted scenes of
660-542: The Summerland Peninsula (which was bought by the Victorian Government in the 1980s for use as a wildlife reserve ). After many penguins died in a 2019 heatwave, native plants such as bower spinach were planted around penguin boxes to insulate them. Grass fires , largely due to poor practices since settlement, and projected to occur more frequently as a result of climate change , threaten
704-826: The trigonometrical survey of Great Britain. Hoddle then sailed for the Cape Colony , South Africa in 1822 where he worked on military surveys. Hoddle migrated to the Australian colonies, arriving in Sydney , New South Wales , aboard the William Penn in July 1823. Governor Brisbane appointed him assistant surveyor under Surveyor-General John Oxley . Hoddle spent the next twelve years in Queensland and later still in New South Wales where he surveyed
748-780: The Australian Capital Territory area. Many of his works are held in the National Library of Australia , State Library of Victoria and the State Library of New South Wales . Some of the paintings he made during this time are held at the National Library of Australia. They include: Additional works by Hoddle include: William Lonsdale appointed Hoddle as auctioneer at the first sale of crown land on 1 June 1837, at which he sold half-acre (0.2 ha) allotments for £18 to £78, considered at
792-527: The Boonoorong tribe (Coast) are the same. Twenty-three words out of thirty are, making allowances for differences of spelling and pronunciation, identical; five have evidently the same roots, and only two are widely different". The following is the Woiwurrung dialect: It is not clear if the two rhotics are trill and flap, or tap and approximant. Vowels in Woiwurrung are /a e i o u/. In the case of
836-557: The Churchill Island Working Horse and Pioneer Festival. In September 2023 authorities issued a safety reminder after a 22-year-old woman fell 50 metres down a cliff edge from the Pinnacles Lookout at Cape Woolamai while taking photos for social media. Phillip Island is steeped in the history of Australian motor racing. A temporary circuit utilizing the island's interior public roads was used for
880-575: The French colonisation did not eventuate, Wetherall reported on finding a sealer's camp and also two acres of wheat and corn. A fort was constructed near Rhyll , and named Dumaresq after the Governor's private secretary. The "abundance" of wood, quality soil and the discovery of coal at Cape Woolamai , were mentioned in newspaper accounts. Wetherall also erected a flag staff on "the flat-top'd rock off Point Grant" (commonly known today as The Nobbies ) on
924-567: The Island's Western extremity as a marker for the harbour entrance. Of his encounters with the Bunurong people , Wetherall told Darling : "The Natives appear numerous, but we have not been able to obtain an interview, as they desert their camp, and run into the woods on our approach, watching our movements until we depart. As I am aware it is Your Excellency's wish to conciliate them as much as possible, I have not allowed them to be pursued, or molested in any way." The only reservation Wetherall had
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#1732776246572968-467: The Melbourne grid. His layouts for each were typical of the time, being square or rectangular grids, aligned with features such as rivers or waterfront, surrounded by government reserve for future expansion, government buildings, ports and the like. Hoddle subdivided the land beyond the angled city grid on a one-mile north–south grid, creating much larger allotments. The areas closest to the city in what
1012-494: The N.E. extremity of the island, which at high water became an island, [and] occasionally made the water brackish" although it was noted "better might have been found a short distance in shore, as there were abundance of shrubs and other indications of water in the neighbourhood". The water question was again addressed, by Captain Moore, who accompanied Surveyor Robert Hoddle in 1840, that "water can be obtained on Phillip Island, near
1056-707: The Port Phillip region and New South Wales. Hoddle was one of the earliest-known European artists to depict Ginninderra , the area now occupied by Canberra , Australia's National Capital. Hoddle, the son of a bank clerk for the Bank of England , was born in Westminster , London . He became a cadet-surveyor in the British army in 1812. Hoddle worked in the Ordnance Department and took part in
1100-459: The Woiwurrung pronouns, the stem seems to be the standard ngali ' you and I ' , but the front was suffixed to wa- , so wa+ngal combines to form wangal below. In Kulin languages there is no grammatical gender. A numbering system was used when Wurundjeri clans sent out messengers to advise neighbouring clans of upcoming events, such as a ceremony, corroboree , a challenge to fight or Marn grook ball game. Messengers carried
1144-513: The Yalloc Bulluk, along with other Bunurong clans, were among the first Aboriginal people in Victoria to have contact with European mariners. Following reports of the 1798 exploration by George Bass and Matthew Flinders , the area was frequented by sealers from Van Diemen's Land , whose interaction with the Bunurong people was not without conflict. In 1801, navigator James Grant visited
1188-556: The adjoining Churchill Island (which he named) and planted a crop of corn and wheat. In 1826, the scientific voyage of Dumont d'Urville , in command of the corvette Astrolabe , led to British concerns of an attempt by the French to establish a colony in Western Port . This saw the dispatch from Sydney of HMS Fly , under the command of Captain Wetherall, and the brigs Dragon and Amity , by Governor Darling . While
1232-518: The aforementioned areas and pastoralists— George Palmer , Robert Campbell and Hamilton Hume . Hoddle arrived in Port Phillip , the future site for Melbourne, in March 1837 in company with Governor Bourke , as senior surveyor with his assistants D'Arcy and Darke. He was to take charge of the surveying work which had been begun by Robert Russell , who many years later claimed to have surveyed
1276-526: The area long after commercial and illegal hunts by the Soviet Union with the help of Japan in 1970s, and the numbers using the area as nursery were growing rapidly by October 2014, allowing a rise in hopes to establish commercial whale watching activities in the vicinity of the island. Phillip Island possesses an oceanic climate ( Köppen: Cfb), with tepid, relatively dry summers and mild, wetter winters. Tempered by prevailing south-westerly winds from
