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41-583: More broadly, the British linguist David Crystal has regarded phonaesthetics as the study of "phonaesthesia" (i.e., sound symbolism and phonesthemes ): that not just words but even certain sound combinations carry meaning. For example, he shows that English speakers tend to associate unpleasantness with the sound sl- in such words as sleazy , slime , slug , and slush , or they associate repetition lacking any particular shape with -tter in such words as chatter , glitter , flutter , and shatter . Euphony

82-431: A British Received Pronunciation accent, is that words perceived as pretty tend to have a majority of a wide array of criteria; here are some major ones: A perfect example word, according to these findings, is tremulous . Crystal also suggests the invented words ramelon / ˈ r æ m ə l ɒ n / and drematol / ˈ d r ɛ m ə t ɒ l / , which he notes are similar to the types of names often employed in

123-419: A strong, emotional value from audiences. Psychological dramas commonly deal directly with the psychological state and mental health, emphasize on emotional conflicts and often serve as a portrait of introspective personal struggle. It can be also characterized as primary character-driven , in which attention will be particularly paid to the psychology of the characters, to their intimate problems more than to

164-479: A 1991 essay by Jacques Barzun , the 2001 psychological drama film Donnie Darko , and a scene in the 2019 movie Tolkien . The origin of cellar door being considered as an inherently beautiful or musical phrase is mysterious. However, in 2014, Nunberg speculated that the phenomenon might have arisen from Philip Wingate and Henry W. Petrie 's 1894 hit song "I Don't Want to Play in Your Yard", which contains

205-527: A Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation came out in 2015 from Profile Books (UK) and St. Martin's Press (US). Crystal is a proponent of a new field of study, Internet linguistics , and has published Language and the Internet (2001) on the subject. Crystal's book Txtng: The Gr8 Db8 (2008) focused on text language and its impact on society. He was one of the book series editors of The Language Library. From 2001 to 2006, Crystal served as

246-671: A general history of the English language, he describes the value he sees in linguistic diversity and the according of respect to varieties of English generally considered " non-standard ". In 2009 Routledge published his autobiographical memoir Just a Phrase I'm Going Through: My Life in Language , which was released simultaneously with a DVD of three of his lectures. His book Spell It Out: The Curious, Enthralling and Extraordinary Story of English Spelling (2013) explains why some English words are difficult to spell. His companion book, Making

287-422: A snicker / And, chuckling, they knuckle the keys". David Crystal 's 1995 paper "Phonaesthetically Speaking" explores lists, created by reader polls and individual writers, of English words that are commonly regarded as sounding beautiful, to search for any patterns within the words' phonetics. Frequently recurring example words in these lists include gossamer , melody , and tranquil . Crystal's finding, assuming

328-863: A wide variety of subjects, specialising among other things in editing reference works, including (as author) the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (1987, 1997, 2010) and the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (1995, 2003, 2019), and (as editor) the Cambridge Biographical Dictionary , the Cambridge Factfinder , the Cambridge Encyclopedia , and the New Penguin Encyclopedia (2003). Crystal has also written plays and poetry. He has published several books for

369-400: Is a subgenre of drama and psychological fiction literatures that generally focuses upon the emotional, mental, and psychological development of the protagonists and other characters within the narrative, which is highlighted by the drama. It is widely known as one of the main subgenres of psychological fiction; the subgenre is commonly used for films and television series. The roots of

410-479: Is a practising Roman Catholic . He currently lives in Holyhead with his wife, Hilary, a former speech therapist and now children's author. He has four grown-up children. His son Ben Crystal is also an author, and has co-authored four books with his father. Crystal studied English at University College London between 1959 and 1962, and was a researcher under Randolph Quirk between 1962 and 1963, working on

451-633: Is best known of creating anime series Neon Genesis Evangelion , a notorious example of the subgenre, delves into heavy psychological elements in its latter half of the entire series. The anime series was the subject to acclaim and controversy, especially for the latter centered on its final two episodes; this was resulted to reboot a feature film as an alternative ending . Additionally, some anime series employed in psychological elements including Akagi , The Flowers of Evil , The Fruit of Grisaia , Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai , Scum's Wish , The Tatami Galaxy , Welcome to