1320-508: The best anchorage, off Sandy Point." In 1835 Samuel Anderson established the third permanent settlement in what would be Victoria at the mainland site of Bass across the bay from Phillip Island. In 1841, brothers John David and William McHaffie, were granted Phillip Island as a squatting run and took possession in 1842. The McHaffies, and later settlers, assisted the Victorian Acclimatisation society (forerunner of
1364-593: The committee which established the Melbourne Zoo ) by introducing animals such as pheasants, deer and wallabies to Phillip Island. Plans for the first bridge to the island, from San Remo to Newhaven commenced in 1938, at a cost of £50,000, with the official opening by Premier Albert Dunstan taking place in November 1940. A full public holiday was declared on the island to celebrate. Phillip Island Nature Parks manages nature conservation and ecotourism on
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1408-527: The first grid of streets. Whether Hoddle surveyed from scratch or used Russell's initial survey has been the subject of controversy, but they both followed the then standard grid layout and alignment. Hoddle's survey, a copy of which survives in the Public Record Office of Victoria, is dated 25 March 1837, and covered the area from Flinders Street to Lonsdale Street , and from Spencer Street to Spring Street . The principal streets were one and
1452-806: The following year hosted the first international version of the Australian motorcycle Grand Prix . It continues to host the race today and is also a venue for rounds of the Superbike World Championship , the MotoGP Championship , the V8 Supercars Championship and the Australian Drivers' Championship . Towns on the island include: Boonwurrung language Woiwurrung , Taungurung and Boonwurrung are Aboriginal languages of
1496-547: The inaugural Australian Grand Prix in 1928 and continued to be used for the race up until 1935 . Racing on public road circuits continued through to 1940. In 1952 the Phillip Island Auto Racing Club was formed and commenced construction on the permanent Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit which opened in 1956. In 1960 , the inaugural Armstrong 500 was held, although, with the bridge to the mainland unable to support heavy hotmix bitumen equipment,
1540-595: The island's extensive rabbit warrens, which can destabilise houses. In addition, there is a wildlife park where wallabies and kangaroos roam freely amongst the visitors and can be fed by hand. Seal Rocks , at the western end of the island, hosts the largest colony of fur seals in Australia (up to 16,000 around 2008). In recent years, other than local population of critically endangered endemic Burrunan dolphins or migratory killer whales , southern right whales and humpback whales are starting to show recoveries in
1584-581: The island. The southern and western coasts of the island lie within the Phillip Island Important Bird Area , so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance in supporting significant populations of little penguins , short-tailed shearwaters and Pacific gulls . As of 2023 the island's population of little penguins is estimated at around 40,000, with the birds living on the Summerland Estate on
1628-546: The penguins' habitat, and it has been observed that they do not move away from fire. A project is under way to replace more flammable introduced plants with less flammable endemic species, creating natural firebreaks. The island's penguins have also been threatened by an invasive fox population. After the foxes were mostly eradicated in 2017, the absence of predators led to a rise in the invasive rabbit population, which in turn exacerbated erosion and threatened native orchid species. Conservationists have used phosphine gas to fumigate
1672-409: The roads branching off that: Royal Parade and Flemington Road . He advocated widening the other existing major roads without success. In 1853 he was gently asked to retire in favour of Andrew Young, who is credited with the subdivisions of Carlton, Fitzroy North and South Geelong that include formal parks, squares and crescents. Robert Hoddle is the earliest-known European artist to have depicted
1716-467: The shallow waters of the Western Port . It is 26 km (16 mi) long and 9 km (5.6 mi) wide, with an area of about 101 km (40 sq mi). It has 97 km (60 mi) of coastline and is part of the Bass Coast Shire . A 640 m (2,100 ft) concrete bridge (originally a wooden bridge) connects the mainland town San Remo with the island town Newhaven . In
1760-552: The sites for the towns of Berrima and Goulburn as well as Bell's Line of Road in the Blue Mountains . Between 1830 and 1836, Hoddle made several visits to the rural district now occupied by the Australian Capital Territory where he surveyed property boundaries. Squatters were urgently pressing for government surveyors to legalise their rural holdings. Hoddle's field book indexes the history of
1804-430: The time a very high price. Hoddle's commission was £57 12s. 7d., from which he bought two allotments for himself at a cost of £54. Hoddle built himself a house on the corner of Bourke and Spencer streets where, in retirement, he tended his trees, played organ and flute and translated Spanish. In 1840, Hoddle was granted a gratuity of £500 as he was leaving the survey department on account of ill-health. However, after
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1848-587: The track broke up during the third running of the race in 1962 . The damage rendered the circuit unusable for racing and for 1963 the Armstrong 500 was relocated to the Mount Panorama Circuit and over time evolved into what is known today as the Bathurst 1000 . The circuit was refurbished and was reopened in October 1967. It was closed in 1978, but was redeveloped and re-opened in 1988 and
1892-459: Was observed on the island. This was a very unusual event. Phillip Island is a tourist destination visited by 3.5 million people annually. The Penguin Parade at Phillip Island Nature Park , in which little penguins come ashore in groups, attracts visitors from all over the world. They come to see one of the few areas where this species of penguin can be seen, but visitors are reminded photography
1936-406: Was on the island's supply of water; he dug a "tide-well" near the fort but assessed the source as "not in sufficient quantities for the supply of shipping" and this problem would lead to the eventual move to Settlement Point on the mainland coast. During the third voyage of HMS Beagle , in 1839, water was "found by digging in the centre of a clump of bushes on the outer part of the point at
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