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492-521: Is often furthered by the combined effect of the meaning beyond just the sounds themselves. The California Federation of Chaparral Poets uses Emily Dickinson 's " A Bird came down the Walk " as an example of euphonious poetry, one passage being "...Oars divide the Ocean, / Too silver for a seam" and John Updike 's "Player Piano" as an example of cacophonous poetry, one passage being "My stick fingers click with

533-471: Is the effect of sounds being perceived as pleasant, rhythmical, lyrical, or harmonious. Cacophony is the effect of sounds being perceived as harsh, unpleasant, chaotic, and often discordant; these sounds are perhaps meaningless and jumbled together. Compare with consonance and dissonance in music. In poetry, for example, euphony may be used deliberately to convey comfort, peace, or serenity, while cacophony may be used to convey discomfort, pain, or disorder. This

574-597: Is the subject of patents in the United Kingdom and the United States. After the company's acquisition by Ad Pepper Media N.V., he remained on the board as its R&D director until 2009. Crystal was influential in a campaign to save Holyhead's convent from demolition, leading to the creation of the Ucheldre Centre . As an expert on the evolution of the English language , he was involved in

615-734: The BBC World Service website for people learning English. Crystal was appointed OBE in 1995 and became a Fellow of the British Academy in 2000. He is also a Founding Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales and is a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Linguists . His many academic interests include English language learning and teaching , clinical linguistics , forensic linguistics , language death , "ludic linguistics" (Crystal's neologism for

656-517: The Shakespeare scholar Cyrus Lauron Hooper. It has been promoted as beautiful-sounding by various writers; linguist Geoffrey Nunberg specifically names the writers H. L. Mencken in 1920; David Allan Robertson in 1921; Dorothy Parker , Hendrik Willem van Loon , and Albert Payson Terhune in the 1930s; George Jean Nathan in 1935; J. R. R. Tolkien in a lecture, " English and Welsh ", delivered in 1955 (in which he described his reverence for

697-588: The Survey of English Usage . Since then he has lectured at Bangor University and the University of Reading and is an honorary professor of linguistics at Bangor. Retired from full-time academia, he works as a writer, editor and consultant, and contributes to television and radio broadcasts. His association with the BBC ranges from, formerly, a BBC Radio 4 series on language issues to, more recently, podcasts on

738-571: The Welsh language and about which he said " cellar doors [i.e. beautiful words] are extraordinarily frequent"; see also Sound and language in Middle-earth ); and C. S. Lewis in 1963. Furthermore, the phenomenon itself is touched upon in many sources and media, including a 1905 issue of Harper's Magazine by William Dean Howells , the 1967 novel Why Are We in Vietnam? by Norman Mailer ,

779-405: The psychological horror and psychological thriller genres. Psychological dramas use these genres' tropes to focus on the human condition and psychological effects, usually in a mature and serious tone, nearly similar to melodrama . The difference between "drama" and " psychological drama " that places emphasis is that in the latter scenario, the focus is more on the psychological character of

820-586: The Chairman of Crystal Reference Systems Limited, a provider of reference content and Internet search and advertising technology. The company's iSense and Sitescreen products are based upon the patented Global Data Model, a complex semantic network that Crystal devised in the early 1980s and was adapted for use on the Internet in the mid 1990s. These include semantic targeting technology (marketed as iSense by ad pepper media) and brand protection technology (marketed as SiteScreen by Emediate ApS). The iSense technology

861-657: The Cuckoo's Nest (1975), The Ninth Configuration (1980), Pink Floyd - The Wall , Sophie's Choice (both 1982) Heavenly Creatures (1994), Breaking the Waves (1996), I Stand Alone (1998), Magnolia (1999), Requiem for a Dream (2000), The Piano Teacher (2001), Elephant (2003), Enter the Void (2009), Biutiful (2010), Shame (2011), Jagten and The Master (both 2012), Nymphomaniac (2013), Whiplash (2014), The Power of

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902-451: The Dog (2021), and Blonde and The Whale (both 2022). Films have some thematically-linked franchises or trilogies to focus on aspects of human condition and psychological elements, notably Iñárritu 's Death trilogy (consists Amores perros (2000), 21 Grams (2003) and Babel (2006)) and Krzysztof Kieślowski 's Three Colours trilogy . Asian films have contributed

943-485: The End of History (both 2013), Black Stone (2015), Last Night (2017), and Family History and John Denver Trending (both 2019). Animated series are examples of this subgenre only focuses on characters' experience with mental health and psychological trauma ; these included Bojack Horseman , Morel Orel , Steven Universe Future , and Undone . Japanese filmmaker and animator Hideaki Anno , who

984-523: The N.H.K. , and Wonder Egg Priority . A Silent Voice , Anomalisa , It's Such a Beautiful Day , Inside Out (and its sequel ), The Missing , Puss in Boots: The Last Wish , and When Marnie Was There are among the examples of animated films used in the subgenre, usually having the characters' portrayal dealt with several themes such as anxiety attack , fear of abandonment and death , and society. Adam Elliot

1025-572: The University of Reading. He was awarded an OBE in 1995 and a Fellowship of the British Academy in 2000. Crystal is a proponent of Internet linguistics and has also been involved in Shakespeare productions, providing guidance on original pronunciation. Crystal was born in Lisburn , Northern Ireland, on 6 July 1941 after his mother had been evacuated there during The Blitz . Before he reached

1066-513: The age of one, his parents separated. He remained estranged from and ignorant of his father for most of his childhood, but later learnt (through work contacts and a half-brother) of the life and career of Samuel Crystal in London, and of his half-Jewish heritage. He grew up with his mother in Holyhead , North Wales , and Liverpool , England, where he attended St Mary's College from 1951. Crystal

1107-401: The characters and on existentialism in general, and not on the context of the narrative itself. So, the end is not necessarily tragic: the main character can doubt himself and sometimes overcome his intimate problems. Psychological drama can be very clearly distinguished from dramedy , as there is no to minimal humor in it like Good Will Hunting (1997) and The Truman Show (1998) but since

1148-456: The characters’ minds. It can be explore thematic elements include: denialism , depression , disability , distorted sequences , dysfunctional relationships , existential crisis , human sexuality , identity crisis , mass hysteria , mood swings , odd behaviors , post-traumatic stress disorder , psychological abuse , psychedelic art , and social issues . Psychological drama films have generally rooted with traditional drama genre in

1189-789: The earliest years of 20th century, with these examples cited The Whispering Chorus (1918) and Greed (1924). Additionally, early examples of popular subgenre films in 1930s to 1950s include La vuelta al nido (1938), Death of a Salesman (1951), Johnny Belinda (1948), A Place in the Sun (1951), and The Snake Pit (1948) Several films generally used the subgenre have employed controversially social issues and/or psychosexual themes, most notably Stanley Kubrick 's Lolita (1962), A Clockwork Orange (1971), and Eyes Wide Shut (1999). Other acclaimed films with similar themes including Last Tango in Paris (1972), One Flew Over

1230-410: The emotional intensity and draw audiences deeper into the psychological experience. These primary themes in the subgenre related to depiction of mental illness , psychological trauma , and society , but not limited to; other themes like alienation , self-doubt , and the quest for identity are common, with narratives often blurring the lines between reality and illusion to reflect the turmoil within

1271-511: The general reader about linguistics and the English language, which use varied graphics and short essays to communicate technical material in an accessible manner. In his article "What is Standard English", Crystal hypothesises that, globally, English will both split and converge, with local variants becoming less mutually comprehensible and therefore necessitating the rise of what he terms World Standard Spoken English (see also International English ). In his 2004 book The Stories of English ,

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1312-554: The lyric "You'll be sorry when you see me sliding down our cellar door." Following the song's success, "slide down my cellar door" became a popular catchphrase up until the 1930s or 1940s to mean engaging in a type of friendship or camaraderie reminiscent of childhood innocence. A 1914 essay about Edgar Allan Poe 's choice of the word "Nevermore" in his 1845 poem " The Raven " as being based on euphony may have spawned an unverified legend, propagated by syndicated columnists like Frank Colby in 1949 and L. M. Boyd in 1979, that cellar door

1353-412: The marketing of pharmaceutical drugs. The English compound noun cellar door has been widely cited as an example of a word or phrase that is beautiful purely in terms of its sound (i.e., euphony) without inherent regard for its meaning . The phenomenon of cellar door being regarded as euphonious appears to have begun in the very early twentieth century, first attested in the 1903 novel Gee-Boy by

1394-549: The production of Shakespeare at Shakespeare's Globe in 2004 and 2005 in the " Original Pronunciation " of the period in which he was writing, coaching the actors on the appropriate pronunciation for the period, and has since been the consultant for several other Shakespeare plays performed in OP, including A Midsummer Night's Dream , Hamlet , Macbeth , Pericles , The Merchant of Venice , and Henry V . Psychological drama Psychological drama , or psychodrama ,

1435-497: The quality of an enchanting name (and some of which suggest a specifically standard British pronunciation of the word: / s ɛ l ə d ɔː / ), which is homophonous with "sell a daw ." David Crystal David Crystal , OBE , FBA , FLSW , FCIL (born 6 July 1941) is a British linguist who works on the linguistics of the English language. Crystal studied English at University College London and has lectured at Bangor University and

1476-407: The storyline context. The characters are confronted with doubts, dilemmas or inner personality conflicts. The challenges they encounter will often force them to react, making them go through a whole psychological process during the film, even a metamorphosis. It often overlaps with other genres such as crime , fantasy , dark comedy , mystery and science fiction , and it is closely related with

1517-798: The study of language play), style , English genre , Shakespeare , indexing , and lexicography . He is the Patron of the International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language (IATEFL), honorary president of the Chartered Institute of Editing and Proofreading (CIEP), and Patron of the UK National Literacy Association. He is a consultant for Babel - The Language Magazine , for which he has also written articles. Crystal has authored, co-authored, and edited over 120 books on

1558-430: The subgenre can be traced back to the early 20th century, emerging from a rich tapestry of literature that focused on the inner workings of the mind. As cinema evolved, filmmakers began to see the potential for the medium to explore complex psychological themes and narratives. Similar with these psychological genres, but rather than using imagery to provoke fear, suspense or terror, they utilize dramatic settings to elicit

1599-506: The subgenre is rather devoid of humor. Each films utilize a range of techniques to mirror the psychological landscape of their characters. Close-ups and subjective camera angles invite viewers into the character’s personal space, while disjointed editing and surreal imagery can reflect fragmented states of mind. The use of symbolism is also prevalent, with objects, settings, and colors imbued with psychological significance. Music and sound design play crucial roles, often used to heighten

1640-437: The subgenre, often employs several psychological and social elements. For example: Akira Kurosawa , a Japanese renowned filmmaker, known for his landmark filmography with the subgenre, notably Drunken Angel (1948) and Ikiru (1952). Each films including The Demon (1978), Batch '81 (1982), Silip (1986), Taare Zameen Par (2007), Himizu (2011), Aparisyon (2012), Like Father, Like Son and Norte,

1681-474: Was Poe's favorite phrase. Tolkien, Lewis, and others have suggested that cellar door 's auditory beauty becomes more apparent the more the word is dissociated from its literal meaning, for example, by using alternative spellings such as Selador , Selladore , Celador , Selidor (an island name in Ursula K. Le Guin 's Earthsea ), or Salidar ( Robert Jordan 's The Wheel of Time series,) which take on

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